Ultra-expanded interlayer spacing of vanadium oxide nanowires intercalated with poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) in organic ammonium ion batteries.

Rechargeable batteries employing ammonium (NH4+) ions have attracted widespread interest owing to the abundant resources, eco-friendliness, and sustainability of NH4+ ions. Herein, an organic-inorganic hybrid is applied to organic NH4+ ion batteries. A poly (3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDOT)-intercalated vanadium oxide nanowire (noted as VO-P-x) is applied for organic NH4+ ion storage. VO-P-x with the optimal content of PEDOT showed an interlayer spacing (d-spacing) expanded to 1.82 nm, exhibiting an ultrahigh initial coulombic efficiency of 91% and a reversible capacity of 163 mA h g-1. A significant improvement in NH4+ ion storage was achieved due to the large interlayer spacing and conductive polymer PEDOT. Combining ex situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and multi-sweep cyclic voltammetry tests, the NH4+ ion storage mechanism of VO-P-x was clearly revealed. This study provides a new strategy for designing high-performance organic ammonium batteries.

Organic Ammonium Ion Battery: A New Strategy for a Nonmetallic Ion Energy Storage System.

Nonmetallic ammonium (NH4 + ) ion batteries are promising candidates for large-scale energy storage systems, which have the merit of low molar mass, sustainability, non-toxicity and non-dendrite. Herein, for the first time, we introduce the novel organic ammonium ion batteries (OAIBs). Significantly, a manganese-based Prussian white analogue (noted as MnHCF) as cathode exhibits a reversible capacity of 104 mAh g-1 with 98 % retention over 100 cycles. We further demonstrate the electrochemical performance of the NH4 + ion full cell, which delivers a reversible capacity of 45 mAh g-1 with a broad electrochemical window. Combining ex situ XPS, ex situ XRD results and electrochemical properties, the NH4 + ion storage mechanism of MnHCF in a non-aqueous electrolyte is clearly revealed. This work verifies the feasibility of employing NH4 + ions as charge carriers in organic energy storage systems and provides new insights for designing organic nonmetallic ion batteries with broad electrochemical windows and high energy density.