Post-stress Social Interaction and 3-Cyano-N-(1,3-Diphenyl-1H-Pyrazol-5-yl) Benzamide Treatment Attenuate Depressive-like Behavior Induced by Repeated Social Defeat Stress.

Persistent stress increases the probability for developing depression significantly thereafter. Repeated social defeat stress is a widely used model to investigate depressive-like behavior in preclinical models. Hence, the repeated social defeat stress model provided an ideal animal model, through which the hypotheses of prevention and treatment can be investigated. We have successfully induced depressive-like behavior for male C57BL/6J mice with this model. Here, we reported that certain level of during-stress social interactions with single female or multiple male peer(s) exerted a positive role in preventing the development of depressive-like behavior induced by repeated social defeat stress. Our data suggested that the stress-susceptible mice may benefit from positive social interaction, which reduces the chance for depressive-like behavior development. Since numerous studies indicate that the metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) plays an important role in various cognitive functions, we further investigate the treatment effect of 3-cyano-N-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl) benzamide (CDPPB) on the depressive-like behavior induced by repeated social defeat stress. Most importantly, robust anti-depressant effects have been achieved through modulating the mGluR5 function. We found that single oral dose administration of CDPPB (20 mg/kg), to some extent, alleviated the social avoidance behaviors for the stress-susceptible mice. Our data implies that the CDPPB, a positive allosteric modulator of mGluR5, is a promising anti-depressant candidate with limited side effect.

Feasibility Study of the Synergistic Use of Sludge and Coal-Based Solid Waste to Produce Environmentally Friendly Grouting Materials.

In this paper, a full solid waste-based grouting material was prepared using three industrial solid wastes, i.e., sludge, coal gangue (CG), and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), based on the concepts of synergy and complementarity. The effects of the dosage of raw sewage sludge (SS), incineration-activated sewage sludge ash (SSA), and an alkali activator on the fluidity, water separation rate, and mechanical strength of solid waste-based grouting materials were systematically investigated. The mechanism of action was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Finally, the leaching characteristics and stabilization efficiency of heavy metals in solid-sample-based slurry stones were determined. The experimental results show that the slurry fluidity and water separation proportion are negatively correlated with the amount of sludge. The rate of decline first increases and then decreases. When the SSA content is greater than 10%, the precipitation rate can be controlled to within 5%. The optimal amount of alkaline activator is 8%, and its effect on the mechanical strength is more significant than that of sludge. With an increase in the SSA dosage, the compressive strength first increases and then decreases. At 25%, the strength still reaches 20.8 MPa, and the decrease from 0 to 25% is only 26.2%. On the contrary, the addition of SS continues to decrease the strength of the stone body by 81.9%. The high organic content and low volcanic ash activity in SS hinder the development of hydration cementation. In addition, the comparative analysis demonstrated the contribution of the volcanic ash activity possessed by SSA to the mechanical strength supplement after incineration. The incineration treatment caused the calcite (CaCO3) in SS to decompose at high temperatures, and more Ca sources were introduced in SSA. The incorporation of SSA in the cementation system resulted in higher Ca/Si and Ca/Al ratios, promoting the formation of C-(A)-S-H gel. Moreover, this incorporation enhances the stability of heavy metals within the slurry, reducing the potential environmental risk associated with the leaching of Cr and Ni from the raw materials. Consequently, these findings comply with the leaching requirements specified by the environmental standards. The research provides innovative insights into the synergistic resource utilization of SS and SSA with coal-based solid waste to prepare environmentally friendly, high-performance, and cost-effective grouting materials.