[Hyperthrombophilia status in a patient without thrombotic events]. / Paciente en estado de hipertrombofilia sin eventos trombóticos.

Some case reports have been published in the literature about thrombosis associated with several risk factors, especially in hypercoagulability state. Nevertheless, we have not found any description of a case like this of hyperthrombophilia status without thrombotic events. We present a 75 year old woman who was assessed for thrombophilia state on occasion of a deep venous thrombosis which affected to her daughter. Many thrombosis risk factors were detected (13 altogether), both inherited and acquired, arterial and venous, that surprisingly, have not led to any thrombosis event. Its description led us to highlight the risk factors of this patient and to open questions about the present knowledge on etiology and etiopathogenesis of thrombotic phenomena.

Paciente en estado de hipertrombofilia sin eventos trombóticos / Hyperthrombophilia status in a patient without thrombotic events

Se han publicado diferentes casos clínicos de pacientes afectos de trombosis con asociación de factores de riesgo, especialmente estados de hipercoagulabilidad. Sin embargo, no hemos encontrado en la literatura un caso como el que presentamos: una mujer de 75 años, evaluada paratrombofilia a raíz de un episodio de trombosis venosa profunda que afectóa su hija, a la que se le ha detectado una acumulación factores de riesgo (13 en total), tanto congénitos como adquiridos, arteriales como venosos que, sorprendentemente, no ha abocado a evento trombótico alguno. Su exposición nos permite incidir sobre los factores de riesgo de la paciente y abrir interrogantes sobre el conocimiento actual de la etiología y etiopatogenia de los fenómenos trombóticos

Some case reports have been published in the literature about thrombosis associated with several risk factors, specially in hypercoagulability state. Nevertheless, we have not found any description of a case like this of hyperthrombophilia status without thrombotic events. We present a 75 years old woman who was assessed for thrombophilia state on occasion of a deep venous thrombosis which affected to her daughter. Many thrombosis risk factors were detected (13 altogether), both inherited and acquired, arterial and venous, that surprisingly, have not led to any thrombosis event. Its description led us to highlight the risk factors of this patient and to open questions about the present knowledge on etiology and etiopathogenesis of thrombotic phenomena

[Autoimmune hepatitis]. / Hepatitis autoinmune.

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a hepatocellular inflammation that is characterised by a wide range of histopathologic (periportal interface hepatitis with plasma cell infiltration and piecemeal necrosis), biochemical (hypertransaminasemia, hypergammaglobulinaemia) and autoimmune (several autoantibodies presence) features. This relatively rare disorder frequently affects middle-aged women. There is no pathognomonic marker for AIH diagnosis, therefore it requires a careful rule out of other causes of liver disease together with the detection of a suggestive pattern of clinical and laboratory abnormalities. Scoring system for AIH diagnosis proposed by International Autoimmune Hepatitis Group has been used as a tool in clinical practice but is not sufficiently exclusive in terms of defining prognosis or treatment. AIH has been classified in two subtypes according to autoantibodies detected: 1 and 2, but this classification results in poor clinical implications. Previously known as subtype 3 is at the present included in subtype 1 because no clinical significant differences has been found between them. Aetiology, and molecular mechanisms still remain to be elucitaded in this disease, although viruses, drugs and molecular mimicry act presumably as a trigger in genetically predisposed patients (associated with HLA-DR3 and DR4 haplotypes). On the other hand, immunosuppressive therapy (corticosteroid or azathioprine) generally offers favourable response. Our aim is to review this disease from different points of view, considering: clinical, histopathological, etiologic, genetic, biochemical, autoimmune, treatment and prognosis features.

Hepatitis autoinmune / Autoimmune hepatitis

La hepatitis autoinmune es una inflamación hepatocelular que se presenta cuando el sistema inmunológico actúa frente a los hepatocitos y que se caracteriza por hallazgos histológicos (hepatitis de interfase con afectación periportal, infiltración de células plasmáticas y necrosis en sacabocados), bioquímicos (hipertransaminasemia e hipergammaglobulinemia) y autoinmunes (presencia de ciertos autoanticuerpos). Este trastorno es relativamente poco frecuente y suele afectar a mujeres de mediana edad. Al no existir un marcador patognomónico para su diagnóstico se requiere una exclusión cuidadosa de otras causas de enfermedad hepática conjuntamente con un patrón clínico y analítico compatible. El criterio de puntuación propuesto por el Grupo Internacional de la Hepatitis Autoinmune para su diagnóstico no es suficientemente específico como para definir la prognosis y el tratamiento. La hepatitis autoinmune se clasifica, según los autoanticuerpos presentes, en subtipos 1 y 2, aunque esta clasificación no muestra repercusiones clínicas importantes. El anteriormente conocido como subtipo 3 no difiere clinicamente del 1 en forma significativa y por tanto debe incluirse dentro de este último grupo.Todavía permanecen por dilucidar la etiología y las bases moleculares de esta enfermedad, originada probablemente por la interacción de diversos factores como la predisposición genética (haplotipos HLA-DR3 y DR4), pérdida de tolerancia inmunológica, formación de neoantígenos por factores desencadenantes como virus o fármacos, y por mimetismo molecular. La terapia inmunosupresora (corticosteroides, azatioprina) ofrece excelentes resultados. Nuestro objetivo es revisar esta enfermedad bajo diferentes puntos de vista, considerando: los aspectos clínicos, histopatológicos, etiológicos, genéticos, bioquímicos, autoinmunes, de tratamiento y pronóstico. (AU)

[Cystinuria update: clinical, biochemical and genetic aspects]. / Actualización de la cistinuria: aspectos clínicos, bioquímicos y genéticos.

Cystinuria is an autosomal recessive disorder with an estimated incidence of 1 case in 7000 live births, that results in elevated urinary excretion of cystine and dibasic aminoacids: ornithine, lysine and arginine. Discussed by Sir Archibald Edward Garrod, in 1908, as one of the four first known inborn errors of metabolism, it is characterized by a defect in transport of cystine and dibasic aminoacids, that affects their reabsortion in both renal tubule and gastrointestinal tract. To date, according to the recent molecular findings, two genes have been identified as responsible for this disease: SLC3A1 and SLC7A9. A more accurate pheno/genotyping identification of cystinuric patients will allow to improve prophilaxis and therapy for this illness. Cystinuria only causes recurrent urolithiasis (about 1-2 / of renal calculi in adults) and its associated complications as clinical feature because of poor cystine solubility at low pH. An accurate control over prohylaxis (based on high water intake and potassium citrate treatment, on first line, and tiol-derivatives treatment, on second line) must be taken in patients -like homozygous type I- with high lithiasis risk. However, approximately one half of patients under prophylaxis control will develop recurrent lithiasis; in this case, only urology or surgical approaches would be possible. 474 Updated knowledge about biochemical, genetic, clinical, diagnosis, prevention, treatment and prognosis aspects of this, relatively unusual, disease has been reviewed in this article.

Actualización de la cistinuria: aspectos clínicos, bioquímicos y genéticos / Cystinuria updating: clinical, biochemical and genetic aspects

La cistinuria es una enfermedad autosómica recesiva, con una incidencia estimada de un caso por cada 7000 nacidos vivos, que ocasiona una elevada excreción urinaria de cistina, lisina, arginina, y ornitina. Descrito ya en 1908, por sir Archibald Edward Garrod, como uno de los cuatro primeros errores del metabolismo conocidos, se caracteriza por un defecto en el transporte de cistina y de los aminoácidos dibásicos que afecta a su reabsorción en el túbulo renal y tracto gastrointestinal. Hasta la fecha, según hallazgos moleculares recientes, se han identificado dos genes como responsables de esta enfermedad: SLC3A1 y SLC7A9. Una correcta identificación fenotípica y/o genotípica de los pacientes cistinúricos permitirá una mejor profilaxis y terapia para esta patología. La cistinuria ocasiona urolitiasis recurrente (aproximadamente el 1-2 por ciento de los cálculos renales del adulto) debida a una deficiente solubilidad de la cistina a pH bajo. La calcinogénesis y sus complicaciones asociadas son las únicas manifestaciones clínicas de esta enfermedad. Las medidas profilácticas, basadas en una alta ingesta hídrica y la alcalinización de la orina con citrato potásico, en primera línea; y la utilización del arsenal farmacológico de derivados tiólicos, en segunda línea, se deberá extremar en aquellos pacientes (como los homocigotos tipo I) de alto riesgo litógeno. No obstante, para aproximadamente un 50 por ciento de los pacientes sometidos a control preventivo y que, a pesar de ello, desarrollarán litiasis recidivante, los procedimientos urológicos y quirúrgicos serán la única alternativa posible. En este artículo revisamos y actualizamos el conocimiento sobre los aspectos bioquímicos, genéticos, clínicos, diagnósticos, de prevención, tratamiento y pronósticos de esta, relativamente rara, enfermedad (AU)

Cystinuria is an autosomal recessive disorder with an estimated incidence of 1 case in 7000 live births that results in elevated urinary excretion of cystine and dibasic aminoacids: ornithine, lysine and arginine. Discussed by Sir Archibald Edward Garrod, in 1908, as one of the four first known inborn errors of metabolism, it is characterized by a defect in transport of cystine and dibasic aminoacids, that affects their reabsortion in both renal tubule and gastrointestinal tract. To date, according to the recent molecular findings, two genes have been identified as responsible for this disease: SLC3A1 and SLC7A9. A more accurate pheno/genotyping identification of cystinuric patients will allow to improve prophilaxis and therapy for this illness. Cystinuria only causes recurrent urolithiasis (about 1-2 % of renal calculi in adults) and its associated complications as clinical feature because of poor cystine solubility at low pH. An accurate control over prohylaxis (based on high water intake and potassium citrate treatment, on first line, and tiol-derivatives treatment, on second line) must be taken in patients -like homozygous type I- with high lithiasis risk. However, approximately one half of patients under prophylaxis control will develop recurrent lithiasis; in this case, only urology or surgical approaches would be possible. Updated knowledge about biochemical, genetic, clinical, diagnosis, prevention, treatment and prognosis aspects of this, relatively unusual, disease has been reviewed in this article (AU)

Genética de las sobrecargas férricas / Genetic aspects of iron overloads

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