Mobilization of phosphorus in sediments of eutrophic lakes induced by elevated sulfate levels.

Elevated sulfate levels in eutrophic lakes have been observed to induce the release of endogenous phosphorus. While previous studies have predominantly examined its impact on iron-bound phosphorus (FeP), the influence on organic phosphorus (OP), a crucial active phosphorus component in sediments, remains poorly understood. In this study, mesocosms were established with lactate supplementation and varying sulfate concentrations to explore sulfate reduction and its impacts on phosphorus mobilization in freshwater sediments. Lactate addition induced hypoxia and provided substrates, thereby stimulating sulfate reduction with a decline of sulfate levels, an increase of sulfide concentrations, and fluctuations of sulfate-reducing bacteria. Meanwhile, concentrations of total dissolved phosphorus and phosphate were dramatically promoted during lactate decomposition, with a higher sulfate concentration associated with greater phosphorus elevation, correlating with the decrease of total phosphorus in sediment. The increase in phosphorus of the overlying water was partly attributed to FeP release from the sediment, confirmed by a decrease in its sediment content. FeP release was ascribed to dissimilatory reduction of iron oxides or chemical reduction mediated by sulfides in anoxic sediments, leading to the desorption and subsequent release of phosphorus. Evidences included the proliferation of iron-reducing bacteria, a decrease in Fe(II) concentrations in sediment pore- water, and the continuous accumulation of solid iron sulfides in surface sediments. Furthermore, OP mineralization in sediment also contributed to the increase in phosphorus in water columns, confirmed by a reduction in its content and the abundance of fermentation bacteria in surface sediment. Notably, the decrease in OP content accounted for >80 % of the total phosphorus reduction in surface sediment in the end. Thus, sulfur cycling plays a critical role in iron and phosphorus cycling, significantly stimulating not only the mobilization of FeP but also OP in sediments, with OP mineralization potentially being the primary contributor to endogenous phosphorus release.

Severe cyanobacteria accumulation potentially induces methylotrophic methane producing pathway in eutrophic lakes.

Although cyanobacteria blooms lead to an increase in methane (CH4) emissions in eutrophic lakes have been intensively studied, the methane production pathways and driving mechanisms of the associated CH4 emissions are still unclear. In this study, the hypereutrophic Lake Taihu, which has extreme cyanobacteria accumulation, was selected to test hypothesis of a potential methylotrophic CH4 production pathway. Field observation displayed that the CH4 emission flux from the area with cyanobacteria accumulation was 867.01 µg m-2·min-1, much higher than the flux of 3.44 µg m-2·min-1 in the non-cyanobacteria accumulation area. The corresponding abundance of methane-producing archaea (MPA) in the cyanobacteria-concentrated area was 77.33% higher than that in the non-concentrated area via RT-qPCR technologies. Synchronously, sediments from these areas were incubated in anaerobic bottles, and results exhibited the high CH4 emission potential of the cyanobacteria concentrated area versus the non-concentrated area (1199.26 vs. 205.76 µmol/L) and more active biological processes (CO2 emission, 2072.8 vs. -714.62 µmol/L). We also found evidence for the methylotrophic methane producing pathway, which contributed to the high CH4 emission flux from the cyanobacteria accumulation area. Firstly, cyanobacteria decomposition provided the prerequisite of abundant methyl thioether substances, including DMS, DMDS, and DMTS. Results showed that the content of methyl thioethers increased with the biomass of cyanobacteria, and the released DMS, DMDS, and DMTS was up to 96.35, 3.22 and 13.61 µg/L, respectively, in the highly concentrated 25000 g/cm3 cyanobacteria treatment. Then, cyanobacteria decomposition created anaerobic microenvironments (DO 0.06 mg/L and Eh -304.8Mv) for methylotrophic methane production. Lastly, the relative abundance of Methanosarcinales was increased from 7.67% at the initial stage to 36.02% at the final stage within a sediment treatment with 10 mmol/L N(CH3)3. Quantitatively, the proportion of the methylotrophic methane production pathway was as high as 32.58%. This finding is crucial for accurately evaluating the methane emission flux, and evaluating future management strategies of eutrophic lakes.

Increasing sulfate concentration and sedimentary decaying cyanobacteria co-affect organic carbon mineralization in eutrophic lake sediments.

Sulfate (SO42-) concentrations in eutrophic lakes are continuously increasing; however, the effect of increasing SO42- concentrations on organic carbon mineralization, especially the greenhouse gas emissions of sediments, remains unclear. Here, we constructed a series of microcosms with initial SO42- concentrations of 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 mg/L to study the effects of increased SO42- concentrations, coupled with cyanobacterial blooms, on organic carbon mineralization in Lake Taihu. Cyanobacterial blooms promoted sulfate reduction and released a large amount of inorganic carbon. The SO42- concentrations in cyanobacteria treatments significantly decreased and eventually reached close to 0. As the initial SO42- concentration increased, the sulfate reduction rates significantly increased, with maximum values of 9.39, 9.44, 28.02, 30.89, 39.68, and 54.28 mg/L∙d for 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 mg/L SO42-, respectively. The total organic carbon content in sediments (51.16-52.70 g/kg) decreased with the initial SO42- concentration (R2 = 0.97), and the total inorganic carbon content in overlying water (159.97-182.73 mg/L) showed the opposite pattern (R2 = 0.91). The initial SO42- concentration was positively correlated with carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions (R2 = 0.68) and negatively correlated with methane (CH4) emissions (R2 = 0.96). The highest CO2 concentration and lowest CH4 concentration in the 180 mg/L SO42- treatment were 1688.78 and 1903 µmol/L, respectively. These biogeochemical processes were related to competition for organic carbon sources between sulfate reduction bacteria (SRB) and methane production archaea (MPA) in sediments. The abundance of SRB was positively correlated with the initial SO42- concentration and ranged from 6.65 × 107 to 2.98 × 108 copies/g; the abundance of MPA showed the opposite pattern and ranged from 1.99 × 108 to 3.35 × 108copies/g. These findings enhance our understanding of the effect of increasing SO42- concentrations on organic carbon mineralization and could enhance the accuracy of assessments of greenhouse gas emissions in eutrophic lakes.

Seasonal iron­sulfur interactions and the stimulated phosphorus mobilization in freshwater lake sediments.

Sulfur reduction in freshwater ecosystems has previously been considered as negligible because of often very low sulfate concentrations and generally low sulfate reducing capacity in freshwater sediments. In this study, seasonal variations on three types of sediments from central lake, dredged and algae accumulated areas in a eutrophic lake in China, Lake Taihu, were investigated. The high temperature in summer and the accumulation of algae are conducive to the reduction processes in freshwater lake sediments. Iron reduction was observed as the major anaerobic process in all types of sediments, while sulfate reduction was weak in central and dredged lake areas. However, strong sulfate reduction with increase of sulfate reducing bacteria and sulfides generation (119.5 ± 0.2 µmol L-1) was found in surface sediments in algae accumulated areas. Based on the results of Fe reduction rate and the quantity of Fe reducing bacteria, extensive sulfate reduction in algae accumulated sediments inhibited the microbial Fe reduction, and the ΣS2--mediated chemical Fe reduction (SCIR) dominated instead. Iron was principally stored in the sediments as Fe sulfide compounds, which weakened the rebinding of phosphorus and stimulated phosphorus mobilization. Therefore, attention should be paid to the alteration of Fe cycling and phosphorus mobility caused by the SCIR in algae accumulated sediments and the consequent effects on the eutrophication of freshwater lakes.