[Heterochronies in the Formation of the Nervous and Digestive Systems in Early Postlarval Development of Opistobranch Mollusks: Organization of Basic Functional Systems of the Arctic Dorid Cadlina laevis].

For the first time using laser confocal microscopy and histochemical and immunocytochemical methods (detection of F-actine, catecholamines, acetylcholintransferase, substances of P and FM RFamide) in combination with classical histological methods and electron microscopy of total preparations, the general structure and regularities of formation of the main organs and the nervous, muscular, and digestive systems in early postlarval development (2 to 4 months) in the opistobranch mollusk Cadlina laevis were studied. Heterochronies manifested in positive allometry of the sensory organs, ganglia of the central nervous system, and the pharyngeal region of the digestive system in relation to general body sizes in juvenile individuals compared to adult animals were detected.

[Specific features of digestive function development in larvae of some salmonid fish]. / Osobennosti stanovleniia pishchevaritel'noi funktsii u nekotorykh vidov ryb semeistva lososevykh na lichinochnom étape razvitiia.

We studied the activities of digestive enzymes responsible for the digestion of food carbohydrate and protein components in plant-eating fish at various stages of larval development. The activities of all digestive enzymes tend to rise during larval development. Species specific features of the alimentary canal functioning have been described.

[An expert system for controlling the physical training program of crews on long-term space missions]. / Ekspertnaia sistema upravleniia fizicheskimi trenirovkami ékipazha v dlitel'nom kosmicheskom polete.

The concept of in-flight expert system for controlling (ESC) the physical training program during extended, including Martian, space missions has been developed based on the literature dedicated to the microgravity countermeasures and a retrospective analysis of effectiveness of the known ESC methods. This concept and the principle of crew autonomy were used as prime assumptions for defining the structure of ESC-based training in long-duration and planetary missions.

[Biologically active food additives: their role in human body sanitation and in prophylaxis of alimentary-dependent diseases]. / Rol' biologicheski aktivnykh pishchevykh dobavok v ozdorovlenii organizma cheloveka i profilaktike alimentarno-obuslovennykh boleznei.

The different aspects of the problem of health maintaining and strengthening are discussed. The special attention is devoted to the problem of diet that at present is characterized by deficiency of macro- and micronutrients. It is supposed that this factor together with the change in ecological condition promotes the development of different somatic diseases and their atypical course. To correct the dietary regimen, to strengthen the body functional reserves and to improve its nonspecific resistance to the influence of environmental unfavorable and pathogenic factors the possibility of wide use of biologically active food additives (BAA) is discussed. The examples of BAAs based on plant materials and results of their use in health resort conditions are given.

Elaboration of on-board automated training system.

UNLABELLED: Long-term space flight requires regular controlling of crewmembers physical state and exercise training to prevent negative effect of microgravity. Considering a limited telecommunication we suppose on-board automated training system to become an effective alternative of on-earth mission teams. THE PURPOSE: to elaborate an expert system software permitting to automate the process of solution elaboration to estimate cosmonaut current psycho-physiological state and to form an individual program of physical training to prevent negative effects of long-term space flight. The first problem--to develop a formalized algorithm for expert evaluation of physical working capability basing the results of on-board compulsory running test MC 108-2.

[Health-promoting technologies of the 21st century: realities and prospects]. / Ozdorovitel'nye tekhnologii XXI veka: realii i perspektivy.

The paper outlines present-day progress and prospects of new-generation health-promoting technologies by automatic control over physical condition and by drawing up individual health-promoting physical exercises and elaborating a basically new approach to evaluating the physical condition of each specific human being with regard to the naturally different qualities of individuals in the population. The authors propose a family of computer-aided diagnostically recommended expert systems which provide not only new possibilities of improving physical education, but can be used in solving other tasks of health-promotion.

[Treatment of mild and moderate hypertension with enalapril (multicenter study of enap and enap N in Ukraine)]. / Lechenie miagkoi i umerennoi arterial'noi gipertonii énalaprilom (mnogotsentrovoe issledovanie énapa i énapa-N na Ukraine).

AIM: Assessment of efficiency and safety of enalapril (enap) and its combination with hydrochlorotiaside (enap-N). MATERIALS AND METHODS: 127 patients with mild and moderate blood hypertension entered an open non-comparative multicenter trial. 60 of them received enap (group 1), 67--enap N (group 2). Group 1 patients were given enap for 2 weeks in a dose 10 mg/day. If this dose was not adequate to normalize blood pressure, it was raised to 20-40 mg/day. Patients of group 2 received enap-N one tablet a day for 3 weeks. If the pressure persisted higher than 140/90 mm Hg, the treatment was continued for 3 weeks more in a dose of 2 tablets a day. RESULTS: Blood pressure lowered under 140/90 mm Hg in 40 patients of group 1 (66.7%). Systolic pressure dropped by 10 mm Hg minimum and diastolic by 5 mm minimum in 18 group 1 patients (30%). Enap-N reduced blood pressure under 140-90 mm Hg in 44 of 67 patients (65.7%). Systolic and diastolic pressure dropped, respectively, in 23(34.3%) patients. CONCLUSION: Enap and enap-N tablets were found highly effective and well tolerated. Side effects were caused by lowering of blood pressure.

[Practical games as one of the forms for optimizing the academic process in physician postgraduate training]. / Delovye igry kak odna iz form optimizatsii uchebnogo protsessa v poslediplomnoi podgotovke vrachei.

Described in the article is one of the forms of optimization of the instructional process in the postgraduation physician training--"business-like games". Highly skilled, competent position of the teacher who conducts a business-like game secures an active participation in learning of students, helps in opening the mind, broadening the outlook on the problem under consideration, gives much incentive to further independent work on the discussed issues.

Certain approaches to the development of on-board automated training system.

Perspectives of long-term space programs make it necessary to develop autonomous computer expert system for crew-members physical state control. The purpose of the work--to develop a set of objective formalizable physiological indices of working capacity suitable for reliable algorithmization of physical state control. Investigations were performed in on-earth microgravity simulation (3- and 7-day dry immersion, 6 subjects; 4-month antiorthostatic hypokinesy, 10 subjects) with volunteers' participation as well with 34 members of MIR-station expeditions during flights. Model exercise investigations were made also with 20 young male volunteers to evaluate the validity of different physical state indices. A set of indices was found which, being simple enough for measuring, performs to get satisfactory adequate evaluations of current organism physical state in long-term real or simulated microgravity. It was proved that some ergometric indices along with heart rate derivatives could reflect real working ability even better than traditional characteristics of organism energy systems state.

Working ability ergometric testing of Russian cosmonauts during long-term flights.

Running test MC-108 is used in Russian cosmonauts as a compulsory procedure during on-earth training as well in long-term flights. It's a test of graded intensity on treadmill with artificial rubber belt attraction nearly 60-70% of body weight. It permits to evaluate cosmonauts physical state and to make individual prescriptions for current state optimisation and to prepare them for successful come back to earth gravity. The control is based on objective test results as well on evaluations of qualified on-earth experts. Future distant flights will restrict connections with earth and then only computer will be able to control on-board crew members' physical training. Special software is required to make objective physical state evaluation and training prescriptions. The purpose of the investigation is a first step on this way--to evaluate the validity of certain ergometric and pulse indices usually registered during cosmonaut on-board testing. This is required for future computer expert system development.

[False-positive reactions in laboratory diagnosis of Lassa, Marburg, and Ebola viral hemorrhagic fevers and AIDS]. / Lozhnopolozhitel'nye reaktsii pri laboratornoi diagnostike virusnykh gemorragicheskikh likhoradok Lassa, Marburg, Ebola i SPIDa.

Sera of normal subjects and AIDS patients living in Minsk and Odessa were tested for antibodies to hazardous viral infections Lassa, Marburg, and Ebola. Four to 16% of examinees were seropositive to Ebola virus, 0.8 to 2.3% to Lassa, and up to 0.8% to Marburg virus. Common B-epitopes were found in viruses belonging to different families: Lassa, Ebola, and HIV. Antibodies specific to these viruses antigens were found in the reference sera to influenza A and B, respiratory syncytial virus, and adenovirus. Sera of convalescents after malaria and of AIDS patients contained antibodies to Lassa virus.

[Application of plasma scalpel for cholecystectomy]. / Kholetsist'ektomiia s primeneniem plazmennogo skal'pelia.

Plasma scalpel SUPR-M was used in operative treatment of calculous cholecystitis. Two variants of cholecystectomy with plasma scalpel have been worked out in experiment. It was determined, that the influence of plasma spurt is innocuous for hepatic tissues, it helps to achieve complete demucosation of the mucous membrane of the gall bladder in atypical variants of cholecystectomy, prevents bleeding and bile leakage from the bladder bead in typical cholecytectomy. In clinics the operation procedures were carried out in 176 patients, in 20 of them cholecystectomy was performed atypically, leaving gall bladder wall, adjacent to hepatic surface, in place. In postoperative period were no complications connected with the use of plasma scalpel as well as there were no lethal outcomes. Long-term follow-up of the patients for 5 years showed favourable clinical effect.

[Comparative analysis of the informational merits of ergometric and functional indicators of work capacity]. / Sravnitel'nyi analiz informativnosti érgometricheskikh i funktsional'nykh pokazatelei rabotosposobnosti.

Informational merits of ergometric and routine functional indices (MPK, anaerobic threshold--AT, PWC170) were compared by testing performance of 20 young males with high levels of fitness. Criterion for work ability was maximum time of rowing ergometer with incremental loading and two tests with permanent load in the regions of submaximum (about 7 W/kg) and high (about 4 W/kg) loading. Ergometric indices, i.e. individual limits of relative power, were calculated from Muller's equation tlim = eb x W-a. Before, during, and after 5-20 minutes of test session gas exchange, pulse rate, and blood lactate were measured to calculate MPK, AT and PWC170, and oxygen demand fraction. Ergometric indices were found to be no less informative in evaluation of work ability than the common indices involving determination of gas exchange, PR and lactate. Ergometric and functional indices showed high correlation. It was stated that none of the indices can be equally informative regarding all types of work ability testing. Application of two-increment test and subsequent calculation using Muller's equation allows to get around the principle of uncertainty according to which none of the test can be at one and the same time used to assess power and capacity of energy systems of the skeletal muscles. Besides, ergometric tests provide reliable enough characteristics of work ability without resort to expensive and bulky equipment.

[The dynamics of the formation of IgG subclasses in Balb/c and CBA mice infected with the LCM, Lassa and Mopeia viruses and their role in diagnosis]. / Dinamika obazovaniia podklassov IgG u myshei Balb/c i CBA pri zarazhenii virusami LKhM, Lassa, Mopeiia i ikh rol' v diagnostike.

The dynamics of the induction of individual IgG subclasses in BALB/c and CBA mice and their role on the diagnostics of arenaviruses LCM, Lassa and Mopeia was studied. The study demonstrated that in solid-phase enzyme immunoassay (EIA) isotypes IgG2a and IgG2b to virus Mopeia could be used for the differentiation of virus Mopeia from viruses LCM and Lassa, and the antigen of virus Mopeia could be used for the preparation of diagnostic EIA systems not only to nonpathogenic virus Mopeia, but also to pathogenic viruses LCM and Lassa.

Physiological [correction of Physilogical] cost of standard physical load after 7-day dry immersion.

NASA: Working capacity and cardiovascular response to exercise were studied in men subjected to 7-days of dry immersion. Heart rate, ventilation, and oxygen uptake and consumption were measured before immersion and on the 4th and 7th days of immersion. No significant changes in heart rate were found, but some changes in ventilation and oxygen uptake dynamics indicate that gas exchange may be altered during immersion. Physiological adaptation and individual differences are discussed.^ieng