External Validation of the Modified Southwestern Aneurysm Severity Index in the Barrow Ruptured Aneurysm Trial Surgical Cohort.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Predicting functional outcomes after surgical management of ruptured aneurysms is essential. This study sought to validate the modified Southwestern Aneurysm Severity Index (mSASI), which predicts functional outcomes 1 year after treatment. METHODS: The surgical arm of a randomized controlled trial, the Barrow Ruptured Aneurysm Trial, was used to validate the mSASI model. mSASI scores incorporating the Hunt and Hess scale, Non-Neurological American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Classification Status, imaging findings, and other modifiers were assigned and evaluated against the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) score at 1 year. The model's performance was assessed for discrimination and calibration. Similar evaluations were constructed using the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) as the 1-year functional outcome measurement. Long-term outcomes (3, 6, 10 years) were also evaluated. RESULTS: Of 280 clinical trial patients treated surgically, 242 met the inclusion criteria. The mean age was 54.1 ± 12.9 years; 31% were men. Favorable GOS score (4-5) and mRS score (0-2) at 1 year were observed in 73.6% and 66.1% of patients, respectively. The mSASI model predicted unfavorable GOS score at 1 year with fair to good discrimination (area under the curve = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.68-0.82) and accurate calibration (R2 = 0.98). Similar results were obtained when mRS was used as the outcome measure (area under the curve = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.68-0.82; R2 = 0.95). CONCLUSION: The mSASI model was externally validated in our cohort to predict functional outcomes using the GOS or mRS scores 1 year after surgery. This index may be used for prognosticating outcomes of patients undergoing surgery for ruptured aneurysms at short-term and long-term intervals.

Robot-Assisted Transcranial Doppler Versus Transthoracic Echocardiography for Right to Left Shunt Detection.

BACKGROUND: Right to left shunt (RLS), including patent foramen ovale, is a recognized risk factor for stroke. RLS/patent foramen ovale diagnosis is made by transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), which is insensitive, transesophageal echocardiography, which is invasive, and transcranial Doppler (TCD), which is noninvasive and accurate but scarce. METHODS: We conducted a prospective, single-arm device clinical trial of robot-assisted TCD (raTCD) versus TTE for RLS diagnosis at 6 clinical sites in patients who presented with an event suspicious for embolic cerebrovascular ischemia from October 6, 2020 to October 20, 2021. raTCD was performed with standard TCD bubble study technique. TTE bubble study was performed per local standards. The primary outcome was rate of RLS detection by raTCD versus TTE. RESULTS: A total of 154 patients were enrolled, 129 evaluable (intent to scan) and 121 subjects had complete data per protocol. In the intent to scan cohort, mean age was 60±15 years, 47% were women, and all qualifying events were diagnosed as ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack. raTCD was positive for RLS in 82 subjects (64%) and TTE was positive in 26 (20%; absolute difference 43.4% [95% CI, 35.2%-52.0%]; P<0.001). On prespecified secondary analysis, large RLS was detected by raTCD in 35 subjects (27%) versus 13 (10%) by TTE (absolute difference 17.0% [95% CI, 11.5%-24.5%]; P<0.001). There were no serious adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: raTCD was safe and ≈3 times more likely to diagnose RLS than TTE. TTE completely missed or underdiagnosed two thirds of large shunts diagnosed by raTCD. The raTCD device, used by health professionals with no prior TCD training, may allow providers to achieve the known sensitivity of TCD for RLS and patent foramen ovale detection without the need for an experienced operator to perform the test. Pending confirmatory studies, TCD appears to be the superior screen for RLS compared with TTE (funded by NeuraSignal). REGISTRATION: URL: https://www. CLINICALTRIALS: gov; Unique identifier: NCT04604015.

Benefits of an interdisciplinary stroke clinic: addressing a gap in physical therapy at post-stroke neurology follow-up.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: An interdisciplinary stroke clinic (ISC) can improve communication and identify people post-stroke who have not reached their full recovery potential. We describe the characteristics of participants who underwent physical therapy (PT) evaluation in addition to their outpatient neurology evaluation and identify the association of assessment scales that predicted referral for additional rehabilitation. METHODS: Participants' post-stroke seen in the ISC were included in the study. The PT evaluation included the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Ten-Meter Walk Test (10MWT), Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT), and Short Form-Stroke Impact Scale (SF-SIS). Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with referral for additional rehabilitation. RESULTS: The study consisted of 148 participants with a mean age of 63 (SD ± 15) years; 58% were women and 76% were Whites. Additional rehabilitation was recommended for 59% of participants. In multivariate analysis, reduced speed on comfortable 10MWT (OR = 0.06; 95%CI = 0.01-0.51) and lower SF-SIS score (OR = 0.76; 95%CI = 0.66-0.87) were significantly associated with referral for additional PT or occupational therapy. CONCLUSION: A significant number of post-acute stroke survivors were found to be appropriate for additional rehabilitation when assessed clinically by a neurologic physical therapist in an ISC. The measures that most closely correlated with this in-person clinical evaluation were 10MWT and SF-SIS.IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONAn interdisciplinary stroke clinic can improve communication and identify people post-stroke who have not reached their full recovery potential.In a pilot study, a significant number of post-acute stroke survivors were found to be appropriate for additional rehabilitation when assessed clinically by a neurologic physical therapist in an interdisciplinary stroke clinic.Reduced speed on comfortable Ten-Meter Walk Test and lower Short Form-Stroke Impact Scale scores were associated with referral for additional rehabilitation.

The Modified Early Warning Score: A Useful Marker of Neurological Worsening but Unreliable Predictor of Sepsis in the Neurocritically Ill-A Retrospective Cohort Study.

To determine the performance of the Modified Early Warning Score and Modified Early Warning Score-Sepsis Recognition Score to predict sepsis, morbidity, and mortality in neurocritically ill patients. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Single tertiary-care academic medical center. PATIENTS: Consecutive adult patients admitted to the neuro-ICU from January 2013 to December 2016. INTERVENTIONS: Observational study. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Baseline and clinical characteristics, infections/sepsis, neurologic worsening, and mortality were abstracted. Primary outcomes included new infection/sepsis, escalation of care, and mortality. Patients with Modified Early Warning Score-Sepsis Recognition Score/Modified Early Warning Score greater than or equal to 5 were compared with those with scores less than 5. 5. Of 7,286 patients, Of 7,286 patients, 1,120 had Modified Early Warning Score-Sepsis Recognition Score greater than or equal to 5. Of those, mean age was 58.9 years; 50.2% were male. Inhospitality mortality was 22.1% for patients (248/1,120) with Modified Early Warning Score-Sepsis Recognition Score greater than or equal to 5, compared with 6.1% (379/6,166) with Modified Early Warning Score-Sepsis Recognition Score less than 5. Sepsis was present in 5.6% (345/6,166) when Modified Early Warning Score-Sepsis Recognition Score less than 5 versus 14.3% (160/1,120) when greater than or equal to 5, and Modified Early Warning Score elevation led to a new sepsis diagnosis in 5.5% (62/1,120). Three-hundred forty-three patients (30.6%) had neurologic worsening at the time of Modified Early Warning Score-Sepsis Recognition Score elevation. Utilizing the original Modified Early Warning Score, results were similar, with less score thresholds met (836/7,286) and slightly weaker associations. CONCLUSIONS: In neurocritical ill patients, Modified Early Warning Score-Sepsis Recognition Score and Modified Early Warning Score are associated with higher inhospital mortality and are preferentially triggered in setting of neurologic worsening. They are less reliable in identifying new infection or sepsis in this patient population. Population-specific adjustment of early warning scores may be necessary for the neurocritically ill patient population.

Proceedings from the Neurotherapeutics Symposium on Neurological Emergencies: Shaping the Future of Neurocritical Care.

Effective treatment options for patients with life-threatening neurological disorders are limited. To address this unmet need, high-impact translational research is essential for the advancement and development of novel therapeutic approaches in neurocritical care. "The Neurotherapeutics Symposium 2019-Neurological Emergencies" conference, held in Rochester, New York, in June 2019, was designed to accelerate translation of neurocritical care research via transdisciplinary team science and diversity enhancement. Diversity excellence in the neuroscience workforce brings innovative and creative perspectives, and team science broadens the scientific approach by incorporating views from multiple stakeholders. Both are essential components needed to address complex scientific questions. Under represented minorities and women were involved in the organization of the conference and accounted for 30-40% of speakers, moderators, and attendees. Participants represented a diverse group of stakeholders committed to translational research. Topics discussed at the conference included acute ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes, neurogenic respiratory dysregulation, seizures and status epilepticus, brain telemetry, neuroprognostication, disorders of consciousness, and multimodal monitoring. In these proceedings, we summarize the topics covered at the conference and suggest the groundwork for future high-yield research in neurologic emergencies.

Neuroprognostication Practices in Postcardiac Arrest Patients: An International Survey of Critical Care Providers.

OBJECTIVES: To characterize approaches to neurologic outcome prediction by practitioners who assess prognosis in unconscious cardiac arrest individuals, and assess compliance to available guidelines. DESIGN: International cross-sectional study. SETTING: We administered a web-based survey to members of Neurocritical Care Society, Society of Critical Care Medicine, and American Academy of Neurology who manage unconscious cardiac arrest patients to characterize practitioner demographics and current neuroprognostic practice patterns. SUBJECTS: Physicians that are members of aforementioned societies who care for successfully resuscitated cardiac arrest individuals. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: A total of 762 physicians from 22 countries responses were obtained. A significant proportion of respondents used absent corneal reflexes (33.5%) and absent pupillary reflexes (36.2%) at 24 hours, which is earlier than the recommended 72 hours in the standard guidelines. Certain components of the neurologic examination may be overvalued, such as absent motor response or extensor posturing, which 87% of respondents considered being very or critically important prognostic indicators. Respondents continue to rely on myoclonic status epilepticus and neuroimaging, which were favored over median nerve somatosensory evoked potentials for prognostication, although the latter has been demonstrated to have a higher predictive value. Regarding definitive recommendations based on poor neurologic prognosis, most physicians seem to wait until the postarrest timepoints proposed by current guidelines, but up to 25% use premature time windows. CONCLUSIONS: Neuroprognostic approaches to hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy vary among physicians and are often not consistent with current guidelines. The overall inconsistency in approaches and deviation from evidence-based recommendations are concerning in this disease state where mortality is so integrally related to outcome prediction.

Corneal Reflex Testing in the Evaluation of a Comatose Patient: An Ode to Precise Semiology and Examination Skills.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: The corneal reflex assesses the integrity of the trigeminal and facial cranial nerves. This brainstem reflex is fundamental in neuroprognostication after cardiac arrest and in brain death determination. We sought to investigate corneal reflex testing methods among neurologists and general critical care providers in the context of neuroprognostication following cardiac arrest. METHODS: This is an international cross-sectional study disseminated to members of the Neurocritical Care Society, Society of Critical Care Medicine, and American Academy of Neurology. We utilized an open Web-based survey (Qualtrics®, Provo, UT, USA) to disseminate 26 questions regarding neuroprognostication practices following cardiac arrest, in which 3 questions pertained to corneal reflex testing. Descriptive statistical measures were used, and subgroup analyses performed between neurologists and non-neurologists. Questions were not mandatory; therefore, the percentages were relative to the number of respondents for each question. RESULTS: There were 959 respondents in total. Physicians comprised 85.1% of practitioners (762 out of 895), of which 55% (419) identified themselves as non-neurologists and 45% (343) as neurologists. Among physicians, 85.9% (608 out of 708) deemed corneal reflex relevant for prognostication following cardiac arrest (neurologists 84.4% versus non-neurologists 87.0%). A variety of techniques were employed for corneal reflex testing, the most common being "light cotton touch" (59.2%), followed by "cotton-tipped applicator with pressure" (23.9%), "saline or water squirt" (15.9%), and "puff of air" (1.0%). There were no significant differences in the methods for testing between neurologists and non-neurologists (p = 0.52). The location of stimulus application was variable, and 26.1% of physicians (148/567) apply the stimulus on the temporal conjunctiva rather than on the cornea itself. CONCLUSIONS: Corneal reflex testing remains a cornerstone of the coma exam and is commonly used in neuroprognostication of unconscious cardiac arrest survivors and in brain death determination. A wide variability of techniques is noted among practitioners, including some that may provide suboptimal stimulation of corneal nerve endings. Imprecise testing in this setting may lead to inaccuracies in critical settings, which carries significant consequences such as guiding decisions of care limitations, misdiagnosis of brain death, and loss of public trust.

Public perception towards bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

OBJECTIVE: Bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) improves survival and neurological outcomes. Nonetheless, many OHCA patients do not receive bystander CPR during a witnessed arrest. Our aim was to identify potential barriers to bystander CPR. METHODS: Participants at CPR training events conducted in the USA between February and May 2018 answered a 14-question survey prior to training. Respondents were asked about their overall comfort level performing CPR, and about potential concerns specific to performing CPR on a middle-aged female, a geriatric male, and male and female adolescent patients. Open-ended responses were analysed qualitatively by categorising responses into themes. RESULTS: Of the 677 participants, 582 (86.0%) completed the survey, with 509 (88.1%) between 18 and 29 years of age, 341 (58.6%) without prior CPR training and 556 (96.0%) without prior CPR experience. Across all four scenarios of patients in cardiac arrest, less than 65% of respondents reported that they would be 'Extremely Likely' (20.6%-29.1%) or 'Moderately Likely' (26.9%-34.8%) to initiate CPR. The leading concerns were 'causing injury to patient' for geriatric (n=193, 63.1%), female (n=51, 20.5%) and adolescent (n=148, 50.9%) patients. Lack of appropriate skills was the second leading concern when the victim was a geriatric (n=41, 13.4%) or adolescent (n=68, 23.4%) patient, whereas for female patients, 35 (14.1%) were concerned about exposing the patient or the patient's breasts interfering with performance of CPR and 15 (6.0%) were concerned about being accused of sexual assault. Significant differences were observed in race, ethnicity and age regarding the likelihood of starting to perform CPR on female and adolescent patients. CONCLUSIONS: Participants at CPR training events have multiple concerns and fears related to performing bystander CPR. Causing additional harm and lack of skills were among the leading reservations reported. These findings should be considered for improved CPR training and public education.

Electro-clinical characteristics and prognostic significance of post anoxic myoclonus.

OBJECTIVE: To systematically examine the electro-clinical characteristics of post anoxic myoclonus (PAM) and their prognostic implications in comatose cardiac arrest (CA) survivors. METHODS: Fifty-nine CA survivors who developed myoclonus within 72 h of arrest and underwent continuous EEG monitoring were included in the study. Retrospective chart review was performed for all relevant clinical variables including time of PAM onset ("early onset" when within 24 h) and semiology (multi-focal, facial/ocular, whole body and limbs only). EEG findings including background, reactivity, epileptiform patterns and EEG correlate to myoclonus were reviewed at 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h after the return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). Outcome was categorized as either with recovery of consciousness (Cerebral Performance Category (CPC) 1-3) or without recovery of consciousness (CPC 4-5) at the time of discharge. RESULTS: Seven of the 59 patients (11.9%) regained consciousness, including 6/51 (11.8%) with early onset PAM. Patients with recovery of consciousness had shorter time to ROSC, and were more likely to have preserved brainstem reflexes and normal voltage background at all times. No patient with suppression burst or low voltage background (N = 52) at any point regained consciousness. In the subset where precise electro-clinical correlation was possible, all (5/5) those with recovery of consciousness had multi-focal myoclonus and most (4/5) had midline-maximal spikes over a continuous background. No patient with any other semiology (N = 21) regained consciousness. CONCLUSIONS: Early onset PAM is not always associated with lack of recovery of consciousness. EEG can help discriminate between patients who may or may not regain consciousness by the time of hospital discharge.

Current treatment of central retinal artery occlusion: a national survey.

BACKGROUND: Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) is an ophthalmological emergency, the retinal analog of a stroke. To date there is no consensus or national guidelines on how this disorder should be managed. As academic neurologists and ophthalmologists treat CRAO frequently, we set out to understand how these clinicians approach patients with CRAO with a national survey. METHODS: We identified university-associated teaching hospitals offering vascular neurology, neuro-ophthalmology and/or retina fellowships in the US and asked the directors of the programs to respond to questions in an open response format to profile the acute management of CRAO at their institution. RESULTS: We found remarkable heterogeneity in the approach to acute treatment of patients with CRAO among the 45 institutions that responded to the survey. Only 20% had a formal policy, guideline or white paper to standardize the approach to treatment. The primary treating physician was an ophthalmologist, neurologist, or neuro-ophthalmologist 44, 27, and 4% of the time, respectively; 24% were co-managed acutely by neurology and ophthalmology. Intravenous fibrinolysis was offered to selected patients in 53% of institutions, and was the preferred initial treatment in 36%. When the acute treatment team involved a vascular neurologist, fibrinolysis was more likely to be considered a first-line treatment (p < 0.05). Anterior chamber paracentesis, ocular massage and hyperbaric oxygen therapy were offered 42, 66 and 7% of the time, respectively, while 9% of institutions offered no treatment. Anterior chamber paracentesis was more likely to be offered at programs where neurologists were not involved in treating CRAOs (p < 0.001). At 35% of institutions, patients with acute CRAO were not routinely referred to a general emergency room for initial evaluation and treatment. Carotid imaging was routinely obtained by 89% of programs, magnetic resonance imaging of the brain by 69%, echocardiogram by 62%, laboratory screening for an inflammatory state by 27% and retinal angiography by 30%. The thoroughness of vascular risk factors' screening was greater in programs that routinely referred acute CRAO cases to the emergency department. CONCLUSIONS: This survey shows that there is significant variability in treatment practices for acute CRAO in the US. Because of the high cerebrovascular and cardiovascular risk reported in this population of patients, it is notable that the approach to risk factor screening is also highly variable and many programs do not routinely refer patients to an emergency department for urgent evaluation. Finally, there appears to be equipoise among treatment teams regarding the efficacy of systemic fibrinolysis, as 53% of programs report a willingness to treat at least some patients with this modality.

SSEP in Therapeutic Hypothermia Era.

PURPOSE: The reliability of somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) in predicting outcome in comatose survivors of cardiac arrest treated with therapeutic hypothermia (TH) has been questioned. We investigated whether the absence of cortical (N20) responses was a reliable predictor of a nonawakening in the setting of TH. METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted in cardiac arrest survivors treated with TH admitted to a single tertiary care hospital from April, 2010 to March, 2013 who underwent SSEP testing at various time points after cardiac arrest. N20 responses were categorized as normal, present but abnormal, bilaterally absent, or inadequate for interpretation. Neurologic outcome was assessed at discharge by the Cerebral Performance Category Scale (CPC). RESULTS: Ninety-three SSEP studies were performed in 73 patients. Fourteen patients had absent N20 responses; all had poor outcome (CPC 4-5). Eleven patients had absent N20 s during hypothermia, three of whom had follow-up SSEPs after rewarming and cortical responses remained absent. Fifty-seven patients had N20 peaks identified and had variable outcomes. Evaluation of 1 or more N20 peaks was limited or inadequate in 11.4% of SSEPs performed during the cooling because of artifact. CONCLUSIONS: Somatosensory evoked potentials remain a reliable prognostic indicator in patients undergoing TH. The limited sample size of patients who had SSEP performed during TH and repeated after normothermia added to the effect of self-fulfilling prophecy limit the interpretation of the reliability of this testing when performed during cooling. Further prospective, multicenter, large scale studies correlating cortical responses in SSEPs during and after TH are warranted. Technical challenges are commonplace during TH and caution is advised in the interpretation of suboptimal recordings.

Cerebral Microhemorrhages and Meningeal Siderosis in Infective Endocarditis.

OBJECTIVE: Patients with infective endocarditis (IE) frequently experience cerebral insults, and neurological involvement in IE has been reported to herald a worse prognosis. In this manuscript, we describe a distinctive pattern of findings on susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) sequences in subjects with IE. METHODS: Patients with IE who underwent SWI MRI at an academic hospital from 2009 to 2014 were retrospectively analyzed. The pattern of findings was compared to SWI findings in groups of subjects with cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) or severe hypertension. RESULTS: Sixty-six subjects with IE were included; 64 (94%) had microhemorrhages and the average number per patient was 21.5. In 11 (17%) patients, microhemorrhages were the only neuroimaging abnormality. The majority of microhemorrhages were between 1 and 3 mm. In a direct comparison of gradient-echo T2* (GRE-T2*) and SWI, many microhemorrhages in this size range were not detected by GRE-T2*. Microhemorrhages in IE involved every part of the brain with a significant predilection for the cerebellum. This pattern was distinct from that seen in hypertension or CAA. Small subarachnoid hemorrhage or meningeal siderosis were also frequently detected in IE, but were not associated with mycotic aneurysms. INTERPRETATION: SWI is a sensitive diagnostic technique for detecting infectious cerebral angiopathy in subjects with IE, producing a pattern of microhemorrhages that were distinct from other common microangiopathies.

Intravenous Fibrinolytic Therapy in Central Retinal Artery Occlusion: A Patient-Level Meta-analysis.

IMPORTANCE: Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) is an ophthalmologic emergency that can result in blindness. At present, no proven therapy for CRAO exists. Treatment with fibrinolytic agents has shown promise but remains of unproven benefit. OBJECTIVES: To assess the efficacy of systemic fibrinolytic therapy for patients with CRAO and to define a time window of efficacy. DATA SOURCES: We systematically queried PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus using the following index terms: "retinal artery occlusion" OR "retinal ischemia" AND "thrombolysis" OR "fibrinolysis" OR "tissue plasminogen activator" OR "streptokinase" OR "urokinase." Search was not limited by year of publication or language and was conducted in August 2014. In addition, we evaluated the references from relevant review articles. STUDY SELECTION: We assembled observational studies reporting on visual acuity outcomes after CRAO. Inclusion criteria were complete reporting of visual outcomes after CRAO (with or without fibrinolytic therapy) and a series of more than 5 patients for fibrinolysis treatment or more than 20 cases when untreated or treated with conservative modalities. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Patient-level data were sought for studies reporting outcomes of treatment with fibrinolysis. Summary statistics were obtained for conservative treatment and natural history studies. The studies were weighted by the inverse of variance and merged in a random-effects model. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Rate of visual recovery (defined as improvement of visual acuity from 20/200 or worse at presentation to 20/100 or better) was calculated for patients treated with fibrinolytic and conservative therapies and those who received no treatment. RESULTS: We obtained summary statistics from 7 studies that included 396 patients who received no treatment after CRAO and from 8 studies that included 419 patients treated with ocular massage, anterior chamber paracentesis, and/or hemodilution (conservative treatment). Patient-level data were obtained for 147 patients treated with systemic fibrinolysis. We found that fibrinolysis was beneficial at 4.5 hours or earlier after symptom onset compared with the natural history group (17 of 34 [50.0%] vs 70 of 396 [17.7%]; odds ratio, 4.7 [95% CI, 2.3-9.6]; P < .001). Absolute risk reduction was 32.3%, with a number needed to treat of 4.0 (95% CI, 2.6-6.6). We also found that conservative treatment significantly worsened visual acuity outcomes and recovery rates after CRAO compared with the natural history group (31 of 419 [7.4%; 95% CI, 3.7%-11.1%] vs 70 of 396 [17.7%; 95% CI, 13.9%-21.4%]; P < .001; number needed to harm, 10.0 [95% CI, 6.8-17.4]). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Our analysis suggests that a clinical trial of early systemic fibrinolytic therapy for CRAO is warranted and that conservative treatments are futile and may be harmful.

Brain death and management of a potential organ donor in the intensive care unit.

The concept of brain death developed with the advent of mechanical ventilation, and guidelines for determining brain death have been refined over time. Organ donation after brain death is a common source of transplant organs in Western countries. Early identification and notification of organ procurement organizations are essential. Management of potential organ donors must take into consideration specific pathophysiologic changes for medical optimization. Future aims in intensive and neurocritical care medicine must include reducing practice variability in the operational guidelines for brain death determination, as well as improving communication with families about the process of determining brain death.