The effect of well-managed lower urinary tract dysfunction on the success rate of endoscopic subureteric injection for low-moderate vesicoureteral reflux.

AIM: We aimed to study the presence of lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD) and those objective parameters obtained from voiding diary (VD), uroflowmetric (UF) and postvoiding residual urine (PVR) and voiding dysfunction symptom score (VDSS) as possible factors effecting the success rate on STING to correct VUR. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Children who underwent STING for the first time due to low-moderate (I-III) grade of VUR were evaluated retrospectively. All children diagnosed with VUR were routinely evaluated for LUTD with VD, UF, PVR and VDSS. Children with LUTD were treated with urotherapy and appropriate medical treatment. Each system with VUR was accepted a renal unit and divided into two groups according to the presence of postoperative VUR: Group 1 no VUR, and Group 2 unresolved VUR. Demographic characteristics, DMSA scintigraphy findings, PVR, VDSS and parameters of VD and UF were compared. RESULTS: 80 children (73 (91.3%) girl, 7 (8.8%) boy) with a total of 112 unit were detected. There were 93 (83%) units in group 1 and 19 (17%) in group 2. No difference was observed in voiding frequency and urinary incontinence in VD, flow pattern, maximum flow rate, MBC/EBC maximum bladder capacity/expected bladder capacity in UF, PVR and VDSS between two groups. 21 (26.25%) children were diagnosed and treated for LUTD and STING was successful in 21 (84%) of 25 units. CONCLUSION: We believe that effectively treated preoperative LUTD provides comparable STING success rate for correcting low- to moderate-grade vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) in the short term.

Comparison of maximum voided volume and maximum bladder capacity in voiding diary, uroflowmetry and cystometrography in children with non-neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction.

BACKGROUND: Maximum voided volumes (MVV) and maximum bladder capacities (MBC) are important parameters in the evaluation of lower urinary tract functions in children. However, consistency of MVV and MBC measurements between voiding diary (VD), uroflowmetry (UF) and cystometrography (CMG) in children with non-neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD) has not been addressed specifically. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to compare the MVV in VD and UF and MBC in CMG in children with non-neurogenic LUT dysfunction and investigate for possible factors for discrepancies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Children with non-neurogenic LUTD were retrospectively evaluated with a focus on VD, UF, and CMG. VD applied for 2 days and MVV recorded except for first urine in morning. UF repeated in children with <50% of expected bladder capacity (EBC) for age. Highest value and post voiding residual urine (PVR) was recorded. CMG was performed if these conditions were present: High PVR or LUT dysfunction resistant to standard urotherapy (conservative management with biofeedback) and medical therapy (oral anticholinergics) or LUT dysfunction accompanied by VUR or recurrent UTI. MBC in CMG was recorded according to International Children Continence Society (ICCS) standards. MVV and MBC in VD, UF, CMG were compared and possible factors for discrepancy were investigated. RESULTS: 54 children (median age: 10 (4-17) years) were included in the study. 39 (72.2%) were girls, 15 (27.8%) were boys. Median MVV was 232.50 (20-600) ml in VD, 257.50 (69-683) ml in UF and MBC was 184 (31-666) ml in CMG (p = 0.012) (Summary Table). In the subgroup analysis, it was shown that the bladder capacities obtained from all three tests were not compatible with each other in children younger than 10 years of age, in girls, in those with recurrent urinary tract infection, detrusor overactivity, high PVR and normal flow pattern (p = 0.003, p = 0.016, p = 0.029, p < 0.001, p = 0.045, p = 0.03, respectively). DISCUSSION: There is a discrepancy between bladder capacities obtained from VD, UF and CMG In children with non-neurogenic LUT dysfunction. In particular, the lower capacity obtained from invasive urodynamic tests may be related to the poor compliance of children during the procedure. Therefore, when invasive urodynamics is required in these cases, we recommend that maximum cystometric capacity to be evaluated by comparing with voided volumes at UF, VD and other clinical signs and symptoms, and urodynamic parameters in more detail. CONCLUSION: MVV in VD and UF are comparable, but MBC in CMG is lower in children with non-neurogenic LUTD selected for invasive urodynamic studies. More attention should be paid to bladder capacity obtained from urodynamic studies in children exhibiting the characteristics identified in the subgroup analysis. We believe that evaluating bladder capacity values, especially obtained from invasive studies, in conjunction with clinical findings can prevent misdiagnosis, over investigation and overtreatment in children with non-neurogenic LUTD.

Urinary biomarkers in children with neurogenic and non-neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

AIM: The aim of this systematic review is to assess urinary biomarkers studied in children with neurogenic and non-neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The systematic review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. The screening was performed on PUBMED without any publication date limitation. Only original articles were included. Parameters related to the following topics were obtained: study design, characteristics of participants, number of participants, age, control group, types of biomarkers, measurement technique in urine, subgroup analysis, urodynamic findings, and outcome. Dutch Cochrane Checklist (DCC) and level of evidence by EBRO platform were used for quality assessment. Meta-analysis was performed with the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Version 4 program. RESULTS: A total of 494 studies were screened and 16 studies were included. 11 (68.75%) were conducted in children with non-neurogenic LUTD and 5 (31.25%) neurogenic LUTD. Nerve growth factor (NGF) was evaluated in 12 studies, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in 5, Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) in 2, transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF Beta-1) in 2, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) in 1, and Aquaporin-2 in 1. According to DCC, 10 (62.5%) articles were evaluated on 4 (37.5%) items and 4 articles on 5 items. The average score was 3.91+/-0.56. The level of evidence was found as B for 13 (81.25%) articles and C for 3 (18.75%). In meta-analysis, urinary NGF levels in children with non-neurogenic LUTS were significantly higher than in the healthy control group (Hedges's g = 1.867, standard error = 0.344, variance = 0.119, p = 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Urinary biomarkers are promising for the future with their noninvasive features. However, prospective studies with larger sample sizes are needed to better understand the potential of urinary biomarkers to reflect urodynamic and clinical findings in children with LUTD.

Are voiding volumes and frequencies different in the three-day voiding diary in children with lower urinary tract dysfunction?

AIM: The voiding diary (VD) yields crucial insights into voiding volumes (VV), voiding frequency (VF), and management habits in children with lower urinary tract (LUT) dysfunction. It is recommended to be conducted for a minimum of 2 days. Nevertheless, certain studies have indicated similarities in voided volumes between days in a three-day VD. This study aims to compare VV and VF values across days based on bladder capacity and symptom scores. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Children who applied to the pediatric urology clinic due to LUT symptoms between 2022 and 2023 were included in the study. Retrospective evaluation was conducted on the records. Children with neurological deficits and incomplete data were excluded from the study. All children were assessed following the guidelines of ICCS and EUA and underwent a 3-day voiding diary. Mean VV and VF values of the whole group for each day were compared and subgroup analyzes were performed in terms of gender, Voiding Dysfunction Symptom Score (VDSS), bladder capacity (BC), and diagnoses. RESULTS: A total of 109 (53 girls (48.6%), 56 boys (51.4%)) children with a median age of 8 (3-17) were included in the study. 77 (70.6%) children were diagnosed with overactive bladder, 8 (7.4%) with dysfunctional voiding, and 24 (22%) with monosymptomatic enuresis nocturne. The mean VVs between days were similar in the whole group (p = 0.759). Moreover, the mean VV of the first day was similar to the average of both the first two days and the three days (p = 0.021, p = 0.490). Also, the maximum and minimum VVs were similar between days (p = 0.942, p = 0.160, respectively). In subgroup analyses based on gender, bladder capacity, and symptom score, mean VV was also found to be similar. VF values were found to be significantly different between days. There was also a difference between VF values in children with VDSS > 8.5 (p = 0.012) and BC/EBC (%) > 65 (p = 0.030). In subgroup analysis for diagnoses, mean and maximum VV and VF were similar between the groups, except for VF (p = 0.026) in OAB. CONCLUSION: While the voided volumes of children with non-neurogenic LUT dysfunctions appear to be consistent across the days of the VD, variations in VF might arise, especially among children with a VDSS of > 8.5 and normal bladder capacity. As a result, we believe that using a VD spanning at least two days could enhance diagnostic accuracy and help prevent unnecessary treatment.

The association of urinary BDNF, ATP, and MMP-2 with bladder compliance in children with myelodysplasia.

AIM: The purpose of our study was to evaluate the relationship of urinary brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), matrix metallopreteinase-2 (MMP-2) with urodynamic findings and upper urinary tract deterioration (UUTD) in children with myelodysplasia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Children with myelodysplasia evaluated in outpatient clinic between 2022 and 2023 were included. All patients underwent urinary ultrasonography, voiding cystourethrography, urodynamics, and DMSA scintigraphy. Urine samples were collected before urodynamics. Control urine was collected from 10 healthy children. Urinary biomarker values of patients and controls were compared, and subgroup analysis was performed. RESULTS: The median age of 40 children (26 girls) included in the study was 108 (8-216) months, and the control group (six girls) was 120 (60-154) (p = 0.981). Urinary BDNF, MMP-2, and ATP were found to be significantly higher in children with myelodysplasia compared to the control (p = 0.007, p = 0.027, p = 0.014, respectively). The three biomarker values were similar in children with bladder compliance below or above 10 cmH2O/mL (p = 0.750, p = 0.844, p = 0.575). No difference was found in terms of UUTD in all three biomarkers (p = 0.387, p = 0.892, p = 0.705). A negative correlation was found between urinary ATP and compliance (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: In this study, all three biomarkers were found to be higher in children with myelodysplasia than in controls. There was a negative correlation between urinary ATP and compliance. Urinary biomarkers may contribute the follow-up of children with neurogenic lower urinary tract deterioration in future with their noninvasive features. However, the lack of standardization and the inability to reliably predict risky groups are important shortcomings of urinary biomarkers.

Consistency of uroflowmetry analysis in children among observers.

AIM: The aim of the study is to compare the intra- and inter-observer interpretations of the same uroflowmetry study at two different times. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two-hundred children with a voided volume of 50% above the expected bladder capacity were included. All traces were asked to be evaluated by 11 observers two times in a time span of 1 month. These observers consist of pediatric urologists (n = 2), pediatric urology fellows (n = 2), urology residents (n = 5), and certified urodynamics nurses (n = 2). Each uroflowmetry was asked to be assessed for three domains: voided volume (VV), detrusor sphincter dyssynergia (DSD), and flow curve pattern (FCP). RESULTS: Of the 200 patients with a median age of 10 (4-18) years, 128 (64%) were girls and 72 (36%) boys. The maximum flow rate and the median voided volume were found to be 20 (4-61) mL/s and 232 (116-781) mL. The Fleiss' kappa coefficient of VV, DSD, and FCP in the first assessment was 0.510, 0.501, and 0.346. In the second assessment, κ values were 0.530, 0.422, and 0.373. The best-agreed findings were similar at both times. These were found to be low VV (0.602 and 0.626) and intermittent pattern (0.500 and 0.553). Interpreters were found to have a statistically significant difference in agreement with their own interpretation at different times. CONCLUSION: Both inter- and intra-observer reliability of the agreement point out the problem in the standardization of uroflowmetry. Inter- and intra-observer reliability of uroflowmetry interpretation can be increased by defining precise numbers and numerical algorithms.

Diagnosis of Testicular Torsion and Differentiation From Other Pathologies Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy device to diagnose testicular torsion with high sensitivity and specificity. Specifically, we aim to investigate the differentiation between testicular torsion from other pathologies such as orchidoepididymitis, varicocele, and hydrocele. METHODS: Two LEDs with wavelengths of 660 nm and 940 nm were used as light sources in the device. Each wavelength was sent to the testicle successively, and a photodiode detected back-reflected diffuse light. The ratio of the light intensities of 660 nm and 940 nm was used as a diagnostic parameter. A multi-center clinical trial was performed in 5 different hospitals. RESULTS: In total, 62 patients in urology clinics with acute testicular pain have been recruited for the study. The developed NIR spectroscopy correctly defined all 8 testicular torsion cases. Besides, 3 orchidoepididymitis, 1 varicocele, and 3 hydrocele cases were correctly distinguished from testicular torsion. Only 1 hydrocele case was misdiagnosed as torsion. The range of the ratio was between 0.14 and 1.16 overall measurements. The ratio varied between 0.14 and 0.3 for the testicle with torsion. The ratio was between 0.49 and 1.16 for the normal testicle and testicle with other pathologies mentioned above. CONCLUSION: We have chosen the threshold ratio of 0.4 to differentiate between the normal and torsion testis and diagnosed all the torsion cases among all normal and other pathologies. The developed optical device to diagnose testicular torsion is inexpensive, user-friendly, and works based on objective criteria with high sensitivity and specificity in real time.

Normal Glanular and Meatal Measurements in Boys and Men.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the normal vertical urethral meatus length (ML), maximum glanular width (MGW), the glanular seam length (between the lowest edge of urethral meatus and the glans closure line corona) (GSL) and GSL/ML ratio in all age groups. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Consecutive patients presented to urology and pediatric urology outpatient clinics were included in the study. Penile abnormalities, known endocrinological disorders, history of penile/urethral surgery were excluded. MGW, ML, and GSL were measured with a caliper. Glanular and meatal measurements were compared according to ages. RESULTS: A total of 1398 boys and men (380 (27.18%) prepubertal (1-12), 203 (14.52%) adolescent (13-19), and 815 (58.30%) postpubertal (19-93)) with a median age of 31 years (range: 1-93) were included in the study. In consecutive age groups, ML and GSL gradually increased and became steady between 16-19 & 20-30 age groups and 10-12 & 13-15 age groups, respectively. On the other hand, MGW gradually increased until 20 years of age and became steady at median of 35 mm over 20 years of age. Another interesting finding was a rather stable GSL/ML ratio in all age groups. Pairwise comparison of different age groups seemed to be similar and suggests a fixed ratio of 1.33 (IQR: 0.6). CONCLUSION: The normal glanular and meatal measurements may guide the surgeons for better cosmetic results during hypospadias repair. The GSL/ML ratio appears to be a stable measure for all ages to achieve better cosmetic results.

The results of three times repeated filling cystometry and pressure flow studies in children with non-neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction.

AIM: We previously reported that some urodynamic parameters change with repetitive filling in children with neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD). In this study, we aimed to search if three-times repeated filling cystometries (FC) and pressure-flow studies (PFS) would change the urodynamics parameters in children with non-neurogenic LUTD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All children with three repeated FC and PFS between June 2017 and December 2018 were included in the study. Urodynamic reports and charts were evaluated retrospectively. The first sensation of bladder filling (FSBF), maximum cystometric capacity (MCC), detrusor pressure at the FSBF (Pdet.first.sens ), maximum detrusor pressure during filling (Pdet.fill.max ), presence of detrusor over activity, compliance, maximum urine flow (Qmax), detrusor pressure at the maximum urine flow (PdetQmax), residual urine and presence of detrusor sphincter dyssynergy (DSD) were compared among three-times repeated urodynamic studies. RESULTS: Forty children were included in the study. 27 (67.5%) were girls and 13 (32.5%) were boys. Median age was 9 (3.4-17) years. Indications were LUTD with low grade vesicoureteral reflux in 19 (47.5%), LUTD refractory to conservative management in 13 (32.5%), urinary tract infection with LUTD in 6 (15%) and secondary enuresis in 2 (5%). Pdet.first.sens , presence of DO, MCC, Qmax, PdetQmax, residual urine, flow pattern, and presence of DSD were comparable in all three repeated tests. The third FC may show decreased filling detrusor pressures and increased compliance with no change on capacity. CONCLUSION: In children with non-neurogenic LUTD, three-times repeated FC and PFS present comparable results except FSBF, Pdet.fill.max, and compliance at the third test.

Abnormal DMSA renal scan findings and associated factors in older children with vesicoureteral reflux.

AIM: There are scanty data on the rate of abnormal Tc-99 m dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) renal scintigraphy and associated factors in children older than 5 years with diagnosis of VUR. We do not have knowledge about which older children should undergo DMSA after VUR diagnosis. This study aims to assess the rate of abnormal DMSA findings and associated factors in children older than 5 years of age diagnosed with VUR. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 258 children with VUR diagnosed at or older than 5 year age. 179 children [42 (23.5%) males and 137 (76.5%) females] with complete data were included. 268 reflux units were compared according to gender, bilaterality, grade, reflux phase at voiding cystourethrography, febrile urinary tract infection (fUTI), lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD), and DMSA findings with uni- and multivariate analysis. RESULTS: The median age was 110 (60-216) months. VUR grades were I, II, and III in 197 (73.6%) units and IV-V in 71 (26.4%). 138 (51.5%) renal units had abnormal DMSA. VUR grade (p < 0.01), unilaterality (p = 0.048), and fUTI (p = 0.031) in univariate but only grade and unilaterality in multivariate analysis are significantly associated with abnormal DMSA. Although reflux at filling phase was predominant in high-grade VUR group, reflux at voiding phase (p = 0.006) in low-medium-grade (1-3) VUR was associated with abnormal DMSA. CONCLUSION: Children older than 5 years of age diagnosed with VUR should be regarded as a high-risk group for abnormal DMSA regardless of gender, unilaterality, grade, reflux phase, fUTI, and LUTD.

Detrusor Pressures Change with Repeat Filling Cystometry in Myelodysplastic Children with Neurogenic Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction.

PURPOSE: The International Children's Continence Society recommends urodynamics repeated at least twice for the optimal result. We aimed to search if 3 times repeat filling urodynamics in the same session would change the urodynamics parameters in children with neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction due to myelodysplasia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We investigated urodynamic reports and charts of 80 consecutive children with neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction due to myelodysplasia who underwent 3 repeat, same session filling cystometry studies between June 2017 and December 2018. Maximum detrusor pressure, maximum cystometric capacity, detrusor leak point pressure, compliance, residual urine volume and maximum cystometric capacity/estimated bladder capacity for age ratio were compared among all 3 filling cystometries. RESULTS: The median age was 4.3 years (IQR 5.8). Of the patients 39 (48.75%) were girls and 41 (51.25%) were boys. Primary pathological finding was myelomeningocele in 69 patients (86.3%). Maximum cystometric capacity, compliance, residual urine and maximum cystometric capacity/estimated bladder capacity for age were found comparable in 3 repeat cystometries. However, maximum detrusor pressure at first filling was higher compared to others (second, p=0.015, and third, p=0.002). Detrusor leak point pressure at the first filling was also higher compared to the third (p <0.001). Detrusor overactivity was persistent in all 3 fillings in 85% of patients (68 of 80). Of the patients 68 (85%) remained in the same risk group according to detrusor leak point pressure (cutoff 40 cmH2O). CONCLUSIONS: Maximum cystometric capacity and detrusor overactivity are comparable in 3 repeat cystometries but detrusor pressures significantly decrease in the repeat fillings. In our practice we plan our management according to the most worrisome urodynamics parameters for a safer proactive approach.

Relationship between neck circumference and overactive bladder in women with metabolic syndrome: a preliminary study.

PURPOSE: To investigate relationship between overactive bladder (OAB) and metabolic syndrome (MtS) by using neck circumference (NC). METHODS: In retrospective view of prospective collected data, 204 women with or without OAB were enrolled into study, between August 2012 and December 2013. All patients were administered OAB validated questionnaires (OAB-V8) and whose score was > 8 were accepted as OAB. Patients were divided into two groups and group 1 consisted of patients with OAB, group 2 consisted of patients without OAB. Demographic data with anthropometric measurements and blood analyses were recorded. Statistical analyses including receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were performed; statistically significant p was < 0.05. RESULTS: Mean age was 41.06 ± 9.78 years. There were 115 (56.4 %) patients in group 1, and 89 (43.6 %) patients in group 2. OAB-V8 scores were significant higher in group 1 than group 2 (p < 0.001). Waist circumference (WC) and NC measurements were statistical significant longer in group 1 than group 2 (p < 0.001). In multivariate logistic regression analyses age, body mass index, MtS, WC, and NC were statistical significant associated with OAB. In ROC curves, area under the curve (AUC) was 0.72 cm2 for relationship between OAB and WC (p < 0.001), and AUC was 0.73 cm2 for relationship between OAB and NC (p = 0.004). Cut-off NC and WC values for OAB were determined as 35.25 cm and 98.5 cm, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: OAB with metabolic syndrome seems like more common in women than in those without. NC may be a novel indicator for OAB in selected female patients with MtS.

Comparison of different ligation techniques in laparoscopic varicocelectomy.

AIM: To evaluate the effects of different intracorporeal ligation techniques with titanium clips, Plasma Trisector (Gyrus, USA) (PTG), and surgical silk on bilateral laparoscopic varicocelectomy (LPVx). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between May 2009 and August 2012, 100 patients who underwent bilateral LPVx were evaluated. The demographic parameters of patients, preoperative radiological findings, semen analysis, operative data, and follow-up were recorded. All of the patients were divided into 3 groups, randomized prospectively. The patients whose veins were ligated by 5-mm titanium clips were included in group I, those whose veins were ligated by PTG were included in group II, and those whose veins were ligated by surgical silk were included in group III. The recorded data of the groups were analyzed. RESULTS: Mean follow-up time was 18.8 + 1.1 months. According to the demographics of age, body mass index, spermiogram, and diameter of veins before surgery, there were no statistical differences between any of the groups (P > 0.05). However, operation time was longer in group III (P < 0.0001), while total numbers ofligated veins did not differ among the groups (P > 0.05). Additionally, hospital stay, oral intake, and complications were not different among the groups (P > 0.05). In follow-up the sperm count analysis was higher than the preoperative count analysis for all of the groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: PTG may provide a shorter operation time than using titanium clips and/or surgical silk in LPVx. Additionally, PTG may increase sperm count with fewer complications than the other ligation techniques in LPVx. Therefore, PTG may be the new candidate electrosurgical standard device for LPVx in the nearby future.

Retrospective study of endoscopic treatment in children with primary vesicoureteral reflux and multivariate analysis of factors for failure.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate endoscopic treatment in children with primary vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) and conduct a multivariate analysis of factors for failure. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Between August 2006 and January 2012, 216 children (32 boys and 184 girls) with primary VUR (grades I-IV) who underwent endoscopic treatment were analysed. Patients with grade V VUR were excluded. Hydrodistension tests and intraureteral injection techniques were performed, if applicable. Urinary ultrasound and voiding cystourethrography were studied 3-6 months after surgery. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used for statistical analyses. RESULTS: In total, 172 children (21 boys and 151 girls) were enrolled, and 280 ureters were treated (108 bilateral, 64 unilateral; three with grade I, 34 with grade II, 214 with grade III and 29 with grade IV VUR). The median (± SD) age was 7.8 ± 3.1 years (boys 7 ± 3.1 years, girls 7.9 ± 3.1 years). The mean (± SD) follow-up was 24.4 ± 4.1 months (boys 28.2 ± 8.1 months, girls 21.4 ± 4.1 months). Mean injected volume per ureter was 1.8 ± 0.5 ml. A single injection resolved the reflux in 79.6% and a second injection resolved it in 90.4% of ureters. Eight children (4.6%) had postoperative febrile urinary tract infections (fUTIs). Postoperative fUTIs were significantly associated with failures in injection (p < 0.001). Renal scars were significantly associated with postoperative fUTI (p = 0.006). Haematuria occurred in three children (minor complication); a non-functional kidney was observed in one child (major complication) and a laparoscopic nephrectomy was performed. Fourteen children underwent ureteroneocystostomy owing to unsuccessful VUR treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic injection of small-diameter microsphere (80-120 µm) non-animal dextranomer-hyaluronic acid copolymer seems to be an effective treatment for VUR. Only postoperative fUTI and the presence of a renal scar were correlated with failed endoscopic treatment of VUR.

Long-term effects of pediatric extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy on renal function.

INTRODUCTION: Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) is a well-known and successful treatment modality. In addition, it can be used in premature infants. ESWL is used to treat kidney and ureter stones in children. However, although it is a preferred noninvasive treatment in that setting, there is debate about its long-term effects on growing kidneys in children. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the long-term effects of pediatric ESWL on renal function in light of updated literature. METHODS: PubMed and Medline were searched for studies on ESWL in a pediatric population with keywords including efficacy, child, kidney calculi, ureter calculi, lithotripsy, injury, vascular trauma, and shock waves. The research was limited to the English literature during a period from 1980 to 2014. In total, 3,000 articles were evaluated, but only 151 papers were considered. Only the manuscripts directly related to the reviewed subjects were included in the current study. RESULTS: However, the acute effects of ESWL in kidney are well-described. Although there are limited studies on the long-term effects of ESWL in children, there is a widespread opinion that ESWL is not affecting renal functions in the long-term. CONCLUSION: ESWL is a safe, effective, and noninvasive treatment option in children. Although ESWL can cause some acute effects in the kidney, there is no long-term effect on the growing kidneys of children.

Impact of transurethral resection on urinary flow rate in children with posterior urethral valve in short term follow-up.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the correction rate of urinary flow rate after posterior urethral valve (PUV) resection for predicting success after operation. METHODS: This retrospective study was performed between March 2006 and February 2013 at the Department of Pediatric Urology, Akdeniz University School of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey. Of the 67 patients with PUV, 52 patients were enrolled. Physical examinations, urine and blood analyses, uroflowmetry (UFM) including maximum flow rate (Qmax) and average flow rate (Qavg), and post voiding residual urine volume (PVR) were recoded. The UFM, PVR, voiding cystourethrography, serum creatinine levels were recorded in clinical visits. Additional operations were performed if there were symptoms of urinary obstruction. Statistical analyses were carried out. RESULTS: The mean age was 9+/-2.9 years. The mean follow-up was 10.6+/-4.2 months. There was a significant difference between preoperative and postoperative serum creatinine (p=0.028), Qmax (p=0.001), Qavg (p=0.002), and PVR (p=0.001). Postoperative serum creatinine was significantly positively correlated with postoperative PVR (p=0.024). In logistic regression analysis, success on PUV resection was associated with preoperative Qavg (p=0.016) and PVR (p=0.004), and postoperative Qavg (p=0.039) and PVR (p=0.030). Of the 42 (80.7%) patients, significant improvements in UFM, PVR, and serum creatinine levels were obtained after first operation. In 10 patients, re-operations were performed. CONCLUSION: Short-term effectiveness of PUV resection may be predicted by changes in UFM and PVR parameters in selected patients.

Current medical diagnosis and management of vesicoureteral reflux in children.

Vesico-ureteral reflux (VUR) is presented in approximately %1 of children and is associated with an increased risk of pyelonephritis and renal scarring. Despite its prevalence and morbidity, many aspects of VUR diagnosis and treatment are controversial. We objectively assessed the published data; the data base for many current diagnoses and treatment patterns of VUR is limited. Recent studies have focused on developed determination of VUR-related renal morbidity, improved stratification tools that children would benefit most from which VUR treatment option, and improved reporting of the long-term outcomes of VUR treatments in children who are at risk for VUR. In this review, the advances in the diagnosis and treatment of VUR will be accompanied by the current guidelines.

Detecting positive surgical margins using single optical fiber probe during radical prostatectomy: a pilot study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate for the potential of detection of positive surgical margins by the elastic light single-scattering spectroscopy (ELSSS) system with a single optical fiber probe during radical prostatectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: ELSSS spectra in the 450- to 750-nm wavelength regions were obtained from a total of 31 benign tissue samples and 14 malignant tissue samples from 18 patients. The ELSSS spectral data were assessed by comparing these against the "gold standard" histopathology results. Data were analyzed using principal component analysis , followed by linear discriminant analysis. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used for differentiating performance. RESULTS: Classification based on the discriminant score provided a sensitivity of 86% and a specificity of 97%, in differentiating benign from malignant surgical margins of prostate tissues, with a positive predictive value of 0.92, a negative predictive value of 0.94, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.87. CONCLUSION: The ELSSS system can accurately distinguish between benign and malignant surgical margins of prostate tissues with a high positive predictive value and negative predictive value. It is a promising technique, and it may be a valuable new tool for determining positive surgical margins during radical prostatectomy.

Distal phalangeal necrosis in the extremities as a paraneoplastic syndrome in prostate cancer: an extremely rare case.

Paraneoplastic syndromes (PNSs) are rare disorders which are triggered by an altered immune system response to a neoplasm. Although prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common urological malignancy associated with PNSs, literature is lacking in defining the cases representing different PNSs in PCa. Herein, we present a 50-year-old man with fulminant distal phalangeal necrosis in the lower extremities after a diagnosis of PCa. Additionally, we review the literature in light of this case.

An extremely rare manifestation of Behcet's disease: urethrovaginal fistula.

Behcet's disease (BD) is a rare chronic, relapsing, multisystemic disorder characterized by mucocutaneous, ocular, vascular and central nervous system manifestations. However, the etiopathogenesis of the disease remains unknown, and diagnosis is basically dependent on clinical manifestations. Sometimes BD may be diagnosed with rare clinical entities. Herein, we presented an extremely rare case of urethrovaginal fistula which has been diagnosed as manifestation of BD. After surgical treatment of fistula, there was no complication in 6 months following surgical repair and the follow-up period has been going on.