[Assesment of the nutrition and antioxidant activity of biological liquids in students].

Studying of quality of nutrition of students is of great importance as it is one of the major factors defining the state of health, especially during the periods of adaptation to the changing conditions of the environment and stressful situations. Stability or, on the contrary, predisposition to stressor violations is defined by numerous factors including the nutritive status of an organism. The purpose of the research was the analysis of the actual diet of the studying youth during educational process and assessment antioxidant activity of biological liquids of an organism. 74 students shared in a research: 30 young men and 44 girls. For assessment of the actual nutrition a method of the food diary within 5 days, excepting days off and holidays, has been used. It has been established that frequency of a meal at most of students was 3-4 times a day. Most of students consumed the first dishes1-2 times a week (56.7% of young men and 63.6% of girls), at the same time these dishes were absent in a diet at 13.6% of girls. The second dishes were present in the diet of all students. In both groups the average index of body weight was in limits of norm (18.5-25.0 kg/m2). At the same time body weight was reduced at 6.7% of young men and 11.4% of girls; excess body weight was revealed at 20.0% of young men and 6.8% of girls. 73.3% of young men and 81.8% of girls had normal body weight. In young men the calorie content of the diet, the protein and fat content slightly differed from the norm. At the same time, a carbohydrate imbalance was observed - an increase in the proportion of simple carbohydrates (sugars) (p≤0.05) and a decrease in the content of starch and dietary fiber (p≤0.05). In girls, protein intake was below the normal level and a similar carbohydrate imbalance was noted (p≤0.05). The content of vitamins in the diet of both boys and girls was reduced. Youngsters had a deficiency of ß-carotene and vitamin C, in girls it was aggravated with vitamins B1 and B2 (p≤0.05). In the diet of the surveyed, a deficiency of such minerals as calcium and magnesium was noted; in girls - potassium, phosphorus and iron in addition (p≤0.05). Excessive element in the diet was sodium. In the diet of young men the content of phosphorus and iron exceeded the norm. Thus, the analysis of the diet of students indicated a lack and imbalance in the content of both macroand micronutrients, which was most pronounced in girls. The total antioxidant activity of biological liquids of an organism - blood serum, urine and saliva (determined by amperometric method using a system for liquid chromatography) decreased among: urine, blood serum, saliva. Blood serum of young men possessed greater antioxidant activity than in girls; while in urine the dependence was reversed. Thus, in order to increase the antioxidant status of the organism during periods of adaptation and stress, a qualitative and quantitative balance of the diet and increased consumption of antioxidants is necessary.

[Development of liposomal form of polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrate: ways of using in production of functional foods].

The research is aimed at obtaining a concentrate of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in liposomal form and developing possible ways of PUFA application in manufacturing functional food products. The PUFA concentrate was obtained from the fat of the Baikal seal by method of complexing with urea. We prepared a liposomal form of PUFA concentrate by evaporating organic solvent from the solution of lipids to form a thin lipid film with addition of buffer solution and further extrusion of the obtained emulsion. We defined the size of liposomal particles by method of turbidimetry. We identified the fatty acid composition of the samples by gas-liquid chromatography using a chromatographymass spectrometer. Biomedical research was conducted on 30 adult male Wistar rats with initial weight of 130-150 g. We induced atherogenic experimental hyperlipemia in rats by adding 5% cholesterol, 0.3% of 6-methyl-2-thiouracil, 1% cholic acid and 5% of lard to their normal diet for 21 days. We used an automatic biochemical analyzer to define total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) in blood serum. As a result of the experiment, we obtained a concentrate from the seal fat with content of essential PUFA 12.2% of total fatty acids in which the ratio of ω-6:ω-3 was 1.3:1. We obtained the liposomal form of the PUFA concentrate, with the average size of the liposomes ranging from 144 to 158 nm. We have established that the blood serum of the animals with induced hyperlipidemia, which orally took the liposomal form of PUFA concentrate for 14 days in a dose of 20 mg/kg body weight, showed the decrease of total cholesterol content of LDL and VLDL, while HDL increased to the parameters in intact animals. This indicated a normalization of the lipid profile in rats and the lipid-lowering effect of the concentrate. Also, we have studied the possibility of enriching wheat bread with essential fatty acids by replacing some part of the water with the liposomal form of PUFA concentrate. The use of this additive increased the output volume of bread by 14%, intensified the crust color and didn't affect the organoleptic indicators of bread quality. Fatty acid analysis of the lipids in bread showed that after adding 3 g of PUFA concentrate in liposome form per 100 g of flour increased the content of ω-3 PUFA by 3.2 fold (191 mg per 100 g of bread), with the ratio of ω-6:ω-3 PUFA being 5.8:1. Thus, bread enriched with PUFA concentrate in liposome form can be positioned as a functional food product that contains ω-3 PUFA in an amount of 19.1% of the recommended daily intake in 100 g of final product and also as a product with optimal PUFA ratio of ω-6:ω-3.

[Structural organization of mesenteric lymph nodes in postnatal development of the Baikal seal, Pusa sibirica Gmel].

Structural organization of mesenteric lymph nodes in the Baikal seal has been studied with regard to its age-dependent changes. It has been shown that the relative area of connective tissue structures (the capsule and trabeculae) increases during postnatal development, while the areas of the cortex and medulla decrease. The proportions of secondary lymph nodes and paracortical zone in the cortex become smaller, with the corticomedullary index tending to decrease with age. These phenomena indicate that mesenteric lymph nodes undergo regression during postnatal ontogeny, with their lymphopoietic function being attenuated. Lower values of the corticomedullary index in Baikal seal pups aged 1 month to 4 years are apparently explained by a decrease in the proportion of cortex substance related to the enhancement of the motor function of lymph nodes.

[Cellular composition of the mesenteric lymph node cortex in Baikal nerpa during postnatal ontogenesis].

Cellular composition (relative cell content and cell density) of nodules' germinal centers, mantle zones and paracortical zones was evaluated morphometrically in mesenteric lymph nodes of 65 Baikal nerpas (Pusa sibirica Gmelin) aged 1 month-19 years. A significant decrease in the number of large and medium lymphocytes (3 and 1.9 times, respectively) and reticular cells (2.6 times), was found to occur with age, accompanied by an increase in the number of small lymphocytes (1,5 times) and plasma cells (4.9 times). Thus, with age, on one hand, the decline of lymphopoietic function of the lymph nodes was noted, while on the other hand, the intensification of immunocytopoiesis could be observed.

[Efficiency evaluation of the iodine-containing dietary supplements in the experiment].

The article presents the results of medical and biological studies, performed in animals of influence of food supplements "Jodium-elastin" and Jodium-active" as well as pharmacopeia preparation "KJ" on the level of thyroid hormones TT4, TT3 and TTG in blood serum at experimental hypothyrosis, caused by thyreostatic merkazolil. Of all the used products, food supplement "Jodium-elastin" turned out to be the most effective. It completely normalized the level of the studied hormones in animals at experimental hypothyrosis.

[Use of peptide bioregulators in intoxication with the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid]. / Ispol'zovanie peptidnykh bioreguliatorov pri otravlenii gerbitsidom 2,4-dikhlorfenoksiuksusnoi kisloty.

The paper shows it promising to use peptide bioregulators--fractions obtained from the cattle immune system (thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes) during immunotherapy for intoxication experimentally caused by the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Oral administration of the fractions in a dose of 0.1 mg/kg body weight eliminated the suppressive effect of the herbicide on murine cellular and humoral immune reactions, which manifested by the recovery of the studied parameters to those in control animals.

[Comparative analysis of disorders in duodenal lymphoid tissue of mice treated with azathioprine and herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and their correction by plant and animal origin remedies]. / Sravnitel'nyi analiz narushenii v limfoidnoi tkani dvenadtsatiperstnoi kishki u myshei pri deistvii azatioprina i gerbitsida 2,4-dikhlorfenoksiuksusnoi kisloty i ikh korrektsiia sredstvami rastitel'nogo i zhivotnogo proiskhozhdeniia.

Comparative study of disturbances of intramural duodenal lymphoid tissue in mice, which were induced by the action of "classical" immunosuppressing drug azathioprine and by herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) showed similar immunosuppressing effect that was more potent after herbicide treatment. Significant reduction in the number of the cells of lymphoid series found in the duodenal wall was accompanied by inflammatory-destructive processes and adipose tissue outgrowth. Administration of hypolipidemic plant extract to animals immunosuppressed with either azathioprine or herbicide 2,4-D, promoted the restoration of intramural duodenal morphological structures and the restitution of lymphoid cell parameters in lamina propria practically to the level of control values. The results obtained indicate the immuno-correcting effect of the plant extract, which is determined by a rich complex of biologically active substances of its components. Active thymic fraction (AFT-2) was also found to possess an immuno-correcting effect, promoting the restoration of cellular composition of diffuse lymphoid tissue in duodenal lamina propria. Immuno-correcting effect of AFT-2 seems to result from the activity of its component thymic peptides.

[Correction of immunodeficiency status caused by herbicide 2,4-D in experiment]. / Korrektsiia immunodefitsitnogo sostoianiia, vyzvannogo gerbitsidom 2,4-D v éksperimente.

A possibility to correct the immunodeficiency state, caused by herbicide 2.4-D (20 mg/kg of weight daily during 5 days), by using immunomodulators Levamisole (perorally), Tactivinum (hypodermically) and Spleninum (hepodermically) in reactions Graft-versus-Host (GH), Antibody-Forming Cells (AFG) and phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages in vivo and in vitro etc, was studied in experiments with 360 mice of lines CBA and F1 (CBAxC57B1/6) weighing 18 to 22 g. It was established that Levamisole (2.5 mg/kg per body weight, for 1 to 3 days) and Tactivinum (0.2 mkg/mouse, for 1 to 3 days) had an immunocorrecting effect in poisoning by 2.4-D. Spleninum (10 mcl/mouse) corrected mainly the humoral chain in the immune response with the AFG recovery to the level observed in intact animals (controls). The data on the influence produced by the immunomodulators on the phagocytic activity in vitro correlated with such data obtained in vivo.

[Lymphoid structure in the mouse cecum wall during immunosuppression and its correction with liposomal agents]. / Limfoidnye struktury v stenke slepoi kishki myshei v usloviiakh immunnoi depressii i ee korrektsii liposomal'nymi sredstvami.

The influence of liposomal preparation obtained from the Baikal seal fat on lymphoid structures in mouse coecum wall on the background of immunodepressive state induced by asathioprine was studied using microscopic methods and statistic analysis. It was demonstrated that asaphioprine administration caused decline in lymphoid serie cells, outgrowth of adipose tissue, causes destructive changes of lymphoid structures in the coecal wall. After the effect of liposomes on the background on the immune suppression morphological state of lymphoid structures was approximated to the normal state while the indexes of cellular composition returned to the level of control values which was conditioned by immunocorrecting properties of the drug studied.