RESUMO
Background. While the benefits of using acellular dermal matrices (ADMs) in breast reconstruction are well described, their use has been associated with additional complications. The purpose of this study was to determine if ADM thickness affects complications in breast reconstruction. Methods. A retrospective chart review was performed including all tissue expander based breast reconstructions with AlloDerm (LifeCell, Branchburg, NJ) over 4 years. We evaluated preoperative characteristics and assessed postoperative complications including seroma, hematoma, infection, skin necrosis, and need for reintervention. We reviewed ADM thickness and time to Jackson-Pratt (JP) drain removal. Results. Fifty-five patients underwent 77 ADM-associated tissue expander based breast reconstructions, with average age of 48.1 years and average BMI of 25.9. Average ADM thickness was 1.21 mm. We found higher complication rates in the thick ADM group. Significant associations were found between smokers and skin necrosis (p < 0.0001) and seroma and prolonged JP drainage (p = 0.0004); radiated reconstructed breasts were more likely to suffer infections (p = 0.0085), and elevated BMI is a significant predictor for increased infection rate (p = 0.0037). Conclusion. We found a trend toward increased complication rates with thicker ADMs. In the future, larger prospective studies evaluating thickness may provide more information.
RESUMO
Autologous breast reconstruction is capable of creating a breast that closely resembles a natural breast. Reduction and mastopexy in this type of reconstruction yields several challenges to the reconstructive surgeon. Revision surgery is common to achieve symmetry; however, reduction, mastopexy, and other revision techniques are sparse in the current literature. Often, these techniques are passed from mentor to student during plastic surgery training or are learned with experience in managing one's own patients. Reviewing anatomical principles unique to this subset of patients is essential. We must also consider factors unique to this group including the effects of delayed reconstruction, radiation, skin paddle size, and flap volume. In this article, the authors describe some of the common principles used by experienced reconstructive surgeons to perform reduction and mastopexy in autologous breast reconstruction to achieve a natural, aesthetically pleasing breast reconstruction. In addition, they have included several case examples to further illustrate these principles.
RESUMO
The oral rexinoid bexarotene (Targretin) is widely used for treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCL). We recently reported the first case of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) that responded rapidly to combination therapy of bexarotene and interferon (IFN)-alpha2b with complete clinical response. We demonstrated that bexarotene induced apoptosis of the patient's malignant peripheral blood T-cells in vitro. However, our patient developed skin and nodal relapse 180 days after starting treatment. We now demonstrate that his peripheral blood malignant T cells became resistant to bexarotene-induced apoptosis. We investigated potential mechanisms that may cause aberrations in the retinoid X receptor (RXR) subunits, RXR-alpha and RXR-beta, to account for these findings. Sequence analysis did not reveal acquisition of mutations in the genes encoding RXR-alpha and RXR-beta by resistant cells. We assessed RXR-alpha and RXR-beta expression by Western blot analysis and found that resistant cells had significantly decreased RXR-alpha expression compared with pretherapy bexarotene-sensitive cells. Our findings indicate that reduced expression of the RXR-alpha receptor subunit may represent a mechanism for resistance to bexarotene in T-cell malignancies.