[Glioblastoma metastases: a literature review and a description of six clinical observations].

INTRODUCTION: since the 1990s, the literature has described cases of glioblastoma metastases with the development of foci located at a distance from the primary tumor. However, the pathogenesis of this process remains unclear until the end. This focus is believed to result, on the one hand, from tumor metastasis from the primary site and, on the other hand, from multifocal growth. This article presents a literature review and a description of clinical observations of patients with glioblastoma metastases. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 6 patients (1 female and 5 males) with brain glioblastomas who received treatment at the Burdenko Neurosurgical Institute (5 patients) and the Department of Neurosurgery of the Research Center of Neurology (1 patient) in the period from 2010 to 2014. Neurophysiological control was used if the tumor was localized near the eloquent cortical areas and pathways; 4 of 6 patients were operated on using the methods of intraoperative fluorescence diagnosis (5-ALA agent--Alasens). RESULTS: Four patients had metastases within one hemisphere, two had metastases in the contralateral hemisphere in the period of 5 to 18 months after the first operation. The primary tumor site was located near the ventricular system in two patients. In one patient, the lateral ventricle was opened during the first operation. In another patient, the prepontine cistern was opened during the first operation. In two patients, the primary tumor site was located at a distance from the lateral ventricles, however, the tumor was located near them during recurrence. Based on metabolic navigation, fluorescence of the tumor was observed in the four patients during both the first and repeated operations. CONCLUSIONS: The close relationship between primary glioblastomas and metastases and the cerebrospinal fluid circulation pathways may confirm the fact of dissemination of tumor cells with cerebrospinal fluid flow. In our opinion, there should be an increased suspicion of the possibility for metastases of glioblastomas that are closely associated with the cerebrospinal fluid circulation pathways. Metabolic navigation with 5-ALA is effective both during primary surgery in patients with glioblastomas and during resection of glioblastoma metastases.

[Experience in the implementation of screening program for early detection of breast cancer in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Region-Yugra].

The main aim of this study is to evaluate the current results of the Breast Cancer Screening Program performed in the Khanty-Mansiysky Autonomous Region-Yugra. The screening covers women over 40 years old. The screening interval is 2 years, with two-view mammography and single reading as the standard. During 2007-2012 within the Program, 249106 women were screened. The screening coverage rate is approximately 67.5%. 9.7% of screened women were referred for further assessment. The average cancer detection rate was 2,7 per 1000 screened women. The test sensitivity for the first round was estimated as 80%. We anticipate a 20% reduction in deaths from breast cancer by 2015, on the basis of this and of reductions in the proportion of tumours of size > 20 mm. The quality evaluation of the Screening Program shows that the main criteria are within the international standard's level.

[Role of non spore-forming anaerobes in the formation of microbial landscape of the large intestine in patients with inflammatory processes at different sites]. / Rol' nesporoobrazuiushchikh anaérobov v formirovanii mikrobnogo peizazha soderzhimogo tolstoi kishki u bol'nykh s vospalitel'nymi protsessami razlichnoi lokalizatsii.

Clinical microbiological techniques were used to study 300 patients with clinically verified urinary infections and chronic intestinal diseases. It was ascertained that examining the large intestinal content in average statistical groups of patients with inflammatory processes at various sites cannot objectively characterize the presence or absence of clinical manifestations of gastrointestinal diseases. The pathogenetic factors that predispose to the development of intestinal diseases are lower phagocytic activity, decreased complement and deficiency of B lymphocytes and IgA. The concentrations of IgM, IgG, secretory IgA and protein, as well as those of B. bifidum in the large intestinal content may serve as an additional diagnostic criterion for evaluating the mucosa of the ecological niche.

[Interaction of rabbit IgG with anti-IgG: localization of epitopes and absence of immunoreactivity of the pFc'-fragment]. / Vzaimodeistvie IgG krolika s anti-IgG: lokalizatsiia épitopov i otsutstvie immunoreaktivnosti pFc'-fragmenta.

To localize essential epitopes of rabbit IgG, a series of proteolytic IgG fragments obtained by papain (Fab, Fc) or pepsin (pFc', F(ab')2) proteolysis have been prepared and their interaction with sheep antibodies against rabbit IgG has been studied. The data obtained suggest that essential immunoreactive epitopes of rabbit IgG are located in the CH2 domain and hinge region. This finding is in line with the results obtained by computing the antigenic sites of immunoglobulins. However, the deviation from the computed antigenic structure was deduced from the complete lack of immunoreactivity of the pFc fragment, it being a dimer of the terminal CH3 domain of the Fc fragment. The hinge region comparable in size with the dimensions of the epitope reveals high affinity binding to anti-IgG, thus testifying to the localization of the expressed epitope or its essential part in the hinge region. Proteolytic cleavage of this region leads to a significant decrease in the binding of the IgG fragment to anti-IgG. In addition to the CH2 domain and hinge region, a relatively low interaction of the antigen-binding antibody fragments with anti-IgG was found.

[Receptors for the secretory component on human thymic lymphocytes. Stimulation of their expression as affected by adenosine, theophylline and a thymic lymphocyte supernatant]. / Retseptory dlia sekretornogo komponenta na limfotsitakh timusa cheloveka. Stimuliatsiia ikh ékspressii pri deistvii adenozina, teofillina i dekantata limfotsitov timusa.

It has been established by indirect immunofluorescence that thymic lymphocytes bear receptors for secretory component (Rsc). The bound secretory component, i. e., in the molecule of secretory IgA, was found to react with a greater number of thymocytes than free secretory component. Such difference may indicate that T-Rsc have higher affinity to the bound secretory component than to free secretory component. However, this needs detailed investigation. The ability of thymocytes to express Rsc depends on the cellular cAMP level, as the treatment with adenosine and theophylline increases the number of cells with Rsc. Supernatant of a 3-hour thymocyte culture was also capable of stimulating the expression of Rsc. It is assumed that secretory component contained in great amounts in the thymus membrane system takes part in the differentiation of T alpha and Tsc cells of the thymus, which repopulate lymphoid organs and regulate their immune reactions. Rsc may also be useful in assessing the state of Tsc subpopulation in different pathological conditions.

[Stimulation of expression of IgM and IgG receptors on human thymus lymphocytes after treatment with lactoferrin in vitro]. / Stimuliatsiia ékspressii retseptorov dlia IgM i IgG na limfotsitakh timusa cheloveka pri deistvii laktoferrina in vitro.

It was established by immunofluorescence that lactoferrin, one of the heteroorganic thymus antigens, can stimulate the expression of Fc mu and Fcj receptors on thymus lymphocytes. The stimulating effect of lactoferrin on T mu cells is more pronounced with the level of these cells in the thymus being low. Its effect on Tj cells seems independent of their level in the thymus and may be related to their precursor differentiation. It can be assumed that one of the functions of lactoferrin in the thymus is to influence the process of differentiation of T mu and Tj cells and to regulate their level in the thymus. Lactoferrin, like other heteroorganic thymus antigens, may take part in the functional maturation of different subpopulations of thymocytes, including T mu and Tj thymus cells.

[Optical properties of alpha-cyanoacrylate adhesives]. / Issledovanie opticheskikh svoistv al'fa-tsianakrilatnykh kleev.

The growing increase in the production of medical endoscopes and their complicated design demand the use of materials and processes offering the whole complex of advantages. Assembly of rigid endoscopic systems presents great difficulties during cementing operations, especially when several adhesive joints should be obtained in a single optical element. Transparent, quick-setting alpha-cyanacrylate adhesives are of particular interest in view of their usage for cementing optical elements.

[Use of immunoenzyme analysis in the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis]. / Ispol'zovanie immunofermentnogo analiza v diagnostike toksoplazmoza.

The method for the preparation of antigen for ELISA and the technique of this assay are described. The comparative data obtained in the examination of 50 donors and 95 children suspected to have toxoplasmosis, carried out with the use of immunofluorescence and ELISA, are presented. A good correlation between the results of the both tests has been shown.

[Determination of antibodies to Streptococcus group A polysaccharide in human sera by an immunoenzyme method]. / Opredelenie antitel k polisakharidu streptokokka gruppy A v syvorotkakh cheloveka immunofermentnym metodom.

Use was made of the ELISA to develop a highly sensitive quantitative method for detection of antibodies against Streptococcus group A polysaccharide (polysaccharide A) in human sera. The main advantage is that one can use only one optimal dilution of the sera together with the reference serum. Sera of 53 healthy volunteers and 77 patients with a history of Streptococcus group A infections were screened for the presence of polysaccharide A antibodies. Highly reproducible results were obtained in 97% of cases. The specificity of the method was shown with the polysaccharide A-induced inhibition of the reaction. Positive reactions obtained with the tested sera in gel immunodiffusion correlated with the data derived by the ELISA. Using the latter high level of specific antibodies was found in some of the sera that yielded negative reactions when tested by gel immunodiffusion. This may be associated with the presence of non-precipitating antibodies.

[Isolation and characteristics of IgA1 and its use for detecting bacterial IgA1 proteases]. / Vydelenie,i kharakteristika IgA1 i ego ispol'zovanie dlia obnaruzheniia bakterial'nykh IgA1-proteaz.

Sufficiently purified IgA, subclass I, has been isolated from the defibrinated plasma of a myeloma patient by chromatography on columns packed with DEAE-Sephadex A-50 or Sephadex G-200, and rabbit antiserum to this immunoglobulin has been obtained. These preparations have been used for detecting specific protease in Bordetella pertussis. The tested B. pertussis strains have been shown to induce, as revealed by immunoelectrophoretic methods, the proteolysis of human IgA, subclass I.

[Receptors for lactoferrin on human thymic lymphocytes. The stimulation of expression as affected by adenosine, theophylline and a supernatant of thymic lymphocytes]. / Retseptory dlia laktoferrina na limfotsitakh timusa cheloveka. Stimuliatsiia ékspresii pri deistvii adenozina, teofillina i dekantata limfotsitov timusa.

It was established by indirect immunofluorescence with the use of antibodies to human lactoferrin that thymic lymphocytes bear lactoferrin receptors in the point structures on the cell surface. The ability of thymic lymphocytes to express lactoferrin receptors depends on the cAMP concentration in the cell, inasmuch the treatment of lymphocytes with adenosine and theophylline increases the number of cells bearing lactoferrin receptors. Supernatant of thymic lymphocytes is also capable of stimulating expression of lactoferrin receptors. It is assumed that these treatments can be used for increasing the number of lymphocytes with lactoferrin receptors with the purpose of separation and study of the function of this subpopulation in health and in different pathological conditions.

[Demonstration of secretory component in membrane structures of the human thymus]. / Vyiavlenie sekretornogo komponenta v membrannykh strukturakh timusa cheloveka.

A large amount of secretory component (Sc) was demonstrated in human thymus by the immunofluorescence technique. The component was found to be contained by the membranes permeating the parenhuyma and surrounding numerous tubular formations in the cortical layer of the organ under discussion. It is suggested that like other heteroorgan antigens, secretory component is involved in the formation of natural immunological tolerance, informing organ lymphocytes of the structures of the host own antigens. It is possible that in addition Sc promotes the differentiation of lymphocytes which repopulate to the lymphoid organs where serum IgA is synthesized and secretory IgA is formed.