[Multi-component content determination of Dracocephalum tanguticum by quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker].

This study aims to establish a method for the simultaneous determination of 7 active components in Dracocephalum tanguticum and to evaluate the quality of medicinal materials from different habitats. The method was established with high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) and the gradient elution was performed with the mobile phase of acetonitrile-methanol-0.2% phosphoric acid solution at a column temperature of 35 ℃, an injection volume of 15 µL, and a flow rate of 0.6 mL·min~(-1). The detection wavelength was set as 215 nm. With rosmarinic acid as the internal reference, the relative correction factors and the content of other 6 components were calculated. The results were compared with those obtained with the external standard method. The results showed that the samples from Huangzhong county, Qinghai province had the best quality, with the highest content of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, cosmosiin, rosmarinic acid, oleanolic acid, and ursolic acid(9.29, 12.14, 6.02, 3.11, 17.67 mg·g~(-1) respectively). The samples from Chaya county, Tibet autonomous region ranked the second, with the highest content of betulin and betulinic acid(15.53, 7.17 mg·g~(-1), respectively). The method is accurate, reliable, and repeatable and suitable for the simultaneous determination of multiple components in D. tanguticum. The content of functional components varied in the samples from different producing areas and can be used as the indicator for the quality evaluation of medicinal materials.

Estrogen-responsive neural circuits governing male and female mating behavior in mice.

Decades of knockout analyses have highlighted the crucial involvement of estrogen receptors and downstream genes in controlling mating behaviors. More recently, advancements in neural circuit research have unveiled a distributed subcortical network comprising estrogen-receptor or estrogen-synthesis-enzyme-expressing cells that transforms sensory inputs into sex-specific mating actions. This review provides an overview of the latest discoveries on estrogen-responsive neurons in various brain regions and the associated neural circuits that govern different aspects of male and female mating actions in mice. By contextualizing these findings within previous knockout studies of estrogen receptors, we emphasize the emerging field of "circuit genetics", where identifying mating behavior-related neural circuits may allow for a more precise evaluation of gene functions within these circuits. Such investigations will enable a deeper understanding of how hormone fluctuation, acting through estrogen receptors and downstream genes, influences the connectivity and activity of neural circuits, ultimately impacting the manifestation of innate mating actions.

Sexually dimorphic effects of estrogen receptor 2 deletion in the dorsal raphe nucleus on emotional behaviors.

Sex differences in emotional behaviors and affective disorders have been widely noted, of which sexually dimorphic secretion of gonadal steroid hormones such as estrogen is suspected to play a role. However, the underlying neural mechanisms remain poorly understood. We noted that the expression of estrogen receptor 2 (Esr2, or ERß), a key mediator of estrogen signaling in the brain, was enriched in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), a region involved in emotion regulation. To investigate whether DRN Esr2 expression confers sex-specific susceptibility or vulnerability in emotional behaviors, we generated a conditional allele of Esr2 that allowed for site-specific deletion of Esr2 in the DRN via local injection of Cre-expressing viruses. DRN-specific Esr2 deletion mildly increased anxiety behaviors in females, as shown by decreased time spent in the center zone of an open field in knockout females. By contrast, DRN Esr2 deletion had no effects on anxiety levels in males, as demonstrated by knockout males spending comparable time in the center zone of an open field and open arms of an elevated-plus maze. Furthermore, in the tail suspension test, DRN Esr2 deletion reduced immobility, a depression-like behavior, in a male-biased manner. Together, these results reveal sex-specific functions of DRN Esr2 in regulating emotional behaviors and suggest targeted manipulation of DRN Esr2 signaling as a potential therapeutic strategy to treat sex-biased affective disorders.

Multi-component content determination of Dracocephalum tanguticum by quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker / 中国中药杂志

This study aims to establish a method for the simultaneous determination of 7 active components in Dracocephalum tanguticum and to evaluate the quality of medicinal materials from different habitats. The method was established with high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) and the gradient elution was performed with the mobile phase of acetonitrile-methanol-0.2% phosphoric acid solution at a column temperature of 35 ℃, an injection volume of 15 μL, and a flow rate of 0.6 mL·min~(-1). The detection wavelength was set as 215 nm. With rosmarinic acid as the internal reference, the relative correction factors and the content of other 6 components were calculated. The results were compared with those obtained with the external standard method. The results showed that the samples from Huangzhong county, Qinghai province had the best quality, with the highest content of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, cosmosiin, rosmarinic acid, oleanolic acid, and ursolic acid(9.29, 12.14, 6.02, 3.11, 17.67 mg·g~(-1) respectively). The samples from Chaya county, Tibet autonomous region ranked the second, with the highest content of betulin and betulinic acid(15.53, 7.17 mg·g~(-1), respectively). The method is accurate, reliable, and repeatable and suitable for the simultaneous determination of multiple components in D. tanguticum. The content of functional components varied in the samples from different producing areas and can be used as the indicator for the quality evaluation of medicinal materials.

A circuit from the ventral subiculum to anterior hypothalamic nucleus GABAergic neurons essential for anxiety-like behavioral avoidance.

Behavioral observations suggest a connection between anxiety and predator defense, but the underlying neural mechanisms remain unclear. Here we examine the role of the anterior hypothalamic nucleus (AHN), a node in the predator defense network, in anxiety-like behaviors. By in vivo recordings in male mice, we find that activity of AHN GABAergic (AHNVgat+) neurons shows individually stable increases when animals approach unfamiliar objects in an open field (OF) or when they explore the open-arm of an elevated plus-maze (EPM). Moreover, object-evoked AHN activity overlap with predator cue responses and correlate with the object and open-arm avoidance. Crucially, exploration-triggered optogenetic inhibition of AHNVgat+ neurons reduces object and open-arm avoidance. Furthermore, retrograde viral tracing identifies the ventral subiculum (vSub) of the hippocampal formation as a significant input to AHNVgat+ neurons in driving avoidance behaviors in anxiogenic situations. Thus, convergent activation of AHNVgat+ neurons serves as a shared mechanism between anxiety and predator defense to promote behavioral avoidance.

Enhancing the Spin-Orbit Torque Efficiency by the Insertion of a Sub-nanometer ß-W Layer.

Spin-orbit torque (SOT) efficiency is one of the key issues of spintronics. However, enhancing the SOT efficiency is usually limited by the positive correlation between resistivity and the spin Hall ratio, where a high resistivity often accompanies a large spin Hall ratio. Here, we demonstrate that sub-nanometer ß-W intercalation has a considerable impact on the SOT efficiency in α-W (6 nm)/Co (8 nm)/Pt (3 nm) samples. The damping-like SOT efficiency per unit current density, ξDLj, of α-W (5.7 nm)/ß-W (0.3 nm)/Co (8 nm)/Pt (3 nm) shows a ∼ 296% enhancement compared to that of the α-W/Co/Pt system. Meanwhile, a resistivity similar to that of α-W and the spin Hall ratio larger than ß-W induce a giant damping-like SOT efficiency per applied electric field, ξDLE, which is about 12.1 times larger than that of ß-W. Our findings will benefit the SOT devices by reducing energy consumption.

Cold-sensitive ventromedial hypothalamic neurons control homeostatic thermogenesis and social interaction-associated hyperthermia.

Homeostatic thermogenesis is an essential protective feature of endotherms. However, the specific neuronal types involved in cold-induced thermogenesis remain largely unknown. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging and in situ hybridization, we screened for cold-sensitive neurons and found preprodynorphin (PDYN)-expressing cells in the dorsal medial region of the ventromedial hypothalamus (dmVMH) to be a candidate. Subsequent in vivo calcium recording showed that cold temperature activates dmVMHPdyn neurons, whereas hot temperature suppresses them. In addition, optogenetic activation of dmVMHPdyn neurons increases the brown adipose tissue and core body temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure, whereas optogenetic inhibition shows opposite effects, supporting their role in homeostatic thermogenesis. Furthermore, we found that dmVMHPdyn neurons are linked to known thermoregulatory circuits. Importantly, dmVMHPdyn neurons also show activation during mouse social interaction, and optogenetic inhibition suppresses social interaction and associated hyperthermia. Together, our study describes dual functions of dmVMHPdyn neurons that allow coordinated regulation of body temperature and social behaviors.

M2 macrophagy-derived exosomal miRNA-26a-5p induces osteogenic differentiation of bone mesenchymal stem cells.

BACKGROUND: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells have always been a heated research topic in bone tissue regeneration and repair because of their self-renewal and multi-differentiation potential. A large number of studies have been focused on finding the inducing factors that will promote the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Previous studies have shown that macrophage exosomes or miRNA-26a-5p can make it work, but the function of this kind of substance on cell osteogenic differentiation has not been public. METHODS: M2 macrophages are obtained from IL-4 polarized bone marrow-derived macrophages. Exosomes were isolated from the supernatant of M2 macrophages and identified via transmission electron microscopy (TEM), western blotting, and DLS. Chondrogenic differentiation potential was detected by Alcian blue staining. Oil red O staining was used to detect the potential for lipogenic differentiation. And MTT would detect the proliferative capacity of cells. Western blot was performed to detect differential expression of osteogenic differentiation-related proteins. RESULTS: The results showed that M2 macrophage exosomes will promote bone differentiation and at the same time inhibit lipid differentiation. In addition, M2 macrophage-derived exosomes have the function of promoting the expression of SOX and Aggrecan suppressing the level of MMP13. The exosome inhibitor GW4689 suppresses miRNA-26a-5p in M2 macrophage exosomes, and the treated exosomes do not play an important role in promoting bone differentiation. Moreover, miRNA-26a-5p can enable to promote bone differentiation and inhibit lipid differentiation. miRNA-26a-5p can promote the expression of ALP (alkaline phosphatase), RUNX-2 (Runt-related transcription factor 2), OPN(osteopontin), and Col-2(collagen type II). Therefore, it is speculated that exosomal miRNA-26a-5p is indispensable in osteogenic differentiation. CONCLUSIONS: The present study indicated that M2 macrophage exosomes carrying miRNA-26a-5p can induce osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived stem cells to inhibit lipogenic differentiation, and miRNA-26a-5p will also promote the expression of osteogenic differentiation-related proteins ALP, RUNX-2, OPN, and Col-2.

Giant tunable spin Hall angle in sputtered Bi2Se3 controlled by an electric field.

Finding an effective way to greatly tune spin Hall angle in a low power manner is of fundamental importance for tunable and energy-efficient spintronic devices. Recently, topological insulator of Bi2Se3, having a large intrinsic spin Hall angle, show great capability to generate strong current-induced spin-orbit torques. Here we demonstrate that the spin Hall angle in Bi2Se3 can be effectively tuned asymmetrically and even enhanced about 600% reversibly by applying a bipolar electric field across the piezoelectric substrate. We reveal that the enhancement of spin Hall angle originates from both the charge doping and piezoelectric strain effet on the spin Berry curvature near Fermi level in Bi2Se3. Our findings provide a platform for achieving low power consumption and tunable spintronic devices.

Efficacy and safety of corticosteroid in the treatment of hand osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy and safety of corticosteroid therapy including oral corticosteroid and intra-articular corticosteroid in patients with hand osteoarthritis (OA), to provide treatment recommendations, and provide data-driven suggestions for future studies. METHODS: A systematic review of the literature was performed from inception to February 19, 2020, and the study was conducted on February 20, 2020. All controlled trials in Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane library reporting the efficacy on pain, functional recovery, and adverse events of corticosteroids in hand osteoarthritis were selected. The primary outcome was pain assessed on a visual analogue scale (VAS) lasting for up to 24 weeks. Pooled mean difference (MD) for continuous variable and risk ratio (RR) for dichotomous variable, with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), was assessed by a random effects model. RESULTS: Overall, seven trials totaling 511 participants were included in this study. The pooled analysis showed a significant difference in VAS pain (MD, - 5.75; 95% CI, - 10.08 to - 1.42, I2 = 40%). No significant differences were observed in any of the adverse events. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest corticosteroids in hand OA might improve local pain and promote functional recovery. However, since these findings were based on only 7 studies and due to significant heterogeneity across the included studies, these findings need to be confirmed by future clinical trials with a higher number of patients. KEY POINTS: • Current evidences of glucocorticoids for the management of hand osteoarthritis (OA) were insufficient and more evidences were needed. • The results of the present meta-analysis revealed corticosteroids in hand OA might improve local pain and promote functional recovery. • These findings need to be confirmed by future clinical trials with a higher number of patients.

Hysteropreservation versus hysterectomy in uterine prolapse surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: Hysteropreservation and hysterectomy for uterine prolapse have been compared in several randomized controlled trials (RCTs), as the best treatment has not been definitively determined. This study aimed to summarize the available evidence in RCTs of hysteropreservation versus hysterectomy. METHODS: We performed electronic searches in the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases for eligible RCTs from inception to June 2020. The relative risks (RRs) and weighted mean differences (WMDs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for categorical and continuous variables using random-effects models. RESULTS: Twelve RCTs involving 1177 patients were selected for meta-analysis. There were no significant differences between hysteropreservation and hysterectomy for the incidences of recurrence (RR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.26-1.19; P = 0.130) and reoperation (RR, 1.15; 95% CI, 0.56-2.37; P = 0.705). Moreover, neither hysteropreservation nor hysterectomy had any significant effect on the risk of constipation (RR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.15-3.46; P = 0.681), voiding dysfunction (RR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.54-1.84; P = 0.981), intraoperative bleeding (RR, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.05-2.26; P = 0.271), upper leg dullness (RR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.15-3.17; P = 0.643), dyspareunia (RR, 1.47; 95% CI, 0.69-3.13; P = 0.317), and wound infection (RR, 1.38; 95% CI, 0.24-7.80; P = 0.714). Furthermore, hysteropreservation was associated with less intraoperative blood loss (WMD, -25.68; 95% CI, -44.39 to -6.96; P = 0.007), shorter duration of surgery (WMD, -11.30; 95% CI, -19.04 to -3.55; P = 0.004), and shorter duration of hospitalization (WMD, -0.63; 95% CI, -1.10 to -0.16; P = 0.009) compared with hysterectomy. CONCLUSION: This study found that both hysteropreservation and hysterectomy have similar effects on recurrence and reoperation rates, while hysteropreservation was superior to hysterectomy in reducing intraoperative blood loss and shortening the duration of surgery and hospitalization.

Risk factors of primary acute mesenteric venous thrombosis in plateau area / 中华普通外科杂志

Objective:To explore the risk factors of primary acute mesenteric venous thrombosis (AMVT) in plateau area.Methods:Data of 54 primary AMVT cases admitted to the People's Hospital of Tibet Autonomous Region between Jan 2015 and Jul 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. There were 42 males and 12 females, aged from 29-79 years. One hundred and ninty matched volunteers severed as control. Logistic multivariate regression analysis was used to screen out independent risk factors. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and the area under the curve are used to evaluate the value of each indicator and model prediction.Results:Univariate analysis showed that the two groups were significantly different in gender, smoking history, drinking history, and hemoglobin concentration ( P<0.05); there was no significant difference in age, altitude of residence, uric acid and BMI ( P>0.05). Logistic multivariate regression analysis showed that male ( OR=2.466, 95% CI: 1.166-5.212, P=0.018), elevated hemoglobin levels ( OR=2.761, 95% CI: 1.411-5.403, P=0.003) were independent risk factors for primary AMVT. The area under the ROC curve of the two predictors and prediction model are 0.639 (95% CI: 0.559-0.719), 0.650 (95% CI: 0.563-0.737), 0.697 (95% CI: 0.618-0.776). Conclusion:Male and elevated hemoglobin levels are independent risk factors for primary AMVT in plateau areas.

Exosomes Derived from M2 Macrophages Exert a Therapeutic Effect via Inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway in Rats with Knee Osteoarthritic.

Macrophages are commonly classified as M1 macrophages or M2 macrophages. M2 macrophages are obtained by stimulation of IL-4 with anti-inflammatory and tissue repair effects. Exosomes are 30-150 nm lipid bilayer membrane vesicles derived from most living cells and have a variety of biological functions. Previous studies have shown that macrophage exosomes can influence the course of some autoimmune diseases, but their effect on knee osteoarthritis (KOA) has not been reported. Here, we analyze the roles of exosomes derived from M2 macrophage phenotypes in KOA rats. Exosomes were isolated from the supernatant of M2 macrophages and identified via transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Western blotting, and DLS. The results showed that M2 macrophage exosomes significantly attenuated the inflammatory response and pathological damage of articular cartilage in KOA rats. In addition, a key protein associated with KOA including Aggrecan, Col-10, SOX6, and Runx2 was significantly increased, while MMP-13 was significantly suppressed following treatment with M2 macrophage exosomes. The present study indicated that M2 macrophage exosomes exerted protective effects on KOA rats mainly mediated by the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signal pathway. These findings provide a novel approach for the treatment of KOA.

Neural circuit mechanisms that govern inter-male attack in mice.

Individuals of many species fight with conspecifics to gain access to or defend critical resources essential for survival and reproduction. Such intraspecific fighting is evolutionarily selected for in a species-, sex-, and environment-dependent manner when the value of resources secured exceeds the cost of fighting. One such example is males fighting for chances to mate with females. Recent advances in new tools open up ways to dissect the detailed neural circuit mechanisms that govern intraspecific, particularly inter-male, aggression in the model organism Mus musculus (house mouse). By targeting and functional manipulating genetically defined populations of neurons and their projections, these studies reveal a core neural circuit that controls the display of reactive male-male attacks in mice, from sensory detection to decision making and action selection. Here, we summarize these critical results. We then describe various modulatory inputs that route into the core circuit to afford state-dependent and top-down modulation of inter-male attacks. While reviewing these exciting developments, we note that how the inter-male attack circuit converges or diverges with neural circuits that mediate other forms of social interactions remain not fully understood. Finally, we emphasize the importance of combining circuit, pharmacological, and genetic analysis when studying the neural control of aggression in the future.

Anger management: pSI has a say in it.

In this issue of Neuron, Zhu et al. (2021) reveal that activities in posterior substantia innominate (pSI) neurons that project to the periaqueductal gray (PAG) are both necessary and sufficient to drive aggressive attacks in mice under various conditions.

A novel mechanism of streptomycin resistance in Yersinia pestis: Mutation in the rpsL gene.

Streptomycin is considered to be one of the effective antibiotics for the treatment of plague. In order to investigate the streptomycin resistance of Y. pestis in China, we evaluated streptomycin susceptibility of 536 Y. pestis strains in China in vitro using the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and screened streptomycin resistance-associated genes (strA and strB) by PCR method. A clinical Y. pestis isolate (S19960127) exhibited high-level resistance to streptomycin (the MIC was 4,096 mg/L). The strain (biovar antiqua) was isolated from a pneumonic plague outbreak in 1996 in Tibet Autonomous Region, China, belonging to the Marmota himalayana Qinghai-Tibet Plateau plague focus. In contrast to previously reported streptomycin resistance mediated by conjugative plasmids, the genome sequencing and allelic replacement experiments demonstrated that an rpsL gene (ribosomal protein S12) mutation with substitution of amino-acid 43 (K43R) was responsible for the high-level resistance to streptomycin in strain S19960127, which is consistent with the mutation reported in some streptomycin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains. Streptomycin is used as the first-line treatment against plague in many countries. The emergence of streptomycin resistance in Y. pestis represents a critical public health problem. So streptomycin susceptibility monitoring of Y. pestis isolates should not only include plasmid-mediated resistance but also include the ribosomal protein S12 gene (rpsL) mutation, especially when treatment failure is suspected due to antibiotic resistance.

Acute hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity risk assessment of the Tibetan medicine 25 flavors of the turquoise pill based on 1H-NMR metabonomics.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: 25 flavors of the turquoise pill, a traditional Tibetan medicine for the treatment of various types of hepatitis, has not been investigated on its safety, especially the component mineral turquoise, which is believed to be essential but worried for its potential toxicity. AIM OF THE STUDY: To explore the potential acute toxicity and function of 25 flavors of the turquoise pill and turquoise, the possible mechanism of the effects of turquoise and 25 flavors of the turquoise pill were systematically studied based on 1H NMR metabolomics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The rats were administered with turquoise and 25 flavors of the turquoise pill by gavage for 7 days, and samples of serum, liver, and kidney were collected. The potential toxicity and function of turquoise and 25 flavors of the turquoise pill on the liver and kidney of SD rats were evaluated by 1H NMR metabonomics, histopathology, and biochemical indexes. RESULTS: The results demonstrated that 25 flavors of the turquoise pill could scavenge free oxygen radicals, strengthen aerobic respiration and inhibit glycolysis in the liver. It did not cause oxidative stress in the kidney with no obvious damage. By modulation of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), 25 flavors of the turquoise pill can improve the utilization of glucose and promote aerobic respiration of the kidney. CONCLUSION: Considering the high dosage and short duration used in this study relative to their typical clinical usage, administration of 25 flavors of the turquoise pill and its component mineral turquoise are safe to livers and kidneys.

Minimally invasive surgery vs laparotomy in patients with colon cancer residing in high-altitude areas.

BACKGROUND: Colon cancer is associated with a higher incidence among residents in high-altitude areas. Hypoxic environment at high altitudes inhibits the phagocytic and oxygen-dependent killing function of phagocytes, thereby increasing the inflammatory factors, inhibiting the body's innate immunity and increasing the risk of colon cancer. AIM: To examine the effect of minimally invasive surgery vs laparotomy in patients with colon cancer residing in high-altitude areas. METHODS: Ninety-two patients with colon cancer in our hospital from January 2019 to February 2021 were selected and divided into the minimally invasive surgery and laparotomy groups using the random number table method, with 46 patients in each group. Minimally invasive surgery was performed in the minimally invasive group and laparotomy in the laparotomy group. Operative conditions, inflammatory index pre- and post-surgery, immune function index and complication probability were measured. RESULTS: Operative duration was significantly longer and intraoperative blood loss and recovery time of gastrointestinal function were significantly less (all P < 0.05) in the minimally invasive group than in the laparotomy group. The number of lymph nodes dissected was not significantly different. Before surgery, there were no significant differences in serum C-reactive protein, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α levels between the groups, whereas after surgery, the levels were significantly higher in the minimally invasive group (26.98 ± 6.91 mg/L, 146.38 ± 11.23 ng/mL and 83.51 ± 8.69 pg/mL vs 41.15 ± 8.39 mg/L, 186.79 ± 15.36 ng/mL and 110.65 ± 12.84 pg/mL, respectively, P < 0.05). Furthermore, before surgery, there were no significant differences in CD3+, CD4+ and CD4+/CD8+ levels between the groups, whereas after surgery, the levels decreased in both groups, being significantly higher in the minimally invasive group (55.61% ± 4.39%, 35.45% ± 3.67% and 1.30 ± 0.35 vs 49.68% ± 5.33%, 31.21% ± 3.25% and 1.13 ± 0.30, respectively, P < 0.05). Complication probability was significantly lower in the minimally invasive group (4.35% vs 17.39%, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic minimally invasive procedures reduce surgical trauma and alleviate the inflammatory response and immune dysfunction caused by invasive operation. It also shortens recovery time and reduces complication probability.

Generic Association Analysis on "Prescription-Formula-Dosage-Property" of Tibetan Medicine Based on Partial Order Structure and Property Theory / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:In view of the complexity of the "Prescription-Formula-Dosage-Property" relationship of Tibetan medicine and the outstanding common relationship，it is difficult to reveal the hidden and specific rules of clinical medication of Tibetan medicine. Method:Based on the attribute partial order structure and the vector structure model of "Ro-Nus-Zhu-Rjes"（Taste，Post-Digestive Tastes and Potency），clustering analysis and other methods and software，this study analyzed the "Prescription-Formula-Dosage-Property" relationship of 184 commonly used prescriptions in the 1995 edition of the standards issued by the Ministry of Tibetan medicine（SIMTM）. Result:Among them，the analysis of the relationship between prescription and formula found that 11 prescriptions with the largest common attribute，such as Chebulae Fructus and Carthami Flos，were the key components of classification and compatibility，which could effectively classify the 8 kinds of prescriptions for the treatment of lung disease，tripa disease and blood fever. Among them，the san Yin and auxiliary viscera function prescriptions，such as Sanguotang powder and Liuwei Liangyao powder，had the strongest commonality. According to the analysis of relationship between formula and dosage ，the dosage of Chebulae Fructus，Carthami Flos，pomegranate seed，Phyllanthi Fructus was the highest，which suggested that these drugs were often used as primary drugs，while the Liuwei Liangyao powder，such as Amomi Fructus Rotundus and Tsaoko Fructus，had a higher frequency but a lower dose，which mainly played a role in regulating the overall drug property of the prescription and protecting the viscera. The Tibetan medicine-specific drugs including Moschus，Bovis Calculus，and Zhaxun，which were used in a high frequency but very low dose，had the effect of enhancing the drug property and guiding the affected part. According to the analysis of the relationship between dosage and property，there were many prescriptions belonging to cool nature，accounting for 75.6%. It was found that 67 prescriptions did not conform to the efficacy due to their different dosage. Conclusion:There are many common components and common usages in Tibetan medicine prescriptions. If these common associations are not treated，it will lead to the result that all diseases take these common associations as the core，but the hidden key factors cannot be solved. Therefore，it is necessary to pay attention to sensitivity and specificity at the multi-dimensional level of "prescription-formula-dosage-property"，so as to reveal the clinical medication thought of Tibetan medicine more effectively.

Complete chloroplast genome sequence of Acer ginnala, an important ornamental tree.

Acer ginnala is a woody Acer plant with high ornamental value. In the present study, the chloroplast genome of A. ginnala was determined, annotated, and analyzed phylogenetically. The total chloroplast genome was 156,184 bp in length, consisting of a large single-copy region (86,525 bp), a small single-copy region (18,947 bp), and two inverted repeat regions (25,356 bp). The complete chloroplast genome contains 133 genes, including 90 protein-coding genes, 36 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, and 8 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. The phylogenetic analysis based on the sequences of 49 common proteins from 25 species demonstrated a close relationship between A. ginnala and three others Acer plants species including A. truncatum, A. miaotaiense, and A.catalpifolium. This study will help to understand the phylogenetic position of A. ginnala in genus Acer.