Evaluation of mTHPC-loaded PLGA nanoparticles for in vitro photodynamic therapy on C6 glioma cell line.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a very attractive strategy to complement or replace common cancer treatments such as radiotherapy, surgery, and chemotherapy. Some molecules have shown their efficiency as photosensitizers (PS), still many issues have to be solved such as the inherent cytotoxicity of the PS or its hydrophobic properties causing limitation in their solubility, leading to side effects. In this study, the encapsulation of an approved PS, the meso-tetra hydroxyphenylchlorine (mTHPC, Foscan®) within biocompatible and biodegradable poly(D, l-lactide-co-glycolide) acid (PLGA) NPs prepared by the nanoprecipitation method was studied. The mTHPC-loaded NPs (mTHPC ⊂ PLGA NPs) were analyzed by UV-vis spectroscopy to determine the efficiency of mTHPC encapsulation, and by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) to determine mTHPC ⊂ PLGA NPs sizes, morphologies and surface charges. The longitudinal follow-up of mTHPC release from the NPs indicated that 50% of the encapsulated PS was retained within the NP matrix after a period of five days. Finally, the cytotoxicity and the phototoxicity of the mTHPC ⊂ PLGA NPs were determined in murine C6 glioma cell lines and compared to the ones of mTHPC alone. The studies showed a strong decrease of mTHPC cytotoxicity and an increase of mTHPC photo-cytotoxicity when mTHPC was encapsulated. In order to have a better insight of the underlying cellular mechanisms that governed cell death after mTHPC ⊂ PLGA NPs incubation and irradiation, annexin V staining tests were performed. The results indicated that apoptosis was the main cell death mechanism.

Tubeless percutaneous nephrolithotomy without losing the possibility of second-look nephroscopy: The perfect combinationu / Nefrolitectomía percutánea tubeless con posibilidad de reexploración: la combinación perfecta

Objectives: To evaluate an alternative approach to tubeless surgery that allows a second per- cutaneous procedure using the same nephrostomy tract. Methods: Twenty patients underwent percutaneous nephrolithotomy from September 2012 to May 2013 at our institution. Inclusion criteria were: absence of urinary infection, single puncture and operative time less than 2 h. Following the procedure the initially placed ureteral catheter was exteriorized through the working sheath by tying a non-absorbable suture to its end. On postoperative day 1 all patients were studied with non-enhanced CT or X-ray film. If the patient was rendered stone free, the stent was removed along with the urethro-vesical catheter. If a residual stone was present, we recovered the ureteral catheter and used the same nephros- tomy tract for a second endoscopic procedure. Patients were assessed for pain, postoperative complications, length of stay, stone free rate, hematocrit and creatinine variations. Results: Thirteen patients met the inclusion criteria. No major complications related to the stent placement and its exteriorization were seen. Two patients required a second percutaneous procedure successfully achieved recovering the ureteral catheter through the nephrostomy tract. Conclusion: We present a safe and simple modification of tubeless percutaneous nephrolitho- tomy, with its well-known clinical benefits but maintaining a safe path for an eventual second look procedure if necessary.(AU)

Objetivos: Evaluar una sencilla modificación de la nefrolitectomía percutánea tubeless que permita un segundo procedimiento endoscópico utilizando el mismo trayecto percutáneo. Métodos: Veinte pacientes fueron sometidos a nefrolitectomía percutánea en decúbito supino modificado entre septiembre de 2012 y mayo de 2013 en nuestro centro. Los criterios de inclusión para el estudio fueron: ausencia de infección urinaria, punción única y tiempo opera- torio menor de 2 h. Al finalizar el procedimiento se instaló una rienda de sutura en el extremo del catéter ureteral, quedando exteriorizada a través del trayecto de nefrostomía para su recuperación en caso de necesidad. Se realizó tomografía computarizada o radiografía simple a todos los pacientes el primer día postoperatorio. Si el paciente estaba «libre de cálculos¼, el catéter ureteral fue retirado junto con la sonda Foley. En caso de litiasis residual se realizó un segundo procedimiento percutáneo, utilizando el mismo trayecto inicial, exteriorizando el catéter ureteral a través del trayecto de la nefrostomía. En todos los pacientes se objetivaron las complicaciones postoperatorias, la estadía hospitalaria y la presencia de litiasis residual, además de la caída del hematocrito y la creatinina. Resultados: Trece pacientes cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. No hubo complicaciones may- ores relacionadas con la colocación del catéter ureteral y su exteriorización. Dos pacientes requirieron una segunda intervención percutánea, lograda con éxito mediante el uso del catéter ureteral reexteriorizado. Conclusión: Se presenta una modificación segura y sencilla de la nefrolitectomía percutánea tubeless sin renunciar a la posibilidad de recuperar el trayecto de nefrostomía original.(AU)

Nefrolitectomía percutánea tubeless con posibilidad de reexploración: la combinación perfecta / Tubeless percutaneous nephrolithotomy without losing the possibility of second-look nephroscopy: The perfect combination

Objetivos: Evaluar una sencilla modificación de la nefrolitectomía percutánea tubeless que permita un segundo procedimiento endoscópico utilizando el mismo trayecto percutáneo. Métodos: Veinte pacientes fueron sometidos a nefrolitectomía percutánea en decúbito supino modificado entre septiembre de 2012 y mayo de 2013 en nuestro centro. Los criterios de inclusión para el estudio fueron: ausencia de infección urinaria, punción única y tiempo operatorio menor de 2 h. Al finalizar el procedimiento se instaló una rienda de sutura en el extremo del catéter ureteral, quedando exteriorizada a través del trayecto de nefrostomía para su recuperación en caso de necesidad. Se realizó tomografía computarizada o radiografía simple a todos los pacientes el primer día postoperatorio. Si el paciente estaba «libre de cálculos», el catéter ureteral fue retirado junto con la sonda Foley. En caso de litiasis residual se realizó un segundo procedimiento percutáneo, utilizando el mismo trayecto inicial, exteriorizando el catéter ureteral a través del trayecto de la nefrostomía. En todos los pacientes se objetivaron las complicaciones postoperatorias, la estadía hospitalaria y la presencia de litiasis residual, además de la caída del hematocrito y la creatinina. Resultados: Trece pacientes cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. No hubo complicaciones mayores relacionadas con la colocación del catéter ureteral y su exteriorización. Dos pacientes requirieron una segunda intervención percutánea, lograda con éxito mediante el uso del catéter ureteral reexteriorizado. Conclusión: Se presenta una modificación segura y sencilla de la nefrolitectomía percutánea tubeless sin renunciar a la posibilidad de recuperar el trayecto de nefrostomía original

Objectives: To evaluate an alternative approach to tubeless surgery that allows a second percutaneous procedure using the same nephrostomy tract. Methods: Twenty patients underwent percutaneous nephrolithotomy from September 2012 to May 2013 at our institution. Inclusion criteria were: absence of urinary infection, single puncture and operative time less than 2 h. Following the procedure the initially placed ureteral catheter was exteriorized through the working sheath by tying a non-absorbable suture to its end. On postoperative day 1 all patients were studied with non-enhanced CT or X-ray film. If the patient was rendered stone free, the stent was removed along with the urethro-vesical catheter. If a residual stone was present, we recovered the ureteral catheter and used the same nephrostomy tract for a second endoscopic procedure. Patients were assessed for pain, postoperative complications, length of stay, stone free rate, hematocrit and creatinine variations. Results: Thirteen patients met the inclusion criteria. No major complications related to the stent placement and its exteriorization were seen. Two patients required a second percutaneous procedure successfully achieved recovering the ureteral catheter through the nephrostomy tract. Conclusion: We present a safe and simple modification of tubeless percutaneous nephrolithotomy, with its well-known clinical benefits but maintaining a safe path for an eventual second look procedure if necessary

Histopathological determinants of tumor resistance: a special look to the immunohistochemical expression of carbonic anhydrase IX in human cancers.

Intrinsic and acquired drug resistance of tumor cells still causes the failure of treatment regimens in advanced human cancers. It may be driven by intrinsic tumor cells features, or may also arise from micro environmental influences. Hypoxia is a microenvironment feature associated with the aggressiveness and metastasizing ability of human solid cancers. Hypoxic cancer cells overexpress Carbonic Anhydrase IX (CA IX). CA IX ensures a favorable tumor intracellular pH, while contributing to stromal acidosis, which facilitates tumor invasion and metastasis. The overexpression of CA IX is considered an epiphenomenon of the presence of hypoxic, aggressive tumor cells. Recently, a relationship between CA IX overexpression and the cancer stem cells (CSCs) population has been hypothesized. CSCs are strictly regulated by tumor hypoxia and drive a major non-mutational mechanism of cancer drug-resistance. We reviewed the current data concerning the role of CA IX overexpression in human malignancies, extending such information to the expression of the stem cells markers CD44 and nestin in solid cancers, to explore their relationship with the biological behavior of tumors. CA IX is heavily expressed in advanced tumors. A positive trend of correlation between CA IX overexpression, tumor stage/grade and poor outcome emerged. Moreover, stromal CA IX expression was associated with adverse events occurrence, maybe signaling the direct action of CA IX in directing the mesenchymal changes that favor tumor invasion; in addition, membranous/cytoplasmic co-overexpression of CA IX and stem cells markers were found in several aggressive tumors. This suggests that CA IX targeting could indirectly deplete CSCs and counteract resistance of solid cancers in the clinical setting.

Tubeless percutaneous nephrolithotomy without losing the possibility of second-look nephroscopy: The perfect combination.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate an alternative approach to tubeless surgery that allows a second percutaneous procedure using the same nephrostomy tract. METHODS: Twenty patients underwent percutaneous nephrolithotomy from September 2012 to May 2013 at our institution. Inclusion criteria were: absence of urinary infection, single puncture and operative time less than 2 h. Following the procedure the initially placed ureteral catheter was exteriorized through the working sheath by tying a non-absorbable suture to its end. On postoperative day 1 all patients were studied with non-enhanced CT or X-ray film. If the patient was rendered stone free, the stent was removed along with the urethro-vesical catheter. If a residual stone was present, we recovered the ureteral catheter and used the same nephrostomy tract for a second endoscopic procedure. Patients were assessed for pain, postoperative complications, length of stay, stone free rate, hematocrit and creatinine variations. RESULTS: Thirteen patients met the inclusion criteria. No major complications related to the stent placement and its exteriorization were seen. Two patients required a second percutaneous procedure successfully achieved recovering the ureteral catheter through the nephrostomy tract. CONCLUSION: We present a safe and simple modification of tubeless percutaneous nephrolithotomy, with its well-known clinical benefits but maintaining a safe path for an eventual second look procedure if necessary.

Resultados perioperatorios de la nefrectomía parcial abierta versus laparoscópica. Experiencia del Hospital Militar de Santiago / Perioperative outcomes of open versus laparoscopic partial nephrectomy. Experience the Military Hospital of Santiago

INTRODUCCIÓN: La nefrectomía parcial laparoscópica (NPL), es una cirugía ampliamente aceptada para lesiones sólidas delriñón y representa una alternativa a la nefrectomía abierta (NPA). El objetivo del trabajo es realizar un análisis comparativo de los resultados perioperatorios y las complicaciones entre ambas técnicas en tumores renales órgano-con nados menores de 7 cm (T1). PACIENTES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo comparativo. Se revisaron 74 pacientes entre 2000 y 2013; 25 NPLy 49 NPA. Se analizó: tiempo de isquemia, variación de hematocrito y creatinina, necesidad de reintervención, porcentaje decomplicaciones y transfusión y la presencia de bordes quirúrgicos comprometidos por neoplasia. RESULTADOS: La variaciónde hematocrito preoperatorio menos postoperatorio fue 7.2 puntos (p<0.05). Según tipo de cirugía, 6.3 puntos para NPAvs 9.04 para NPL (p=0.07). La variación de creatinina post-pre según tipo de cirugía, fue NPA: 0.29 vs NPL: 0.09 (p= 0.22). El tiempo de isquemia promedio fue de 20.0 minutos; 18.4 minutos vs 22.3 minutos para NPA y NPL, respectivamente (p=0.26).La tasa de complicaciones fue 20% vs 6,12% para NPL y NPA, respectivamente (p=0.069). De los pacientes sometidos aNPL, 4 presentaron sangrado: 1 hemoperitoneo (4%), 2 hematoma retroperitoneal (8%) y 1 sangrado de lecho operatorio(4%). Además, 1 paciente presentó un pneumotórax. De los pacientes sometidos a NPA, 1 presentó una sepsis de focourinario (2%), 1 sangrado de lecho operatorio (2%) y 1 un hematoma autolimitado (2%). Respecto al resultado oncológico inmediato, 10.96% de las intervenciones tuvo márgenes positivos, 12% vs 10.2% para NPL vs NPA respectivamente. Estadiferencia no alcanzó significancia estadística (p=0.68)...

INTRODUCTION: Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN) is a widely accepted surgery for solid lesions of the kidney and isan alternative to open nephrectomy (NPA). The objective of this work is to perform a comparative analysis of perioperative outcomes and complications between the two techniques in organ-con ned renal tumors less than 7 cm (T1).PATIENTS AND METHODS: A comparative descriptive study. 74 patients between operated between 2000 and 2013 werereviewed; 25 NPL and 49 NPA. We analyzed ischemia time, creatinine and hematocrit variation, need for reoperation,complications and transfusion rate and the presence of surgical margins involved by neoplasia. RESULTS: The preoperative minus postoperative hematocrit variation was 7.2 points (p <0.05). According to type of surgery, 6.3 points for NPA vs 9.04for NPL (p = 0.07). The change in creatinine by type of surgery was NPA: 0.29 vs NPL : 0.09 (p = 0.22). The mean ischemiatime was 20.0 minutes; 18.4 minutes vs 22.3 minutes for NPA and NPL, respectively (p = 0.26). The complication rate was 20% vs 6.12% for NPL and NPA, respectively (p = 0.069). Of patients undergoing LPN, 4 had bleeding: 1 hemoperitoneum(4%), 2 retroperitoneal hematoma (8%) and 1-surgical-bed bleeding (4%). In addition, 1 patient presented a pneumothorax.In patients undergoing NPA: 1 had urinary sepsis (2%), 1 surgical-bed bleeding (2%) and 1 self-limited hematoma (2%).Regarding the immediate oncological outcome, 10.96% of the interventions had positive margins 12% vs 10.2% for NPL vsNPA respectively. This diference did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.68)...

Litotricia extracorpórea versus ureterolitectomía endoscópica para el manejo de litiasis de uréter distal. Costos asociados. Experiencia del Hospital Militar de Santiago / Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy versus endoscopic ureterolithectomy for management of distal ureteral stones. Associated costs. Experience the Military Hospital of Santiago

INTRODUCCIÓN: La ureterolitiasis distal (UD) es una patología prevalente. Su tratamiento quirúrgico es con litotricia extracorpórea(LEC) o ureteroscopía (URS), ambas con tasa libre de cálculo (TLC) sobre 90% y mínimas complicaciones. El objetivode este trabajo es comparar la TLC luego de la primera intervención y su costo asociado. Además, comparar el costo totaltratándolos con LEC o URS. PACIENTES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo comparativo, que muestra el costo económicode LEC vs URS para tratamiento de UD entre 2009 y 2013. Se incluyeron 107 pacientes; 47 URS y 60 LEC. Se analizaronnúmero de días hospitalizados, necesidad de reintervención y costo total de atención médica. Los costos se ajustaron alvalor actual de la prestación. Se describió la TLC en ambos procedimientos. Se obtuvo el costo total de hospitalizacióny se compararon las variables de interés. RESULTADOS: l tamaño de litiasis fue 8.21mm versus 7.39mm para URS y LEC,respectivamente (p=0.24). Luego de la primera intervención, la TLC fue 97.8% para URS y 80% para LEC (p=0.007). En LEC,12 pacientes requirieron retratamiento elevando la TLC a 95%, (p=0.13). Se instaló catéter JJ en 53.1% y 18.3% para URS yLEC, respectivamente (p<0.001). El costo de honorarios médicos, insumos y derecho a pabellón, es $460.838 para URS y$1.243.075 para LEC. El número de días de hospitalización post procedimiento fue 1.6 y 1.71 días para URS y LEC, respectivamente(p=0.86). En relación con los costos totales, la LEC en promedio, es un 132% más cara respecto a la URS (p<0.001)...

INTRODUCTION: Distal ureterolithiasis (UD) is a common disorder. Its treatment is surgical either with extracorporeal lithotripsy(LEC) or ureteroscopy (URS), both with a stone free (TLC) over 90% and minimal complications. The aim of this studyis to compare the TLC after the rst intervention and its associated cost. Also, compare the total costs of treatment with LECor URS. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A comparative descriptive study, which shows the economic cost of LEC vs UD URS fortreatments performed between 2009 and 2013. 107 patients were included; 47 URS and 60 LEC. Number of hospitalizationdays, reoperation and total cost of care were analyzed. Costs were adjusted to present charges for the same procedures. TLC was described in both proceedings. The total cost of hospitalization was obtained and the variables of interest werecompared. RESULTS: Stone size was 8.21mm versus 7.39mm URS and LEC, respectively (p = 0.24). After the rst intervention,TLC was 97.8% for URS and 80% for LEC (p = 0.007). In LEC, 12 patients required retreatment raising the TLC to 95% (p = 0.13).JJ catheter was installed in 53.1% URS and 18.3% LEC, respectively (p <0.001). The cost of medical supplies, operation roomand physician fees was $460.838 for URS and $1.243.075 for LEC. The number of hospitalization days post procedure was1.6 and 1.71 days for URS and LEC, respectively (p = 0.86). In relation to total costs, LEC is on average, 132% more expensivewhen compared to URS (p <0.001)...

Estimación clínica y ultrasonográfica del peso fetal en embarazos a términos / Clinical and Ultrasound Estimation of fetal weight in term pregnancies

OBJETIVO: Comparar las correlaciones de la estimación del peso fetal (EPF) clínica y ultrasonográfica con el peso al nacer (PAN) en las pacientes en trabajo de parto atendidas en la emergencia obstétrica del Hospital «Pedro García Clara» de Ciudad Ojeda. Métodos Se efectuó un estudio de tipo comparativo, correlacional y aplicado, con diseńo no experimental, contemporáneo transeccional y de campo, donde se incluyó una muestra de 100 embarazadas en fase activa del trabajo de parto, a quienes se les determinará la EPF mediante la fórmula de Johnson y la ecuación de Hadlock 3, respectivamente; para luego correlacionarlas con el PAN y conocer el valor diagnóstico de cada método. Resultados La EPF con la fórmula de Johnson fue de 3,421,4 ± 519,05 g y con el ultrasonido de 3,407,95 ± 495,94 g; mientras que el PAN fue de 3,284,10 ± 504,59 g; se comprobó una correlación directamente proporcional y significativa entre ambas estimaciones y el PAN (p < 0,001), con un error absoluto y porcentual bajo tanto para el método clínico como para el ultrasonido, con un 58 y un 69% de las estimaciones con un margen de error del 10% del PAN, respectivamente. Ambos métodos tuvieron una precisión total del 88% para la fórmula de Johnson y del 92% para el ultrasonido; sin embargo, para la predicción de bajo peso tuvieron muy baja sensibilidad y especificidad; mientras que en los casos de macrosomía fue más sensible el método clínico. Conclusión Tanto el método clínico como el de ultrasonido son precisos y exactos para la EPF, correspondiéndose ambos proporcionalmente al PAN

AIM: To compare the correlations between estimated fetal weight (EFW) based on clinical and ultrasonographic findings with birth weight in patients in labor managed in the Obstetrics Emergency Unit of the Pedro García Clara Hospital in Ciudad Ojeda. METHODS: We carried out a comparative, correlational and applied study with a nonexperimental, contemporary, cross-sectional, field design that included a sample of 100pregnant women in the active phase of labor. EFW was determined by Johnson's formula and the Hadlock III equation. To determine the diagnostic value of the two methods, the results were then correlated with birthweight. RESULTS: EFW was 3,421.4 ± 519.05 g with Johnson's formula and 3,407.95 ± 495.94 g with ultrasound, while birth weight was 3,284.10 ± 504.59 g. A directly proportional and significant correlation was found between these estimates and birthweight (P < .001). Both methods showed low absolute and percentage errors; 58% of clinical estimates and 69% of ultrasound estimates had a margin of error within 10% of the birthweight. Overall accuracy was 88% for Johnson's formula and 92% for ultrasound. However, the sensitivity and specificity of these methods was very low for low birthweight. The clinical method had higher sensitivity for cases of macrosomy. CONCLUSION: Both the clinical method and ultrasound are accurate and precise for estimating fetal weight as both correspond proportionally to birthweight

Cirugía urológica en pacientes de 80 años y más: ¿es la edad un factor de riesgo para el desarrollo de complicaciones postoperatorias? / Urological surgery in patients 80 years and older: is age a risk factor for the development of postoperative complications?

La expectativa de vida ha ido aumentando en Chile y en el mundo, lo que ha causado un gran impacto a nivel del número de cirugías que se realiza en la población añosa. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir la experiencia de nuestro centro en cirugías urológicas en pacientes mayores de 80 años y analizar que factores aumentan el riesgo de complicaciones postquirúrgicas.Materiales y método: Análisis retrospectivo de 138 cirugías urológicas realizadas en 120 pacientes mayores de 80 años, durante los años 2000 a 2012. Se obtuvo información sociodemográfica, riesgo quirúrgico (ASA), tipo y duración de cirugía realizada, complicaciones post-operatorias (escala de Clavien) y tiempo de hospitalización. Los datos obtenidos fueron analizados mediante el programa SPSS v17. Se realizó análisis multivariado y se estableció el riesgo relativo para el desarrollo de complicaciones. Se consideró signi ficativo p<0,05. Resultado: La edad promedio de los pacientes fue de 84+/-3.7 años, 86.2 por ciento fueron hombres. El 96.7 por ciento presentaba algún tipo de comorbilidad, con predominio de hipertensión arterial (60,84 por ciento) y diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (24,16 por ciento). La mayoría de las intervenciones fue de complejidad intermedia (77.27 por ciento), donde la anestesia regional (56,8 por ciento) y la vía endo urológica (84,78 por ciento) fueron las más utilizadas, con un tiempo operatorio promedio de 62+/-52.4 minutos. El riesgo quirúrgico prevalente fue ASA2 (62.7 por ciento). El promedio de hospitalización fue de 2,8+/-2.7 días. El 15.21 por ciento de los pacientes presentó algún tipo de complicación, con predominio de clasifi cación tipo 1 de Clavien (38 por ciento). En el análisis multivariado se evidenció como factores de riesgo signi ficativos para complicaciones, edad mayor a 90 años (p=0.03), presencia de insu ciencia renal (p=0.01), portar 4 o más comorbilidades (p=0.04), cirugía mayor a 3 horas (p=0.03) y tener riesgo quirúrgico ASA3 (p=0.04)...

Life expectancy has been increasing in Chile and in the World. This has caused a great impact over the number of surgeries being performed in the elderly population. The aim of this paper is to describe the experience of our center in urological surgery in patients older than 80 years and analyze which factors increase the risk of postoperative complications.Materials and methods: Retrospective analysis of 138 urological surgeries performed in 120 patients older than 80 years, during the years 2000-2012. Sociodemographic information, surgical risk (ASA), type and duration of surgery, postoperative complications (Clavien scale) and length of hospitalization was obtained. The data were analyzed using SPSS v17. Multivariate analysis was performed and the relative risk for developing complications was established. Signi cance was p <0.05. Average age of the patients was 84 +/- 3.7 years, 86.2percentwere men. The 96.7 percenct had some kind of comorbidity, with prevalence of hypertension (60.84 percent) and diabetes mellitus type 2 (24.16 percent). Most of the interventions was of intermediate complexity (77.27percent), where regional anesthesia (56.8 percent) and endourological aproach (84.78 percent) were the most used, with average operative time of 62 +/- 52.4 minutes. Most common Surgical risk was ASA2 (62.7 percent). Average hospital stay was 2.8 +/- 2.7 days. 15.21 percent of patients had some type of complication, with a predominance of type 1 Clavien classication (38 percent). The multivariate analysis showed signi cant risk factors for complications: age greater than 90 years (p = 0.03), renal failure (p = 0.01), carrying 4 or more comorbidities (p = 0.04), surgery Langer than 3 hours (p = 0.03) and ASA3 surgical risk (p =.04). No mortality was reported in our series. In this study, although most of our patients underwent endourological procedures, we evidence that surgery in patients older than 80 years is feasible...

Ingestión de lípidos oxidados: efecto sobre actividad enzimática antioxidativa en trucha arcoiris Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) / Oxidized lipids intake: effect on antioxidative enzimatic activity in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)

Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de la ingestión de lípidos durante períodos cortos (20 días) y largos (90 días) sobre la actividad hepática y en tracto gastrointestinal (TGI) de las enzimas catalasa (CAT), superóxido dismutasa (SOD) y glutatión peroxidasa (GPx). Materiales y métodos. Se utilizó el Índice peróxidos (VP) y el índice anisidina (VA) para detectar la presencia de productos de la oxidación en las raciones. Se realizó un análisis de varianza bajo un modelo de parcelas divididas en el tiempo. Cuando se encontraron diferencias (p<0.05) las medias fueron comparadas mediante la prueba de Tukey (5%). Resultados. Las raciones presentaron altos niveles de oxidación durante todo el experimento y hubo diferencias significativas entre tratamientos. La actividad SOD presentó niveles decrecientes a nivel hepático durante los dos períodos de exposición, sin embargo, en TGI se generó un incremento significativo de actividad SOD (175%) en individuos sometidos a todos los tratamientos. La actividad CAT presentó un alto nivel de correlación con la actividad SOD en todos los períodos de exposición y órganos. La actividad GPx presentó diferencias significativas para los dos períodos de exposición en hígado y al día 90 en TGI, indicando alta sensibilidad de la enzima ante la ingestión de peróxidos. Conclusiones. La actividad GPx en TGI mostró coeficientes de correlación superiores a 0.95, sugiriendo que es buen indicador del estado oxidativo de las raciones.

Factores predictivos de éxito tras una sesión única de litotricia extracorpórea de cálculos urinarios a las tres semanas de seguimiento / Single-Session Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy for Urinary Calculi: Factors Predicting Success after Three Weeks of Follow-Up

Objetivo: Identificar factores predictivos de éxito después de una sesión única de litotricia extracorpórea por ondas de choque (LEOC) a las tres semanas de seguimiento. Material y métodos: Se revisaron los registros clínicos de 116 pacientes con cálculos urinarios únicos sometidos a LEOC entre octubre 2007 y agosto 2009. Las tomografías axiales computarizadas preoperatorias de todos los pacientes fueron revisadas por dos radiólogos en desconocimiento del desenlace clínico. El éxito fue definido como la desaparición completa del cálculo o la persistencia de fragmentos ≤ 2mm en la radiografía simple realizada durante las tres primeras semanas de seguimiento. El impacto de factores clínicos y radiológicos fue evaluado utilizando regresión logística. Resultados: La tasa de éxito de LEOC a las tres semanas de seguimiento fue del 49,1%. Tamaño < 8mm, área del cálculo < 30mm2, localización en el uréter distal, densidad < 1.000 UH y fragmentación intraoperatoria demostraron una significativa asociación con éxito en el análisis univariado (p<0,05). Área del cálculo<30mm2 (OR: 2,9), localización en uréter distal (OR: 3,4) y fragmentación intraoperatoria (OR: 4,2) fueron factores predictivos de éxito en el análisis multivariado (p<0,05). Conclusiones: El área del cálculo y la localización en el uréter distal son útiles en el momento de decidir acerca de la realización de una LEOC. Sin embargo, la resolución exitosa de solamente la mitad de los casos bajo los criterios evaluados recalca la relevancia de informar al paciente de la eventual necesidad de tratamientos adicionales después de una sesión única de LEOC (AU)

Introduction: The aim of this study was to identify predictive factors of success following a single-session of shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) at 3 weeks of follow-up in our center. Material and methods: The medical records of 116 patients with solitary urinary calculi who underwent single-session SWL in our department between October 2007 and August 2009 were reviewed. All preoperative unenhanced computed axial tomographies were reviewed by two radiologists blinded to clinical outcome. Success was defined as complete clearance or the persistence of fragments ≤ 2mm on a plain film at 3 weeks of follow-up. The impact of clinical and radiological factors on success was assessed by univariate and multivariate analyses. Results: The single-session SWL success rate at 3 weeks was 49.1%. Stone size <8mm, stone area < 30mm2, stone location (mid- and distal ureter), stone density <1000 HU and intraoperative fragmentation showed a significant association with SWL success in the univariate analysis (p<0.05). Stone area (OR 2.9), ureteral stone location (OR 3.4) and intraoperative fragmentation (OR 4.2) were the only predictors of success in the multivariate analysis. Conclusions: Stone area and ureteral stone location provide important information when deciding about the indication of a SWL in a patient with stone disease. However, successful resolution of only half of the cases after a single session at 3 weeks in our series undermines the relevance of informing patients about the potential need for additional treatment (AU)

Manifestações clínicas da doença do refluxo gastroesofágico e os achados encontrados na endoscopia digestiva alta em adultos / Clinical manifestations of gastroesophageal refluxdisease and the findings at endoscopy in adults

Objetivo: descrever a prevalência entre os resultados da EDA e sintomatologia de DRGE em pacientes submetidos ao exame endoscópico. Relacionar a presença de sintomas típicos ou atípicos de DRGE e seus respectivos resultados. Métodos: estudo observacional com delineamento transversal envolvendo 243 pacientes remetidos por médicos responsáveis para realização de EDA na Clínica de Endoscopia e Gastro de Florianópolis, no período de dezembro de 2009 a dezembro de 2010. Foram analisados os sintomas da DRGE ou indicação para realização da endoscopia. Realizou-se análise bivariada entre os desfechos e a variável independente (sintomas). O teste qui-quadrado (x2)ou prova exata de Fisher foramutilizados para testar a homogeneidade de proporções. Calculou-se a razão de prevalência através da Regressão de Poisson e o IC de 95%. O presente estudo foi aprovado no CEP da Unisul sob o protocolo 10.811.4.01.III Resultados: a idade média dos pacientes foi de 47,1 anos. Houve predomínio da população feminina (68,7%). O sintoma mais frequentemente encontrado foi o típico de DRGE com 92,2%. Entre os pacientes com sintomas típicos de DRGE, percebeu lesões esofágicas erosivas em apenas 26,8%. Diagnosticou a presença de hérnia hiatal em 41,56% dos pacientes, esofagite em 25,51%, gastrite em 46,09% e adenocarcinoma de esôfago em 0,4%. Observou-se endoscopias sem alterações em 11,11% dos pacientes.Conclusão: houve predomínio dos sintomas típicos da DRGE, comparando com as manifestações atípicas da doença. Comprovou a importância do uso da EDA, não somente para diagnosticar a doença em estudo, mas principalmente suas complicações que possam a vim desenvolver.

Objective: describe the prevalence between the results of endoscopic findings and symptoms of GERD in patients undergoing endoscopy. Relate the presence of typical or atypical symptoms of GERD and their results. Methods: a cross-sectional observational study involving 243 patients referred by physicians responsible for performing endoscopy in Gastrointestinal an Endoscopy Clinic of Florianópolis, during the period of December 2009 and December 2010. We analyzed the symptoms the GERD or indication for endoscopy. We conducted bivariate analysis between outcomes and the independent variable (symptoms). The chi-square (x2) or Fisherexact test were used to test the homogeneity of proportions. We calculated the prevalence ratio by Poisson regression and CI of 95%. This study was approved by the CEP Unisul under protocol 10.811.4.01.III. Results: the average age of patients was 47,1 years. There was a predominance of females (68,7%). The most common symptom was typical of GERD with 92,2%. The erosive esophageal lesions was noted in only 26,8% among patients with typical symptoms of GERD. The presence of hiatal hernia was diagnosed in 41,56% of patients, 25,51% in esophagitis, 46,09% in gastritis and cancer by 0,4%. We observed endoscopies unchanged in 11,11% of patients. Conclusion: there was a predominance of typical symptoms of GERD compared with atypical manifestations ofthe disease. The importance in the use of endoscopy was proved, not only to diagnose the disease under study, but mainly its complications that may come to develop.

[Single-session extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for urinary calculi: factors predicting success after three weeks of follow-up]. / Factores predictivos de éxito tras una sesión única de litotricia extracorpórea de cálculos urinarios a las tres semanas de seguimiento.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to identify predictive factors of success following a single-session of shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) at 3 weeks of follow-up in our center. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The medical records of 116 patients with solitary urinary calculi who underwent single-session SWL in our department between October 2007 and August 2009 were reviewed. All preoperative unenhanced computed axial tomographies were reviewed by two radiologists blinded to clinical outcome. Success was defined as complete clearance or the persistence of fragments ≤ 2 mm on a plain film at 3 weeks of follow-up. The impact of clinical and radiological factors on success was assessed by univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: The single-session SWL success rate at 3 weeks was 49.1%. Stone size <8 mm, stone area < 30 mm(2), stone location (mid- and distal ureter), stone density <1000 HU and intraoperative fragmentation showed a significant association with SWL success in the univariate analysis (p<0.05). Stone area (OR 2.9), ureteral stone location (OR 3.4) and intraoperative fragmentation (OR 4.2) were the only predictors of success in the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Stone area and ureteral stone location provide important information when deciding about the indication of a SWL in a patient with stone disease. However, successful resolution of only half of the cases after a single session at 3 weeks in our series undermines the relevance of informing patients about the potential need for additional treatment.

[Carcinosarcoma of the renal pelvis in a horseshoe kidney: about a case]. / Carcinosarcome du bassinet sur rein en fer à cheval : à propos d'un cas.

Carcinosarcoma of the renal pelvis is a rare tumor, and its development in a horseshoe kidney makes it even more special. This is the first case reported in the literature of a renal pelvis carcinosarcoma developed in a horseshoe kidney and diagnosed on macroscopic hematuria.

Quantification of DDX3Y, RBMY1, DAZ and TSPY mRNAs in testes of patients with severe impairment of spermatogenesis.

Y chromosome microdeletion is the most important genetic cause of impairment of spermatogenesis. Nevertheless, a significant proportion of patients with spermatogenic failure do not have this condition. This study investigated the expression level of AZF genes, DDX3Y (DBY), RBMY1, DAZ and TSPY in testicular tissues of 42 subjects with impaired spermatogenesis compared with 33 with normal spermatogenesis. Histopathological evaluation was performed in all subjects and tissues were classified according to Johnsen Score. Transcript amounts were determined by quantitative-competitive RT-PCR. Patients with complete Sertoli cell-only syndrome (SCOS) did not exhibit RBMY1, DAZ and TSPY gene expression, however, we detected very low expression of DDX3Y transcript. Tissue samples with focal SCOS showed significantly decreased expression of all genes (P < 0.001). Maturation arrest and hypospermatogenesis tissues expressed significantly low levels of DDX3Y testicular transcript (P < 0.001), while the mRNA levels of the other genes were similar to that in tissues from the normal spermatogenesis group. Negative or diminished gene expression of DDX3Y, RBMY1, DAZ and TSPY in tissues samples with SCOS or focal SCOS reflects the absence or the lower number of germ cells, respectively. The finding that the testicular transcript of DDX3Y is significantly decreased in patients with severe spermatogenenic failure, especially in those presenting maturation arrest, suggests an important role of DDX3Y during spermatogenesis.

Linfoma de células B de la zona marginal extranodal del tejido linfoide asociado a mucosas (malt) primario de esófago: Presentación de un caso

El tracto gastrointestinal es la localización mas frecuente de los linfomas no Hodgkin extranodales, sin embargo, el compromiso del esófago es extremadamente raro, con una incidencia menor del 1% de todos los pacientes con linfoma. Se ha descrito con mayor frecuencia afectación secundaria del esófago como parte de un compromiso extenso de un linfoma gástrico o mediastinal. Se presenta el caso de paciente femenina, de 59 años de edad, con síntomas dispépticos de 2 meses de evolución. En la Endoscopia Digestiva Superior (EDS) se evidencia en tercio distal de esófago, lesión elevada, de 1cm de diámetro, con características similares al resto de la mucosa, móvil. La biopsia Endoscópica revela la presencia de un linfoma MALT de bajo grado confirmado por inmunohistoquímica. Se indicó tratamiento de erradicación para H pylori, y los estudios de extensión fueron normales. Posteriormente se realizó resección mucosal endoscópica, donde se observaron grupos aislados de linfocitos neoplásicos, con bordes de resección libres. Paciente con seguimiento endoscópico normal. Pocos casos han sido reportados en la literatura acerca de linfomas MALT de esófago, por lo tanto las características clínicas y biológicas de estos linfomas no están claramente establecidas. Es necesario el estudio y seguimiento de estos casos, para determinar los posibles factores de riesgo y así aplicar las medidas preventivas.

The gastrointestinal tract is the most common extra nodal site involved in Non- Hodgkin's lymphoma. However, esophageal involvement is extremely rare, accounting for less than 1% of patients with lymphoma. It has been described that esophageal involvement in lymphoma is more often a result of contiguous spread from mediastinal lymph nodes or from an extended gastric lymphoma. A 59 year old female consulted for dyspeptic symptoms. Endoscopic examination revealed a small submucosal mass, that measured 1 cm located at the lower thoracic esophagus. The biopsy reported a Malt lymphoma that was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. She received therapy for H. pylori eradication. Endoscopic mucosal resection was performed, and isolated groups of atypical lymphocytes were found, with free resection margins. Endoscopic follow up has been normal. Few cases have been reported in literature, therefore biological and clinical characteristics of MALT lymphoma of the esophagus are currently unknown, further study is needed to establish risk factors in order to be able to take preventive measures.

Carcinoma gástrico precoz mucinoso: Reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura

El carcinoma gástrico mucinoso (CGM) es infrecuente representa el 3% de todos los canceres gástricos (1). Detectado ocasionalmente en estadios precoces (2), con una relación avanzados/precoces de 2.1 - 2.3% y 0.3 - 1.0% respectivamente (1, 2). Correspondiendo el CGM en estadio precoz al 0.02 de todos los carcinomas gástricos. Se reporta este inusual caso de paciente femenina de 72 años de edad quien consultó por síntomas dispépticos, se hizo el diagnóstico histológico de ADC gástrico, por biopsia endoscópica, siendo sometida a gastrectomía subtotal, y cuyo reporte definitivo de la pieza quirúrgica fue CGM precoz, con compromiso submucoso, sin evidencia de ganglios metastáticos.

Mucinous gastric cancer (MGC) is very rare. The incidence of MGC is about 3% among all gastric cancers and only occasionally detected in early -stage with a relation between advanced and early gastric cancer around 2.3- 21% and 0.3- 1% respectively. Early-stage mucinous gastric cancer represents 0.02 of all gastric cancer types. We report an unusual case of a 72 years old female patient with histological diagnosis of gastric Adenocarcinoma. A total gastrectomy was performed. Final diagnosis was that of an early mucinous gastric cancer involving the submucosal layer without lymph node metastasis.

Monitoreo bacteriológico de áreas clínicas odontológicas: estudio preliminar de un quirófano / Bacteriological monitoring in clinical dental areas: a preliminary study of an operating room

Knowledge on nosocomial infections has led to improve prevention and control of infectious diseases. The School of Dentistry in the University of Los Andes seeks to increase oral health in its public service, but several limitations impede the establishment of competent clinical environments in agreement with International guidelines. These limitations increase the possibility of clumping potentially pathogen microorganisms, which can affect the final result of dental treatment and cause some other complications. In order to measure the bacterial load and the presence of pathogens like: Pseudomonas sp, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Acinetobacter sp. in the environment of the surgery room "A" (Department of Anesthesiology and Stomatological Surgery, School of Dentistry, University of Los Andes), we performed a bacteriological analysis on samples obtained with hyssop from lamp holder, suction hose, arm rest and ventilation duct, and one sample obtained from the environment with a Tripticase Soy Lecithin Tween 80 agar plate opened over the instrumental tray, before and after three surgical procedures in different days. Bacterial load was measured and evaluated. The recovered bacteria were identified by conventional microbiological techniques. No satisfactory bacterial load was observed and three of the searched pathogens were recovered. The high bacterial load shows an inadequate environment for surgical procedures, it suggests deficiencies in disinfection's techniques and supports the need for setting bacteriological monitoring programs for environments in dental clinic areas.

El conocimiento de las enfermedades nosocomiales ha conllevado a mejorar la prevención y control de enfermedades infecciosas. La Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de Los Andes, en su servicio público, busca mejorar la salud bucal poblacional; no obstante muchas limitantes impiden la adecuación de los ambientes clínicos según lineamientos internacionales, incrementando la posibilidad de acumular microorganismos potencialmente patógenos que pueden comprometer el resultado final del tratamiento odontológico y/u ocasionar problemas subyacentes. Con la finalidad de evaluar la carga bacteriana y la presencia de patógenos como Pseudomonas sp, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli y Acinetobacter sp. en el quirófano A (Cátedra de Anestesiología y Cirugía Estomatológica, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Los Andes), se realizó un análisis bacteriológico a muestras obtenidas por hisopado de la agarradera de lámpara, manguera de succión, brazo de unidad y rejilla de ventilación; y a una del ambiente obtenida con una placa de agar Tripticasa Soya con Lecitina y Tween 80 abierta sobre la bandeja de instrumentos, antes e inmediatamente después de tres procedimientos quirúrgicos, en días diferentes. Se cuantificó y evaluó la carga bacteriana. Las bacterias recuperadas fueron identificadas por técnicas microbiológicas convencionales. Se encontraron cargas bacterianas no satisfactorias, además de recuperarse tres de los patógenos investigados. Las cargas bacterianas elevadas indican un ambiente inadecuado para actividades quirúrgicas, sugieren deficiencias en las normas de desinfección ambiental manejadas y reflejan la necesidad de implementar programas de monitoreo bacteriológico del ambiente en áreas clínicas odontológicas

Identificación de factores pronósticos en nefrectomías parciales por carcinoma de células renales / Determination of recurrence prognostic factors in patients with renal carcinoma treated by partial nephrectomy

La nefrectomía parcial es un tratamiento curativo ampliamente aceptado para tumores renales menores de 4 cm. La recurrencia local y sistémica pudieran constituir una limitante para su realización. Objetivo: Establecer factores pronósticos de recidiva tumoral en pacientes sometidos a nefrectomía parcial por carcinoma de células renales (CCR). Material y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo en el que se evaluó retrospectivamente a 22 pacientes, uno de ellos con tumor bilateral sincrónico, sometidos a nefrectomía parcial abierta por CCR entre los años 1994 y 2004. Se evaluó la relación entre la recidiva tumoral local o sistémica y los siguientes factores histopatológicos: tamaño tumoral, tipo histológico, grado de Fuhrman, invasión de los bordes quirúrgicos y distancia desde el tumor al borde quirúrgico. Se consideró un valor significativo de p<0,05. Resultados: El promedio de edad de los pacientes fue de 53,6 (+/- 11,41) años; 82,6 por ciento de ellos eran hombres. El diagnóstico del tumor fue un hallazgo radiológico en el 91,3 por ciento de los casos. El tamaño tumoral promedio fue de 3,28 cm y la mediana de 3 cm (1,1-5 cm); 91,3 por ciento de ellos < 4 cm. La histología fue informada como carcinoma de células claras en el 91,3 por ciento de los tumores (1 cromófobo y 1 oncocitoma). En un 87 por ciento (n=20) de los casos la biopsia fue informada con bordes quirúrgicos negativos, de las cuales un 35 por ciento (n=7) correspondían a una distancia < 1 mm. El tiempo promedio y la mediana de seguimiento fue de 26,3 y 27,1 meses de seguimiento, respectivamente (3-119 meses). En un paciente (8,7 por ciento) que tuvo un tumor bilateral (cromófobo Fuhrman 2 y células claras Fuhrman 3) se demostró recidiva a distancia en el seguimiento con TAC abdominal. No se encontró correlación entre la distancia del tumor y el borde quirúrgico con la recidiva tumoral. La presencia de bordes quirúrgicos positivos mostró una tendencia a una mayor recidiva (p= 0,07)...

Partial nephrectomy (PN) is an accepted curative treatment for renal tumors with size under 4cm. Local and systemic recurrence could be a limitation for its performance. Methods. To determine recurrenceprognostic factors in patients with renal carcinoma treated with radical nephrectomy. Results. Mean age for the series was 53,6 years (+/- 11,41); 82,6 percent of patients were males. Tumor diagnosis was performed by imaging in 91,3 percent of cases. Mean and median tumoral volume were 3,28 cm and 3 cm (1,1-5), respectively. 91,3 percent of tumor were smaller than 4 cm. Final pathology reported clear cell carcinoma in 91,3 of cases (1oncocitoma and 1 chromophobe). Negative surgical margins were reported in 87 percent of cases, with 35 percent of them with a distance between margin and tumor, inferior than 1 mm. Mean and median follow-up were 26,3 and 27,1 months, respectively. 1 patient presented recurrence during follow-up (Mixed cell: Chromophobeand clear cell). There was no co-relation between surgical margin distance and recurrence. Surgical margins were associated significantly with recurrence (p=0,07). Conclusions. PN constitutes an effective treatment for renal carcinoma in initial stages. Positives surgical margins can be associated with recurrence. Distance between tumor and surgical margin is not a factor predicting recurrence...