Correlation between the expressions of metastasis-associated factor-1 in colon cancer and vacuolar ATP synthase.

BACKGROUND: Clinical prognosis often worsens due to high recurrence rates following radical surgery for colon cancer. The examination of high-risk recurrence factors post-surgery provides critical insights for disease evaluation and treatment planning. AIM: To explore the relationship between metastasis-associated factor-1 in colon cancer (MACC1) and vacuolar ATP synthase (V-ATPase) expression in colon cancer tissues, and recurrence rate in patients undergoing radical colon cancer surgery. METHODS: We selected 104 patients treated with radical colon cancer surgery at our hospital from January 2018 to June 2021. Immunohistochemical staining was utilized to assess the expression levels of MACC1 and V-ATPase in these patients. RESULTS: The rates of MACC1 and V-ATPase positivity were 64.42% and 67.31%, respectively, in colon cancer tissues, which were significantly higher than in paracancerous tissues (P < 0.05). Among patients with TNM stage III, medium to low differentiation, and lymph node metastasis, the positive rates of MACC1 and V-ATPase were significantly elevated in comparison to patients with TNM stage I-II, high differentiation, and no lymph node metastasis (P < 0.05). The rate of MACC1 positivity was 76.67% in patients with tumor diameters > 5 cm, notably higher than in patients with tumor diameters ≤ 5 cm (P < 0.05). We observed a positive correlation between MACC1 and V-ATPase expression (rs = 0.797, P < 0.05). The positive rates of MACC1 and V-ATPase were significantly higher in patients with recurrence compared to those without (P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis revealed TNM stage, lymph node metastasis, MACC1 expression, and V-ATPase expression as risk factors for postoperative colon cancer recurrence (OR = 6.322, 3.435, 2.683, and 2.421; P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The upregulated expression of MACC1 and V-ATPase in colon cancer patients appears to correlate with clinicopathological features and post-radical surgery recurrence.

Inhibition of hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel attenuates cerebral ischemia reperfusion-induced impairment of learning and memory by regulating apoptotic pathway.

Stroke is the second leading cause of death globally. Cognitive dysfunction is a common complication of stroke, which seriously affects the patient's quality of life. Previous studies have shown that the expression of hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated cation (HCN) channel is closely related to ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury and subsequent cognitive impairment. We also found that ZD7288, a specific inhibitor of the HCN channel, attenuated IR injury during short-term reperfusion. Since apoptosis can induce cell necrosis and aggravate cognitive impairment after IR, the purpose of this study is to define whether ZD7288 could improve cognitive impairment after prolonged cerebral reperfusion in rats by regulating apoptotic pathways. Our data indicated that ZD7288 can ameliorate spatial cognitive behavior and synaptic plasticity, protect the morphology of hippocampal neurons, and alleviate hippocampal apoptotic cells in IR rats. This effect may be related to down-regulating the expressions of pro-apoptotic proteins such as AIF, p53, Bax, and Caspase-3, and increasing the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax. Taken together, it suggested that inhibition of the HCN channel improves cognitive impairment after IR correlated with its regulation of apoptotic pathways.

Study on the mechanism of PM2.5 affecting Th1/Th2 immune imbalance through the notch signaling pathway in asthmatic mice.

Some research has shown that PM2.5 causes Th1/Th2 immune imbalance and aggravates asthma. However, the exact mechanism of PM2.5 causing aggravation of asthma remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether exposure to PM2.5 exacerbates Th1/Th2 immune imbalance through the Notch signaling pathway. Eight-week-old SPF female BALF/c mice were sensitized by ovalbumin to establish an asthma mouse model. PM2.5 exposure was carried out by aerosol inhalation of PM2.5 (510 µg/m3) after each provocation. The lung function of mice was measured and Splenic T lymphocyte subsets were detected. Notch signaling pathway was tested. The levels of interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-4 in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were determined. The results showed that the expression of the mRNA and protein of Notch1 and Hes1 in the asthma group were significantly higher than those in healthy controls. The levels of IL-4 were also remarkably high; while the levels of IFN-γ were remarkably low in serum and BALF, the Th1% and Th1/Th2 ratios were significantly lower, and Th2% was significantly higher in the asthma group than in the healthy controls. PM2.5 promoted further activation of the Notch signaling pathway and aggravated Th1/Th2 immune imbalance in asthmatic mice. γ-secretase inhibitor can partially inhibit the activation of the Notch signaling pathway and alleviate aggravation of immune imbalance. In conclusion, the asthmatic mice had a Th1/Th2 immune imbalance and an overactivated Notch signaling pathway. PM2.5 further aggravated Th1/Th2 immune imbalance by activating the Notch signaling pathway.

A consensus on the management of allergy in kindergartens and primary schools / 中国学校卫生

Abstract@#Allergic diseases can occur in all systems of the body, covering the whole life cycle, from children to adults and to old age, can be lifelong onset and even fatal in severe cases. Children account for the largest proportion of the victims of allergic disease, Children s allergies start from scratch, ranging from mild to severe, from less to more, from single to multiple systems and systemic performance, so the prevention and treatment of allergic diseases in children is of great importance, which can not only prevent high risk allergic conditions from developing into allergic diseases, but also further block the process of allergy. At present, there is no consensus on the management system of allergic children in kindergartens and primary schools. The "Consensus on Allergy Management and Prevention in Kindergartens and Primary Schools", which includes the organizational structure, system construction and management of allergic children, provides evidence informed recommendations for the long term comprehensive management of allergic children in kindergartens and primary schools, and provides a basis for the establishment of the prevention system for allergic children.

Resveratrol attenuates cigarette smoke extract induced cellular senescence in human airway epithelial cells by regulating the miR-34a/SIRT1/NF-κB pathway.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by accelerated lung aging. Smoking is the critical risk factor for COPD. Cellular senescence of airway epithelial cells is the cytological basis of accelerated lung aging in COPD, and the regulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) is the central epigenetic mechanism of cellular senescence. Resveratrol (Res) is a polyphenol with anti-aging properties. This study investigated whether Res attenuates cigarette smoke extract (CSE)-induced cellular senescence in human airway epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) through the miR-34a/SIRT1/nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) pathway. BEAS-2B cells were treated with Res, CSE and transfected with miR-34a-5p mimics. Cellular senescence was evaluated by senescence -related ß-galactosidase (SA-ß-gal) staining and expression of senescence-related genes (p16, p21, and p53). The expressions of miR-34a-5p, SIRT1, and NF-κB p65 were examined using quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. The senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) cytokines (IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α) were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The binding between miR-34a-5p and SIRT1 was confirmed by dual-luciferase reporter assay. The results showed that CSE dose-dependently decreased cell viability and elevated cellular senescence, characterized by increased SA-ß-gal staining and senescence-related gene expressions (p16, p21, and p53). Further, CSE dose-dependently increased the expression of miR-34a-5p and SASP cytokines (IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α) in BEAS-2B cells. Pretreatment with Res inhibited CSE-induced cellular senescence and secretion of SASP cytokines (IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α) in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, Res reversed the CSE-induced down-regulation of SIRT1 and up-regulation of miR-34a-5p and NF-κB p65. SIRT1 is a target of miR-34a-5p. Overexpression of miR-34a-5p via transfection with miR-34a-5p mimic in BEAS-2B cells attenuated the inhibitory effect of Res on cellular senescence, accompanied by reversing the expression of SIRT1 and NF-κB p65. In conclusion, Res attenuated CSE-induced cellular senescence in BEAS-2B cells by regulating the miR-34a/SIRT1/NF-κB pathway, which may provide a new approach for COPD treatment.

Two new monoterpene esters from Illigera paviflora Dunn roots.

Two new monoterpene esters, illigerates H and I (1 and 2), and six known compounds actinodaphine (3), bulbocupnine (4), stephanine (5), hypserpanine B (6), betulinic acid (7) and gallic acid (8) were obtained from the root of Illigera paviflora Dunn. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis. Anti-inflammatory and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of some isolated compounds were assessed. Two monoterpenes 1 and 2 exhibited weak in vitro anti-inflammatory activity (IC50 64.5 ± 5.3 and 79.2 ± 7.5 µM) while compounds 3-6 showed inhibition of α-glucosidase with IC50 values ranged from 87.17 to 118.74 µM.

[Human resources of community oral public health service and job satisfaction of the staff in Shanghai].

PURPOSE: To investigate the human resources of oral public health system and staff's job satisfaction in Shanghai, and to provide basis for improving the services of oral public health. METHODS: A census was performed among 246 health service centers in Shanghai from February to March 2019, and a questionnaire on oral public health staff's basic information of and job satisfaction was conducted. SPSS 20.0 software package was used for statistical analysis of job satisfaction and basic situation of employees. RESULTS: There were 759 community oral health service personnel in Shanghai, mainly composed of dentists (34.0%), public health physicians (21.96%), nurses (31.6%), and 24 general practitioners(3.2%) were also found. The profile of the staff was mainly 30-49 years old (69.8%), with bachelor degree (66.7%) and primary and intermediate professional titles (91.7%). Only 14.8% of them spend more than 24 hours in oral public health work every week. Community oral health workers had higher satisfaction with their superiors and colleagues, and lower satisfaction with their work income. Age, levels of professional title and years of oral health service were negatively correlated with job satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS: It is necessary to build a proper human resource system of community oral public health and improve the treatment of the staff, in order to promote the oral public health services in Shanghai.

Identification of hub genes and transcription factors involved in periodontitis on the basis of multiple microarray analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) during the pathogenesis of periodontitis by bioinformatics analysis. METHODS: GEO2R was used to screen DEGs in GSE10334 and GSE16134. Then, the overlapped DEGs were used for further analysis. g:Profiler was used to perform Gene Ontology analysis and pathway analysis for upregulated and downregulated DEGs. The STRING database was used to construct the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, which was further visua-lized and analyzed by Cytoscape software. Hub genes and key modules were identified by cytoHubba and MCODE plug-ins, respectively. Finally, transcription factors were predicted via iRegulon plug-in. RESULTS: A total of 196 DEGs were identified, including 139 upregulated and 57 downregulated DEGs. Functional enrichment analysis showed that the upregulated DEGs were mainly enriched in immune-related pathways including immune system, viral protein interaction with cytokine and cytokine receptor, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, leukocyte transendothelial migration, and chemokine receptors bind chemokines. On the contrary, the downregulated DEGs were mainly related to the formation of the cornified envelope and keratinization. The identified hub genes in the PPI network were CXCL8, CXCL1, CXCR4, SEL, CD19, and IKZF1. The top three modules were involved in chemokine response, B cell receptor signaling pathway, and interleukin response, respectively. iRegulon analysis revealed that IRF4 scored the highest. CONCLUSIONS: The pathogenesis of periodontitis was closely associated with the expression levels of the identified hub genes including CXCL8, CXCL1, CXCR4, SELL, CD19, and IKZF1. IRF4, the predicted transcription factor, might serve as a dominant upstream regulator.

Aerobic Exercise Attenuates Pressure Overload-Induced Cardiac Dysfunction through Promoting Skeletal Muscle Microcirculation and Increasing Muscle Mass.

BACKGROUND: Aerobic exercise has been proven to have a positive effect on cardiac function after hypertension; however, the mechanism is not entirely clarified. Skeletal muscle mass and microcirculation are closely associated with blood pressure and cardiac function. OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to investigate the effects of aerobic exercise on the skeletal muscle capillary and muscle mass, to explore the possible mechanisms involved in exercise-induced mitigation of cardiac dysfunction in pressure overload mice. METHODS: In this study, 60 BALB/C mice aged 8 weeks were randomly divided into 3 groups: control (CON), TAC, and TAC plus exercise (TAE) group and utilized transverse aortic constriction (TAC) to establish hypertensive model; meanwhile, treadmill training is used for aerobic exercise. After 5 days of recovery, mice in the TAE group were subjected to 10-week aerobic exercise. Carotid pressure and cardiac function were examined before mice were executed by Millar catheter and ultrasound, respectively. Muscle mass of gastrocnemius was weighed; cross-sectional area and the number of capillaries of gastrocnemius were detected by HE and immunohistochemistry, respectively. The mRNA and protein levels of VEGF in skeletal muscle were determined by RT-PCR and western blot, respectively. RESULTS: We found that ① 10-week aerobic exercise counteracted hypertension and attenuated cardiac dysfunction in TAC-induced hypertensive mice; ② TAC decreased muscle mass of gastrocnemius and resulted in muscle atrophy, while 10-week aerobic exercise could reserve transverse aortic constriction-induced the decline of muscle mass and muscle atrophy; and ③ TAC reduced the number of capillaries and the protein level of VEGF in gastrocnemius, whereas 10-week aerobic exercise augmented the number of capillaries, the mRNA and protein levels of VEGF in mice were subjected to TAC surgery. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that 10-week aerobic exercise might fulfill its blood pressure-lowering effect via improving skeletal muscle microcirculation and increasing muscle mass.

[Survey on oral health knowledge, attitudes, behaviors among parents of disabled children in Shanghai area].

PURPOSE: To analyze the oral health behaviors of disabled children and their parents' oral health knowledge, attitudes in Shanghai city, and to provide information support for designing oral health care programs and making relevant policies. METHODS: By using stratified cluster sampling method, a questionnaire was given to 1381 parents of disabled children. The data were analyzed using SPSS 21.0 software package. RESULTS: The awareness rate of oral health knowledge among parents of disabled children was 67.21%, and 78.98% of parents had positive attitudes towards oral health. 13.61% of disabled children took sweet snacks before sleep, only 45.98% of disabled children brushed their teeth twice or more daily. 42.65% of disabled children used fluoride toothpaste, and 88.12% never flossed their teeth. The percentage of disabled children who had never visited a dentist was 49.75%. CONCLUSIONS: Oral health behaviors of disabled children in Shanghai city need to be improved, and the parents' oral health knowledge level is low. Customized educational programs should be carried out for parents, in order to strengthen oral health education in the suburban areas.

BRCA1 protects cardiac microvascular endothelial cells against irradiation by regulating p21-mediated cell cycle arrest.

AIMS: Microvascular endothelial cell dysfunction is a leading cause of radiation-induced heart disease (RIHD). BRCA1 plays an important role in DNA damage repair. The study aims to explore the effect of BRCA1 in endothelial cells involved in RIHD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: BRCA1 and p21 expression were detected in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and in mouse heart tissue after irradiation exposure. The effects of BRCA1 on cell proliferation, cell cycle and radiosensitivity were determined in HUVECs with overexpression and knockdown of BRCA1. A mouse model of RIHD was established. Heart damage was detected in C57BL/6J mice and endothelial cell specific knockout BRCA1 mice (EC-BRCA1-/-). KEY FINDINGS: BRCA1 and p21 expression was significantly increased both in vitro and vivo response to irradiation. BRCA1 overexpression in endothelial cells enhanced cell growth and G1/S phase arrest, and the opposite results were observed in BRCA1 knockdown endothelial cells. BRCA1 downregulated endothelial cell cycle-related genes cyclin A, cyclin D1, cyclin E and p-Rb through increasing p21 expression, and HUVECs with BRCA1 gene knockdown were more sensitive to radiation. In vivo, a decrease in cardiac microvascular density, as well as cardiomyocyte hypoxia and apoptosis were observed in a time-dependent manner. EC-BRCA1-/- mice were more prone to severe RIHD than EC-BRCA1+/- mice after 16Gy radiation exposure due to endothelial dysfunction caused by loss of BRCA1, and p21 was declined in EC-BRCA1-/- mice heart. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings indicate that BRCA1 plays a protective role in RIHD by regulating endothelial cell cycle arrest mediated by p21 signal.

hNTCP­expressing primary pig hepatocytes are a valuable tool for investigating hepatitis B virus infection and antiviral drugs.

Primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) are the 'gold standard' for investigating hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and antiviral drugs. However, poor availability, variation between batches and ethical issues regarding PHHs limit their applications. The discovery of human sodium taurocholate co­transporting polypeptide (hNTCP) as a functional HBV receptor has enabled the development of a surrogate model to supplement the use of PHHs. In the present study, the evolutionary distance of seven species was assessed based on single­copy homologous genes. Based on the evolutionary distance and availability, PHHs and primary rabbit hepatocytes (PRHs) were isolated and infected with hNTCP­recombinant lentivirus, and susceptibility to HBV infection in the two cell types was tested and compared. In addition, HBV infection efficiency of hNTCP­expressing PPHs with pooled HBV­positive serum and purified particles was determined. The potential use of HBV­infected hNTCP­expressing PPHs for drug screening was assessed. The results demonstrated that pigs and rabbits are closer to humans in the divergence tree compared with mice and rats, indicating that pigs and rabbits were more likely to facilitate the HBV post­entry lifecycle. Following hNTCP complementation and HBV infection, PPHs and Huh7D human hepatocellular carcinoma cells, but not PRHs, exhibited increased hepatitis B surface antigen and hepatitis B e­antigen secretion, covalently closed circular DNA formation and infectious particle secretion. hNTCP­expressing PPHs were susceptible to infection with HBV particles purified from pooled HBV­positive sera, but were poisoned by raw HBV­positive sera. The use of HBV­infected hNTCP­expressing PPHs for viral entry inhibitor screening was revealed to be applicable and reproducible. In conclusion, hNTCP­expressing PPHs may be valuable tool for investigating HBV infection and antiviral drugs.

[Clustering analysis in the pattern of KAP model on the application of oral health among students aged 12-15 in Shanghai].

PURPOSE: To assess the relation of oral health knowledge, attitude and practice(KAP) of the students aged 12-15 in Shanghai, and provide data support for intervention strategies of oral health. METHODS: A total of 2927 subjects aged 12-15 years old were selected according to the method of the Fourth National Oral Health Epidemiological Survey and the questionnaire was filled. SAS 9.4 software package was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The subjects were divided into 2 categories according to their knowledge and attitude of oral prevention and oral health. TypeⅠgroup, with high cognitive attitude, had more teeth brushing times than those of typeⅡgroup with poor cognitive attitudes(P<0.01). TypeⅠgroup had more people knowing and using toothpaste with fluoride. (P<0.01). The frequency of type I group using dental floss was significantly higher than typeⅡgroup(P<0.01), while the frequency of having deserts was relatively lower than typeⅡgroup (P<0.01), and the frequency of having drinks was lower than type Ⅱ(P<0.01). The two groups had no significant difference in the frequency of consumption of other drinks with sugar ( P=0.11). CONCLUSIONS: Oral related risk behaviors are quite common among 12-15 years students in Shanghai, which are closely related to the knowledge and attitude.

Elevated soluble ST2 concentration may involve in the progression of atrial fibrillation.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to investigate the value of soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (sST2) in Atrial fibrillation (AF) patients' risk prediction. METHODS: Healthy people (n = 60) and AF patients (n = 194) were consecutively enrolled into this project. RESULTS: In the health group, the mean age was 54 y (55% males). Serum median concentration of sST2 in healthy individuals was 17.04 ng/ml. In the AF patients group, the mean age was 61 years, and 64% were males. Median sST2 value was 21.69 ng/ml. According to subgroup analysis, median sST2 value of paroxysmal and persistent AF patients was 19.82 ng/ml and 24.15 ng/ml, respectively. Emergency AF patients showed much higher median sST2 concentration than AF outpatients (41.59 ng/ml vs. 20.53 ng/ml, p < 0.01). By multiple linear regression analysis adjusted for age and sex, heart failure (HF) and BNP strongly associated with sST2 concentration. After healthy people and AF patients with HF excluded, whether emergency visit or not become a patent predictor of sST2 concentration (n = 172). CONCLUSION: sST2 is probably an objective biomarker that can predict AF patients' risk of emergency admission or HF. Elevated sST2 concentration may involve in the progression of AF.

Effects of PM2.5 exposure on the Notch signaling pathway and immune imbalance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is associated with T lymphocytes subset (Th1/Th2, Th17/Treg) imbalance. Notch signaling pathway plays a key role in the development of the adaptive immunity. The immune disorder induced by fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is related to COPD. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism by which PM2.5 influences the Notch signaling pathway leading to worsening immune disorder and accelerating COPD development. A COPD mouse model was established by cigarette smoke exposure. PM2.5 exposure was performed by aerosol inhalation. γ-secretase inhibitor (GSI) was given using intraperitoneal injection. Splenic T lymphocytes were purified using a density gradient centrifugation method. CD4+ T lymphocyte subsets (Th1/Th2, Th17/Treg) were detected using flow cytometry. mRNA and proteins of Notch1/2/3/4, Hes1/5, and Hey1 were detected using RT-PCR and Western blot. Serum INF-γ, IL-4, IL-17 and IL-10 concentrations were measured using ELISA. The results showed that in COPD mice Th1% and Th17%, Th1/Th2 and Th17/Treg were increased, and the levels of mRNA and protein in Notch1/2/3/4, Hes1/5, and Hey1 and serum INF-γ and IL-17 concentrations were significantly increased, and Th2%, Treg%, and serum IL-4 and IL-10 concentrations were significantly decreased. COPD Mice have Th1- and Th17-mediated immune disorder, and the Notch signaling pathway is in an overactivated state. PM2.5 promotes the overactivation of the Notch signaling pathway and aggravates the immune disorder of COPD. GSI can partially inhibit the activation of the Notch signaling pathway and alleviate the immune disorder under basal state and the immune disorder of COPD caused by PM2.5. This result suggests that PM2.5 is involved in the immune disorder of mice with COPD by affecting the Notch signaling pathway and that PM2.5 aggravates COPD.

Optimal treatment and prognostic factors for esthesioneuroblastoma: retrospective analysis of 187 Chinese patients.

BACKGROUND: The standard treatment for esthesioneuroblastoma, a rare malignant nasal vault neoplasm, is not established. METHODS: We retrospectively assessed the clinicopathological features, prognostic factors and treatment methods for 187 patients with esthesioneuroblastoma treated in China between 1981 and 2015. Overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were evaluated using the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank tests. RESULTS: Twenty-three (12.3%), 48 (25.7%) and 113 (60.4%) patients had Kadish stage A, B and C esthesioneuroblastoma; 3 (1.6%) had unknown stage. Overall, 117 (62.6%) patients received surgery and combined radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy; 35 (18.7%) received radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy; 32 (17.1%) received surgery alone; and 3 (1.6%) received palliative treatment. Three-year OS and DFS for the entire cohort were 66.7% and 57.5%, respectively. Three-year OS for stage A, B and C were 91.3%, 91.2% and 49.5% (P < 0.0001). Three-year OS was 16.7% and 66.7% for patients with and without distant metastasis (P < 0.0001). Surgery and combined radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy led to better OS and DFS than other treatment modes (both P < 0.0001). Univariate and multivariate analysis showed distant metastasis (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.162, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.145, 4.082, P = 0.017) and not receiving a combined modality treatment (HR = 2.391, 95% CI = 1.356, 4.218, P = 0.003) were independent prognostic factors for poor OS and DFS. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates surgery and combined radiotherapy may currently be the optimal treatment for esthesioneuroblastoma.

Effects of Astragalus and Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharides on alveolar macrophage phagocytosis and inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease mice exposed to PM2.5.

Astragalus and Codonopsis pilosula are used for their immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects. Here, we investigated the effects of Astragalus polysaccharides (APS) and Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharides (CPP) on alveolar macrophage (AM) phagocytosis and inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) associated with exposure to particulate matter with a mean aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5µm (PM2.5). A mouse model of COPD was established by cigarette smoke exposure. PM2.5 exposure was performed by inhalation of a PM2.5 solution aerosol. APS and CPP were administered intragastrically. COPD showed defective AM phagocytosis and increased levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and serum. PM2.5 exposure aggravated the damage, and this effect was reversed by APS and CPP gavage. The results indicate that APS and CPP may promote defective AM phagocytosis and ameliorate the inflammatory response in COPD with or without PM2.5 exposure.

Can hemozoin alone cause host anaemia?

Both schistosomes and malaria parasites produce hemozoin and cause host anaemia. However, the relationship between anaemia and hemozoin is unclear. Although some studies have proposed that hemozoin is related to anaemia in malaria patients, whether hemozoin alone can cause anaemia in patients infected by malaria parasites or schistosomes is uncertain. To investigate the effect of hemozoin on hosts, ß-haematin was injected intravenously to normal mice. Then, liver and spleen tissues were observed. Mouse blood was examined. Red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs) and haemoglobin were analysed. Macrophage changes in the spleens and marrow cells were compared using immunofluorescence and H&E or Giemsa stain, respectively. We found that after 15 injections of ß-haematin, a large amount of ß-haematin was observed to deposit in the livers and spleens. Splenomegaly and bone marrow mild hyperplasia were detected. The average number of RBCs, average number of WBCs and average concentration of haemoglobin decreased significantly from 9.36 × 1012 cells/L to 8.7 × 1012 cells/L, 3.8 × 109 cells/L to 1.7 × 109 cells/L and 142.8 g/L to 131.8 g/L, respectively. In specific, the number of macrophages in the spleens greatly increased after ß-haematin infection. The results showed that injections of ß-haematin alone can cause anaemia possibly through hypersplenism.

Effects of resveratrol and genistein on nuclear factor­κB, tumor necrosis factor­α and matrix metalloproteinase­9 in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Chronic airway inflammation and airway remodeling are the major pathophysiological characteristics of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Resveratrol and genistein have been previously demonstrated to have anti­inflammatory and antioxidative properties. The present study aimed to measure the inhibitory effects of resveratrol and genistein on tumor necrosis factor (TNF)­α and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)­9 concentration in patients with COPD. Lymphocytes were isolated from the blood of 34 patients with COPD and 30 healthy subjects, then randomly divided into the following four treatment groups: Control, dexamethasone (0.5 µmol/l), resveratrol (12.5 µmol/l) and genistein (25 µmol/l) groups. After 1 h of treatment, 100 µl lymphocytes were collected for nuclear factor (NF)­κB immunocytochemical staining. After 48 h treatment, the supernatant of the lymphocytes was collected for analysis of TNF­α and MMP­9 concentration levels. The percentage of lymphocytes with positive nuclear NF­κB expression was analyzed by immunocytochemical staining. The concentration levels of TNF­α and MMP­9 were measured using radioimmunoassay and enzyme­linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. The present study demonstrated that the percentage of NF­κB­positive cells, and the levels of TNF­α and MMP­9 in lymphocytes from patients with COPD patients were significantly higher compared with healthy subjects. Additionally, there were positive correlations between the percentage of NF­κB­positive cells, and the concentration levels of TNF­α and MMP­9 in patients with COPD. All three factors were significantly reduced in lymphocytes treated with resveratrol and genistein, and the inhibitory effects of resveratrol on NF­κB, TNF­α and MMP­9 were more potent than the effects of genistein. In conclusion, resveratrol and genistein may inhibit the NF­κB, TNF­α and MMP­9­associated pathways in patients with COPD. It is suggested that resveratrol and genistein may be potential drugs candidates for use in the treatment of COPD.

[Value of five-repetition sit-to-stand test in clinical evaluation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the value of five-repetition sit-to-stand test (5STS) in clinical evaluation of elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). METHODS: Fifty-one patients with COPD and 20 healthy individuals were enrolled in this study. All the participants underwent 5STS, pulmonary function examination, and 6 min walking test (6MWT) and were evaluated for severity of dyspnea (by mMRC) and BODE index during the tests. RESULTS: All the participants completed 5STS test with a good reproducibility of the time used for 3 sessions of the test (P<0.001). The mean time used by COPD patients for 5STS was significantly longer than that by healthy individuals (12.93±3.11s vs 0.72±0.71 s, P=0.002). The results of 5STS showed a significant negative correlation with those of 6MWT in the case group and control group with correlation coefficients of -0.611 and -0.682, respectively. The results of 5STS were negatively correlated with FEV1%Pre and body mass index (P<0.05) but positively with mMRC and BODE index in COPD patients (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: 5STS is a simple and reproducible test to evaluate the patients' exercise capacity and the severity of COPD, and is well correlated with the current methods for clinical evaluation of COPD.