Evaluation of Ki-67, CD68 and Bcl-2 staining, dialysis and mortality in crescentic glomerulonephritis / Evaluación de tinción de Ki-67, CD68 y Bcl-2, diálisis y mortalidad en glomerulonefritis de crescéntica

ABSTRACT Introduction: Immunohistochemical staining of Ki-67, CD68 and Bcl-2 have been studied in glomerulonephritis. We aimed to assess these immunohistochemical staining features, hemodialysis initiation and 60 month mortality ratesin crescentic glomerulonephritis. Methods: In this retrospective study, patients, with a previous diagnosisof crescentic glomerulonephritis weredivided into two groups: Hemodialysis Initiated and Not Initiated groups. Kidney biopsy specimens'Ki-67, CD68 and Bcl-2 staining scores were defined as below 5% "0", 5-10% "+1", 11-20% "+2", over 20% "+3". Patients demographic, laboratory data, status ofhemodialysis initiation, and mortality wereobtained from medical records and immunohistochemical staining scores were compared between groups. Estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) were assessed at 0, 6, and 12 months, except patients' ongoing hemodialysis. Results: A total of 56 patients were diagnosed as crescentic glomerulonephritis. Pauci-immune crescentic glomerulonephritis (58.9%) was the most common etiology. Hemodialysis was initiated in 36 patients. Mean age, baseline creatinine, urea, C-reactive protein levels were significantly higher and, hemoglobin and proteinuria levels were significantly lower in the Hemodialysis Initiated group. Immunohistochemical staining scores were not significantlydifferentbetween groups. In Hemodialysis Initiated group, 8.33% of patients were recovered from hemodialysis. Mortality rates were 44,4% and 10% in patients in the group of hemodialysis initiated and not initiated group respectively. When we combine the hemodialysis not initiated patients and patients recovered from hemodialysis;median eGFR atbaseline, 6th and 12th month were32.9, 43.9, and 58.0 mL/min/1.73m2, respectively (p=0.016). Conclusion: Hemodialysis initiation was associated with high mortality. Degree of immunohistochemical staining was similar in both groups. Increment in eGFR was documented in first year in patients, other than the ones on still on hemodialysis.

RESUMEN Introducción: Se ha estudiado la tinción inmunohistoquímica de Ki-67, CD68 y Bcl-2 en glomerulonefritis. Objetivo: Evaluar estas características de tinción inmunohistoquímica, el inicio de la hemodiálisis y la tasa de mortalidad a los 60 meses en la glomerulonefritis crescéntica. Material y métodos: En este estudio retrospectivo, los pacientes, con diagnóstico previo de glomerulonefritis crescéntica se dividieron en dos grupos: Hemodiálisis iniciada y no iniciada.La puntuación de tinción Ki-67, CD68 y Bcl-2 de las muestras de biopsia de riñón se definió del siguiente modo: por debajo del 5% "0", 5-10% "+1", 11-20% "+2", más del 20% "+3".Se compararon los siguientes datos en los pacientes: demografía, resultados de laboratorio, de iniciación de la hemodiálisis y la mortalidad obtenida de los registros médicos y las puntuaciones de tinción inmunohistoquímica entre los grupos.La Tasa de filtrado glomerular estimada(TFGe) fue evaluada a los 0, 6 y 12 meses,excepto en los pacientes en hemodiálisis en curso. Resultados: Un total de 56 pacientes fueron diagnosticados con glomerulonefritis crescéntica. La glomerulonefritis crescénticapauciinmune(58,9%) fue la etiología más común. Se inició hemodiálisis en 36 pacientes.La edad media, los niveles basales de creatinina, urea y proteína C reactiva fueron significativamente más altos, y los niveles de hemoglobina y proteinuria fueron significativamente más bajos en el grupo de Hemodiálisis Iniciada. Las puntuaciones de tinción inmunohistoquímica no fueron significativas entre los grupos. En el grupo de Hemodiálisis Iniciada 8,33% de los pacientes recuperó función renal y salió de diálisis. La tasa de mortalidad en el grupo de Hemodiálisis no Iniciada fue del 10,0% y en el grupo que inicio HD del 44%. Cuando combinamos los pacientes Hemodiálisis no Iniciada y los pacientes recuperados de hemodiálisis la mediana de TGFe en la línea de base, 6º y 12º mes fue 32,9, 43,9 y 58,0 mL/minuto/1,73m2, respectivamente (p<0,016). Conclusión: El inicio de la hemodiálisis se asoció con una alta mortalidad. El grado de tinción inmunohistoquímica fue similar en ambos grupos. El incremento de la TFGe se documentó en el primer año en pacientes distintos de los que aún estaban en hemodiálisis.

Investigation of landslide detection using radial basis functions: a case study of the Taskent landslide, Turkey.

This paper investigates landslide detection over flat and steep-slope areas with large forest cover using different radial basis function interpolation methods, which can affect the quality of a digital elevation model. Unmanned aerial vehicles have been widely used in landslide detection studies. The generation of image-based point clouds is achievable with various matching algorithms from computer vision systems. Point cloud-based analysis was performed by generating multi-temporal digital elevation models to detect landslide displacement. Interpolation methodology has a crucial task to fill the gaps in insufficient areas that result from filtered areas or sensors that do not generate spatial information. Radial basis function interpolations are the most commonly used technique for estimating the unknown values in survey areas. However, the quality of the radial basis function interpolation methods for landslide studies has not been thoroughly investigated in previous studies. In this study, radial basis function interpolation methods are investigated and compared with the global navigational satellite systems, which provide high accuracy for geodetic measurement systems. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the various radial basis function models to detect landslides using a point cloud-based digital elevation model and determine the quality of detection with global navigational satellite systems. As a result of this study, each of the radial basis function-generated digital elevation models was found to be statistically compatible with global navigational satellite systems, resulting in displacements from the ground truth data.

Assessment of changes in masseter muscle by three-dimensional close-range photogrammetry after Botulinum toxin type-A injection: A case report with review of literature.

Masseter muscle hypertrophy (MMH) is a benign, unilateral or bilateral, painless enlargement. Treatment protocols include surgical excision or a non-invasive option, using botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A). There is no study in the literature that measures this dimensional change in the masseter muscle (MM). The aim of this case report is to present changes in volume and surface area in MM with three-dimensional closer an gestereophotogrammetry (3DCS). For treatment 30 units of BTX-A was injected into the three points hypertrophic muscle and patient records were taken to compare with 3DCS with a non-metric Canon EOS 550 D camera before and after injection. The changes in the surface area and volume of this muscle were mapped and the objective data were obtained. This technique is useful for predicting the results of BTX-A application, and can be a useful tool for better physicianpatient communication.