[Research Progress of Iron Metabolism in Disease Progression and Drug Resistance of Multiple Myeloma--Review].

Iron metabolism is involved in the development and drug resistance of many malignancies, including multiple myeloma (MM). Based on recent studies on iron metabolism and MM, this paper reviews the relationship between iron metabolism and disease process of MM in terms of iron overload leading to ferroptosis in MM cells, the role of iron deficiency in oxidative respiration and proliferation of MM cells, and the interaction between ferroptosis and autophagy in the disease process. The mechanisms by which iron metabolism-related substances lead to MM cells' resistance to proteasome inhibitors (PI) through inducing redox imbalance and M2 macrophage polarization are also briefly described, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for the application of iron metabolism-related drugs to the clinical treatment of MM patients.

Matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors in multiple myeloma: promote or inhibit?

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) play a vital role in the pathogenesis of multiple myeloma (MM), especially for tumor invasion and osteolytic osteopathy. By breaking down extracellular matrix (ECM) components and releasing the proteins composing the ECM and growth factors, as well as their receptors, MMPs affect tissue integrity and promote cancer cell invasion and metastasis. A vital pathophysiological characteristic of MM is the progress of osteolytic lesions, which are brought on by interactions between myeloma cells and the bone marrow microenvironment. MMPs, certainly, are one of the fundamental causes of myeloma bone disease due to their ability to degrade various types of collagens. TIMPs, as important regulators of MMP hydrolysis or activation, also participate in the occurrence and evolution of MM and the formation of bone disease. This review focuses on the role of MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-7, MMP-9, MMP-13, MMP-14, and MMP-15 and the four types of TIMPs in the invasion of myeloma cells, angiogenesis, osteolytic osteopathy, to offer some novel perspectives on the clinical diagnostics and therapeutics of MM.

Rational design of intergrowth P2/O3 biphasic layered structure with reversible anionic redox chemistry and structural evolution for Na-ions batteries.

Layered oxides have attracted unprecedented attention for their outstanding performance in sodium-ion battery cathodes. Among them, the two typical candidates P2 and O3 type materials generally demonstrate large diversities in specific capacity and cycling endurance with their advantages. Thus, composite materials that contain both P2 and O3 have been widely designed and constructed. Nevertheless, the anionic/cationic ions' behavior and structural evolution in such complex structures remain unclear. In this study, a deep analysis of an advanced Na0.732Ni0.273Mg0.096Mn0.63O2 material that contains 78.39 wt% P2 phase and 21.61 wt% O3 phase is performed based on two typical cathodes P2 Na0.67Ni0.33Mn0.67O2 and O3 NaNi0.5Mn0.5O2 that have the same elemental constitution but different crystal structures. Structural analysis and density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggest that the composite is preferred to form a symbiotic structure at the atomic level, and the complex lattice texture of the biphase structure can block unfavorable ion and oxygen migration in the electrode process. Consequently, the biphase structure has significantly improved the electrochemical performance and kept preferable anionic oxygen redox reversibility. Furthermore, the hetero-epitaxy-like structure of the intergrowth of P2 and O3 structures share multi-phase boundaries, where the inconsistency in electrochemical behavior between P2 and O3 phases leads to an interlocking effect to prevent severe structural collapse and relieves the lattice strain from Na+ de/intercalation. Hence, the symbiotic P2/O3 composite materials exhibited a preferable capacity and cyclability (∼130 mAh g-1 at 0.1 C, 73.1% capacity retention after 200 cycles at 1 C), as well as reversible structural evolution. These findings confirmed the advantages of using the bi/multi-phase cathode for high-energy Na-ion batteries.

Gut microbiome in multiple myeloma: Mechanisms of progression and clinical applications.

The gut commensal microbes modulate human immunity and metabolism through the production of a large number of metabolites, which act as signaling molecules and substrates of metabolic reactions in a diverse range of biological processes. There is a growing appreciation for the importance of immunometabolic mechanisms of the host-gut microbiota interactions in various malignant tumors. Emerging studies have suggested intestinal microbiota contributes to the progression of multiple myeloma. In this review, we summarized the current understanding of the gut microbiome in MM progression and treatment, and the influence of alterations in gut microbiota on treatment response and treatment-related toxicity and complications in MM patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Furthermore, we discussed the impact of gut microbiota-immune system interactions in tumor immunotherapy, focusing on tumor vaccine immunotherapy, which may be an effective approach to improve anti-myeloma efficacy.

[Clinical Role of M Protein in Multiple Myeloma and Lymphoma --Review].

M protein is often expressed in multiple myeloma and also can be detected in several lymphoma such as Waldenstrm macroglobulinaemia. M protein level can reflect the malignant degree and even genetic abnormality of multiple myeloma and lymphoma to some extent to predict the progress of the diseases, and the therapeutic response and prognosis of the disease can be evaluated by monitoring the M protein level and its change degree. This article reviews the role of M protein in the progression and prognosis of multiple myeloma and lymphoma, and discusses the differences in M protein expression between multiple myeloma and lymphoma, in order to provide new insights for clinical diagnosis, monitoring and evaluation of therapeutic effect.

Complementary advantages of spent pot lining and coal gangue in the detoxification and valuable components recovery process.

As a hazardous solid waste rich in carbon and fluorine, spent pot lining (SPL) is a huge threat to sustainable production and environmental security. As abundant carbon and fluorine resources, the use of such valuable components has great practical and economic significance. Based on the environmental concerns and the component characteristics of SPL, coal gangue (CG), the largest output of solid wastes in the coal-producing industry and rich in aluminum and silicon, was introduced in the utilization and detoxification process of SPL in this work. The substance flow of the co-utilization process presents a circular economy and complementary advantages of SPL and CG. Pure regular fibrous silicon carbides were obtained owing to the synergy effect of SPL and CG. Aluminum from CG and SPL was utilized to prepare dawsonite combined with the sodium from the impurities removal process. Pure cryolite was obtained via mixing wastewater from the silicon carbide purification process and the dawsonite extraction process. Almost all components in SPL and CG were converted into valuable products, and no wastewater and residue was discharged. Thus, a sustainable process of trash to treasure and circular economy for treating CG and SPL was established here with environmental and economically friendly characteristics, which gave a new insight into utilizing wastes with complementary advantages.

Stabilization of Multicationic Redox Chemistry in Polyanionic Cathode by Increasing Entropy.

Polyanionic compounds have large compositional flexibility, which creates a growing interest in exploring the property limits of electrode materials of rechargeable batteries. The realization of multisodium storage in the polyanionic electrodes can significantly improve capacity of the materials, but it often causes irreversible capacity loss and crystal phase evolution, especially under high-voltage operation, which remain important challenges for their application. Herein, it is shown that the multisodium storage in the polyanionic cathode can be enhanced and stabilized by increasing the entropy of the polyanionic host structure. The obtained polyanionic Na3.4 Fe0.4 Mn0.4 V0.4 Cr0.4 Ti0.4 (PO4 )3 cathode exhibits multicationic redox property to achieve high capacity with good reversibility under the high voltage of 4.5 V (vs Na/Na+ ). Exploring the underlying mechanism through operando characterizations, a stable trigonal phase with reduced volume change during the multisodium storage process is disclosed. Besides, the enhanced performance of the HE material also derives from the synergistic effect of the diverse TM species with suitable molarity. These results reveal the effectiveness of high-entropy concept in expediting high-performance polyanionic cathodes discovery.

Heteroatom-Substituted P2-Na2/3Ni1/4Mg1/12Mn2/3O2 Cathode with {010} Exposing Facets Boost Anionic Activity and High-Rate Performance for Na-Ion Batteries.

As an attractive cathode candidate for sodium-ion batteries, P2-type Na2/3Ni1/3Mn2/3O2 is famous for its high stability in humid air, attractive capacity, and high operating voltage. However, the low Na+ transport kinetics, oxygen-redox reactions, and irreversible structural evolution at high-voltage areas hinder its practical application. Herein, a comprehensive study of a microbar P2-type Ni2/3Ni1/4Mg1/12Mn2/3O2 material with {010} facets is presented, which exhibits high reversibility of structural evolution and anionic redox activity, leading to outstanding rate capability and cyclability. The notable rate performance (53 mA h g-1 at 20 C, 2.0-4.3 V) contributed to the high exposure of {010} facets via controlling the growth orientation of the precursor, which is certified by density functional theory calculation and lattice structural analysis. Mg substitution strengthens the reversibility of anionic oxygen redox and structural evolution in high-voltage areas that was confirmed by the in situ X-ray diffraction and ex situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy tests, leading to outstanding cyclic reversibility (68.9% after 1000 cycles at 5 C) and slowing down the voltage fading. This work provides new insights into constructing electrochemically active planes combined with heteroatom substitution to improve the Na+ transport kinetics and structural stability of layered oxide cathodes for sodium storage.

[Research Progress of Intercellular Mitochondrial Transfer in the Development of Hematological Malignant Tumors --Review].

In recent years, studies have found that mitochondrial transfer between leukemic cells and different types of cells in their bone marrow microenvironment, especially mesenchymal stem cells, plays a key role in the occurrence, development and drug resistance of hematological malignant tumors. This paper mainly introduces the role and latest research progress of mitochondrial transfer in acute and chronic myeloid leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia and multiple myeloma, and briefly describes the mechanism of drug resistance caused by mitochondrial transfer in leukemic cells during chemotherapy. The aim is to provide a new idea and theoretical basis for using intercellular mitochondrial transfer as a potential therapeutic target.

A narrative review for platelets and their RNAs in cancers: New concepts and clinical perspectives.

Recent years have witnessed a growing body of evidence suggesting that platelets are involved in several stages of the metastatic process via direct or indirect interactions with cancer cells, contributing to the progression of neoplastic malignancies. Cancer cells can dynamically exchange components with platelets in and out of blood vessels, and directly phagocytose platelets to hijack their proteome, transcriptome, and secretome, or be remotely regulated by metabolites or microparticles released by platelets, resulting in phenotypic, genetic, and functional modifications. Moreover, platelet interactions with stromal and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment lead to alterations in their components, including the ribonucleic acid (RNA) profile, and complicate the impact of platelets on cancers. A deeper understanding of the roles of platelets and their RNAs in cancer will contribute to the development of anticancer strategies and the optimization of clinical management. Encouragingly, advances in high-throughput sequencing, bioinformatics data analysis, and machine learning have allowed scientists to explore the potential of platelet RNAs for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and guiding treatment. However, the clinical application of this technique remains controversial and requires larger, multicenter studies with standardized protocols. Here, we integrate the latest evidence to provide a broader insight into the role of platelets in cancer progression and management, and propose standardized recommendations for the clinical utility of platelet RNAs to facilitate translation and benefit patients.

Boosting potassium-storage performance via confining highly dispersed molybdenum dioxide nanoparticles within N-doped porous carbon nano-octahedrons.

The development of durable and stable metal oxide anodes for potassium ion batteries (PIBs) has been hampered by poor electrochemical performance and ambiguous reaction mechanisms. Herein, we design and fabricate molybdenum dioxide (MoO2)@N-doped porous carbon (NPC) nano-octahedrons through metal-organic frameworks derived strategy for PIBs with MoO2 nanoparticles confined within NPC nano-octahedrons. Benefiting from the synergistic effect of nanoparticle level of MoO2 and N-doped carbon porous nano-octahedrons, the MoO2@NPC electrode exhibits superior electron/ion transport kinetics, excellent structural integrity, and impressive potassium-ion storage performance with enhanced cyclic stability and high-rate capability. The density functional theory calculations and experiment test proved that MoO2@NPC has a higher affinity of potassium and higher conductivity than MoO2 and N-doped carbon electrodes. Kinetics analysis revealed that surface pseudocapacitive contributions are greatly enhanced for MoO2@NPC nano-octahedrons. In-situ and ex-situ analysis confirmed an intercalation reaction mechanism of MoO2@NPC for potassium ion storage. Furthermore, the assembled MoO2@NPC//perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA) full cell exhibits good cycling stability with 72.6 mAh g-1 retained at 100 mA g-1 over 200 cycles. Therefore, this work present here not only evidences an effective and viable structural engineering strategy for enhancing the electrochemical behavior of MoO2 material in PIBs, but also gives a comprehensive insight of kinetic and mechanism for potassium ion interaction with metal oxide.

Stabilizing Na metal anode with NaF interface on spent cathode carbon from aluminum electrolysis.

We report the synthesis of spent cathode carbon (SCC) with a NaF interface from aluminum electrolysis, and its application as a Na metal anode host. The SCC anode exhibits superior ion conductivity and a high shear modulus. The natural NaF interface on the SCC anode can regulate Na+ transmission and inhibit dendrite growth. Furthermore, the anode can be used to turn waste into treasure through directly using spent cathodic carbon without any chemical processing. The green SCC electrode exhibits a higher flat voltage and better reversibility compared with purified cathode carbon without NaF.

Circulating miRNAs as Auxiliary Diagnostic Biomarkers for Multiple Myeloma: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Recommendations.

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematologic malignancy characterized by aberrant expansion of monoclonal plasma cells with high mortality and severe complications due to the lack of early diagnosis and timely treatment. Circulating miRNAs have shown potential in the diagnosis of MM with inconsistent results, which remains to be fully assessed. Here we updated a meta-analysis with relative studies and essays published in English before Jan 31, 2021. After steps of screening, 32 studies from 11 articles that included a total of 627 MM patients and 314 healthy controls were collected. All data were analyzed by REVMAN 5.3 and Stata MP 16, and the quality of included literatures was estimated by Diagnostic Accuracy Study 2 (QUADAS-2). The pooled area under the curve (AUC) shown in summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) analyses of circulating miRNAs was 0.87 (95%CI, 0.81-0.89), and the sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio (PLR), negative likelihood ratio (NLR), and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) were 0.79, 0.86, 5, 0.27, 22, respectively. Meta-regression and subgroup analysis exhibited that "miRNA cluster", patient "detailed stage or Ig isotype" accounted for a considerable proportion of heterogeneity, revealing the importance of study design and patient inclusion in diagnostic trials; thus standardized recommendations were proposed for further studies. In addition, the performance of the circulating miRNAs included in MM prognosis and treatment response prediction was summarized, indicating that they could serve as valuable biomarkers, which would expand their clinical application greatly. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=234297, PROSPERO, identifier (CRD42021234297).

On-line optical clearing method for whole-brain imaging in mice.

The combination of optical clearing with light microscopy has a number of applications in the whole-brain imaging of mice. However, the initial processing time of optical clearing is time consuming, and the protocol is complicated. We propose a novel method based on on-line optical clearing. Agarose-embedded mouse brain was immersed in the optical clearing reagent, and clearing of the brain was achieved ~100 µm beneath the sample surface. After imaging, the cleared layer was removed, thereby allowing layer-by-layer clearing and imaging. No pre-immersion was required, and we demonstrated that on-line optical clearing can reduce the whole-brain imaging time by half.

Comparison of ultrasound-assisted and traditional caustic leaching of spent cathode carbon (SCC) from aluminum electrolysis.

The spent cathode carbon (SCC) from aluminum electrolysis was subjected to caustic leaching to investigate the different effects of ultrasound-assisted and traditional methods on element fluorine (F) leaching rate and leaching residue carbon content. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) dissolved in deionized water was used as the reaction system. Through single-factor experiments and a comparison of two leaching techniques, the optimum F leaching rate and residue carbon content for ultrasound-assisted leaching process were obtained at a temperature of 70°C, residue time of 40min, initial mass ratio of alkali to SCC (initial alkali-to-material ratio) of 0.6, liquid-to-solid ratio of 10mL/g, and ultrasonic power of 400W, respectively. Under the optimal conditions, the leaching residue carbon content was 94.72%, 2.19% larger than the carbon content of traditional leaching residue. Leaching wastewater was treated with calcium chloride (CaCl2) and bleaching powder and the treated wastewater was recycled caustic solution. All in all, benefiting from advantage of the ultrasonication effects, ultrasound-assisted caustic leaching on spent cathode carbon had 55.6% shorter residue time than the traditional process with a higher impurity removal rate.

Co-treatment of spent cathode carbon in caustic and acid leaching process under ultrasonic assisted for preparation of SiC.

Spent cathode carbon (SCC) from aluminum electrolysis has been treated in ultrasonic-assisted caustic leaching and acid leaching process, and purified SCC used as carbon source to synthesize silicon carbide (SiC) was investigated. Chemical and mineralogical properties have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry (TGA-DSC). Various experimental factors temperature, time, liquid-solid ratio, ultrasonic power, and initial concentration of alkali or acid affecting on SCC leaching result were studied. After co-treatment with ultrasonic-assisted caustic leaching and acid leaching, carbon content of leaching residue was 97.53%. SiC power was synthesized by carbothermal reduction at 1600 °C, as a result of yield of 76.43%, and specific surface area of 4378 cm2/g. This is the first report of using purified SCC and gangue to prepare SiC. The two industrial wastes have been used newly as secondary sources. Furthermore, ultrasonic showed significant effect in SCC leaching process.

Superheated water pretreatment combined with CO2 activation/regeneration of the exhausted activated carbon used in the treatment of industrial wastewater.

This paper examines a novel method of regenerating saturated activated carbon after adsorption of complex phenolic, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with low energy consumption by using superheated water pretreatment combined with CO2 activation. The effects of the temperature of the superheated water, liquid-solid ratio, soaking time, activation temperature, activation time, and CO2 flow rate of regeneration and adsorption of coal-powdered activated carbon (CPAC) were studied. The results show that the adsorption capacity of iodine values on CPAC recovers to 102.25% of the fresh activated carbon, and the recovery rate is 79.8% under optimal experimental conditions. The adsorption model and adsorption kinetics of methylene blue on regenerated activated carbon (RAC) showed that the adsorption process was in accordance with the Langmuir model and the pseudo-second-order kinetics model. Furthermore, the internal diffusion process was the main controlling step. The surface properties, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area, and pore size distribution were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and BET, which show that the RAC possesses more oxygen-containing functional groups with a specific surface area of 763.39 m2 g-1 and a total pore volume of 0.3039 cm3 g-1. Micropores account for 79.8% and mesopores account for 20.2%.