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Atmospheric hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), as an important oxidant, plays a key role in atmospheric chemistry. To reveal its characteristics in polluted areas, comprehensive observations were conducted in Zhengzhou, China from February 22 to March 4, 2019, including heavy pollution days (HP) and light pollution days (LP). High NO concentrations (18 ± 26 ppbv) were recorded in HP, preventing the recombination reaction of two HO2⢠radicals. Surprisingly, higher concentrations of H2O2 were observed in HP (1.5 ± 0.6 ppbv) than those in LP (1.2 ± 0.6 ppbv). In addition to low wind speed and relative humidity, the elevated H2O2 in HP could be mainly attributed to intensified particle-phase photoreactions and biomass burning. In terms of sulfate formation, transition-metal ions (TMI)-catalyzed oxidation emerged as the predominant oxidant pathway in both HP and LP. Note that the average H2O2 oxidation rate increased from 3.6 × 10-2 in LP to 1.1 × 10-1 µg m-3 h-1 in HP. Moreover, the oxidation by H2O2 might exceed that of TMI catalysis under specific conditions, emerging as the primary driver of sulfate formation.
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Atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5) can trigger the production of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can trigger or exacerbate oxidative stress and pulmonary inflammation. We collected 111 daily (â¼24 h) ambient PM2.5 samples within an urban region of North China during four seasons of 2019-2020. PM2.5 samples were examined for carbonaceous components, water-soluble ions, and elements, together with their oxidative potential (represent ROS-producing ability) by DTT assay. The seasonal peak DTTv was recorded in winter (2.86 ± 1.26 nmol min-1 m-3), whereas the DTTm was the highest in summer (40.6 ± 8.7 pmol min-1 µg-1). WSOC displayed the highest correlation with DTT activity (r = 0.84, p < 0.0001), but the influence of WSOC on the elevation of DTTv was extremely negligible. Combustion source exhibited the most significant and robust correlation with the elevation of DTTv according to the linear mixed-effects model result. Source identification investigation using positive matrix factorization displayed that combustion source (36.2%), traffic source (30.7%), secondary aerosol (15.7%), and dust (14.1%) were driving the DTTv, which were similar to the results from the multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis. Backward trajectory analysis revealed that the major air masses originate from local and regional transportation, but PM2.5 OP was more susceptible to the influence of short-distance transport clusters. Discerning the influence of chemicals on health-pertinent attributes of PM2.5, such as OP, could facilitate a deep understanding of the cause-and-effect relationship between PM2.5 and impacts.
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The extensive utilization of rubber-related products can lead to a substantial release of p-phenylenediamine (PPD) antioxidants into the environment. In recent years, studies mainly focus on the pollution characteristics and health risks of PM2.5-bound PPDs. This study presents long-time scale data of PPDs and N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine quinone (6PPD-Q) in PM2.5 and proposes the innovative use of PPDs as new markers for vehicular emissions in the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) source apportionment. The results indicate that PPDs and 6PPD-Q were detectable in 100 % of the winter PM2.5 samples, and the concentration ranges of PPDs and 6PPD-Q are 15.6-2.92 × 103 pg·m-3 and 3.90-27.4 pg·m-3, respectively, in which 6PPD and DNPD are the main compounds. Moreover, a competitive formation mechanism between sulfate, nitrate, ammonium (SNA) and 6PPD-Q was observed. The source apportionment results show that the incorporation of PPDs in PMF reduced the contribution of traffic source to PM2.5 from 13.5 % to 9.5 %. In the traffic source factor profiles, the load of IPPD, CPPD, DPPD, DNPD and 6PPD reaches 91.8 %, 91.6 %, 92.9 %, 80.6 % and 87.2 %, respectively. It`s amazing that traditional markers of traffic source, which often overlap with coal burning and industrial sources, over-estimated the contribution of vehicles by one third or more. The discovery of PPDs as specific markers for vehicular emissions holds significant utility, particularly considering the growing proportion of new energy vehicles in the future. The results may prove more accurate policy implications for pollution control. SYNOPSIS: PPDs are excellent indicators of vehicle emissions, and PMF without PPDs over-estimated the contribution of traffic source to PM2.5.
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The minimization of the commutator of the Fock and density matrices as the error matrix in the direct inversion of the iterative subspace (CDIIS) developed by Pulay is a powerful self-consistent field (SCF) acceleration technique for the construction of optimum Fock matrix, if initiated with a fair initial guess. In this work, we present an alternative minimized error matrix to the commutator in the CDIIS, namely the residual or the gradient of the energy-functional for a Slater determinant subject to the orthonormality constraints among orbitals, representing the search for a newly improved Fock matrix in the direction of the residual in the direct inversion of the iterative subspace (RDIIS). Implemented in the computational chemistry package GAMESS, the RDIIS is compared with the standard CDIIS and the second order SCF orbital optimization (SOSCF) for tested molecules started with a crude guess. As a result, the RDIIS stably and efficiently performs the SCF convergence acceleration. Furthermore, the RDIIS is considerably independent on the subspace size with the concentrated linear coefficients accounting proportionally for the Fock matrices close to the current iteration.
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A piezoelectric polymer membrane based on single metal atoms was demonstrated to be effective by anchoring isolated calcium (Ca) atoms on a composite of nitrogen-doped carbon and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). The addition of Ca-atom-anchored carbon nanoparticles not only promotes the formation of the ß phase (from 29.8 to 56.3%), the most piezoelectrically active phase, in PVDF, but also introduces much higher porosity and hydrophilicity. Under ultrasonic excitation, the fabricated catalyst membrane demonstrates a record-high and stable dye decomposing rate of 0.11 min-1 and antibacterial efficiencies of 99.8%. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the primary contribution to catalytic activity arises from single-atom Ca doping and that a possible synergistic effect between PVDF and Ca atoms can improve the catalytic performance. It is shown that O2 molecules can be easily hydrogenated to produce ·OH on Ca-PVDF, and the local electric field provided by the ß-phase-PVDF might enhance the production of ·O2-. The proposed polymer membrane is expected to inspire the rational design of piezocatalysts and pave the way for the application of piezocatalysis technology for practical environmental remediation.
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Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) originating from diverse sources with complex compositions pose threats to both environmental safety and human health. Photocatalytic treatment of VOCs has garnered attention due to its high efficacy at room temperature. However, the intricate photochemical reaction generates ozone (O3), causing secondary pollution. Herein, our work developed a novel "synergistic effect" system for photocatalytic co-treatment of VOCs and O3 secondary pollution. Under the optimized reactor conditions simulated with computational fluid dynamics (CFD), MgO-loaded g-C3N4 composites (MgO/g-C3N4) were synthesized as efficient catalysts for the photocatalytic synergistic treatment process. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations, characterization, and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) tests revealed that the addition of MgO reduced the band gap of g-C3N4, and increased O3 molecule adsorption in the composites, efficiently harnessing the synergistic effect of O3 to generate a significant quantity of reactive oxygen radicals, thereby facilitating the removal of VOCs and O3. This study provides new insights for simultaneous elimination of VOCs and O3 secondary pollution by a photocatalytic process.
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Li-rich antiperovskite (LiRAP) hydroxyhalides are emerging as attractive solid electrolyte (SEs) for all-solid-state Li metal batteries (ASSLMBs) due to their low melting point, low cost, and ease of scaling-up. The incorporation of rotational polyanions can reduce the activation energy and thus improve the Li ion conductivity of SEs. Herein, we propose a ternary rotational polyanion coupling strategy to fasten the Li ion conduction in tetrafluoroborate (BF4 -) ion doped LiRAP Li2OHCl. Assisted by first-principles calculation, powder X-ray diffraction, solid-state magnetic resonance and electrochemical impedance spectra, it is confirmed that Li ion transport in BF4 - ion doped Li2OHCl is strongly associated with the rotational coupling among OH-, BF4 - and Li2-O-H octahedrons, which enhances the Li ion conductivity for more than 1.8â times with the activation energy lowering 0.03â eV. This work provides a new perspective to design high-performance superionic conductors with multi-polyanions.
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The increase in the number of motor vehicles has intensified the impact of traffic sources on air quality. Our aim was to illustrate the characteristics of PM2.5 emissions from vehicles fueled with E10 (a blend of 10% ethanol and 90% gasoline). A 21-day PM2.5 sampling in a fully enclosed urban tunnel and the component analysis were completed, and the characteristics, sources, and health risks of tunnel PM2.5 were studied. Moreover, the PM2.5 pH and its sensitivity were investigated by the thermodynamic model (ISORROPIA-II). In addition, exposure models were used to assess the health risks of different heavy metals in PM2.5 to humans through respiratory pathways. The two-point Cu/Sb ratio (entrance: 4.0 ± 1.4; exit: 4.4 ± 1.7) was close to the diagnostic criteria indicating a significant impact from brake wear. NO3-, NH4+, and SO42- constituted the main components of water-soluble ions in PM2.5 of the tunnel, accounting for 83.0-84.6% of the total concentration of inorganic ions. The organic carbon/elemental carbon ratio of the tunnel was greater than 2, indicating that the contribution of gasoline vehicle exhaust was significant. The average emission factors of PM2.5 in the fleet was 31.4 ± 16.6 mg/(veh·km). The pH value of PM2.5 in a tunnel environment (4.6 ± 0.3) was more acidic than that in an urban environment (4.9 ± 0.6). The main sensitive factors of PM2.5 pH in the urban atmosphere and tunnel environment were total ammonia (sum of gas and aerosol, NH3) and temperature, respectively. The results of the health risk assessment showed that Pb posed a potential carcinogenic risk, while As and Cd presented unacceptable risks for tunnel workers. The non-carcinogenic risk index of heavy metals of PM2.5 in the tunnel environment exceeded the safety threshold.
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Poluentes Atmosféricos , Monitoramento Ambiental , Material Particulado , Emissões de Veículos , Material Particulado/análise , Poluentes Atmosféricos/análise , Emissões de Veículos/análise , Poluição do Ar , Humanos , Gasolina , Medição de RiscoRESUMO
Illustrating the biodegradation processes of multi-component volatile organic compounds (VOCs) will expedite the implication of biotechnology in purifying industrial exhaust. Here, performance shifts of microbial fuel cell and biotrickling filter combined system (MFC-BTF) are investigated for removing single and dual components of toluene and benzene. Synchronous removal of toluene (95 %) and benzene (97 %) are achieved by MFC-BTF accompanied with the output current of 0.41 mA. Elevated content of extracellular polymeric substance facilitates the mass transfer of benzene with the presence of toluene. Strains of Bacteroidota, Proteobacteria and Chloroflexi contribute to the removal of dual components VOCs. Empty bed reaction time and the VOCs concentration are the important factors influencing their dissolution in the system. The biodegradation of toluene and benzene proceeds with 2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde and o-hydroxybenzoic acid as the main intermediates. These results provide a comprehensive understanding of multi-component VOCs removal by MFC-BTF and guide the system design, optimization, and scale-up.
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Benzeno , Biodegradação Ambiental , Fontes de Energia Bioelétrica , Tolueno , Tolueno/metabolismo , Benzeno/metabolismo , Filtração/métodos , Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis/metabolismo , Gases/metabolismoRESUMO
Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease that seriously endangers human life and health. The pathological anatomy results of patients who died of the COVID-19 showed that there was an excessive inflammatory response in the lungs. It is also known that most of the COVID-19 infected patients will cause different degrees of lung damage after infection, and may have pulmonary fibrosis remaining after cure. Macrophages are a type of immune cell population with pluripotency and plasticity. In the early and late stages of infection, the dynamic changes of the balance and function of M1/M2 alveolar macrophages have a significant impact on the inflammatory response of the lungs. In the early stage of pulmonary fibrosis inflammation, the increase in the proportion of M1 type is beneficial to clear pathogenic microorganisms and promote the progress of inflammation; in the later stage of fibrosis, the increase in the number of M2 type macrophages can inhibit the inflammatory response and promote the degradation of fibrosis. As a potential treatment drug for new coronavirus pneumonia, favipiravir is in the process of continuously carried out relevant clinical trials. This study aims to discuss whether the antiviral drug favipiravir can suppress inflammation and immune response by regulating the M1/M2 type of macrophages, thereby alleviating fibrosis. We established a bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis model, using IL-4/13 and LPS/IFN-γ cell stimulating factor to induce macrophage M1 and M2 polarization models, respectively. Our study shows that favipiravir exerts anti-fibrotic effects mainly by reprogramming M1/M2 macrophages polarization, that is, enhancing the expression of anti-fibrotic M1 type, reducing the expression of M2 type pro-fibrotic factors and reprogramming it to anti-fibrotic phenotype. Aspects of pharmacological mechanisms, favipiravir inhibits the activation of JAK2-STAT6 and JAK2-PI3K-AKT signaling by targeting JAK2 protein, thereby inhibiting pro-fibrotic M2 macrophages polarization and M2-induced myofibroblast activation. In summary, favipiravir can reduce the progression of pulmonary fibrosis, we hope to provide a certain reference for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Amidas , COVID-19 , Pneumonia , Fibrose Pulmonar , Pirazinas , Humanos , Fibrose Pulmonar/induzido quimicamente , Fibrose Pulmonar/tratamento farmacológico , Fibrose Pulmonar/metabolismo , Bleomicina/efeitos adversos , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/metabolismo , Macrófagos , Inflamação/metabolismo , Fibrose , Pneumonia/metabolismo , COVID-19/metabolismoRESUMO
We conducted a simultaneous field study of PM2.5-bound particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and aromatic acids (AAs) in a polluted city Zhengzhou to explore the concentration, sources and potential conversion pathways between PAHs and AAs in different seasons. The average concentrations of PM2.5, 28PAHs and 8AAs during the sampling period were 77 µg/m3, 75 ng/m3, and 283 ng/m3, respectively. The concentration of both 28PAHs and 8AAs were highest in winter and lowest in summer with ratios of 6.3 and 2.3, respectively. PAHs with 5-7 rings were the main components of PAHs (52%), followed by 4 rings PAHs (30%) and 2-3 rings PAHs (18%). According to the source appointment results obtained by positive matrix factorization, the main sources of PAHs were combustion and vehicle emissions, which account for 37% and 34%, respectively. 8AAs were divided into three groups, including four benzene dicarboxylic acids (B2CAs), three benzene tricarboxylic acids (B3CAs) and one benzene tetracarboxylic acid (B4CA). And interspecies correlation analysis with PM2.5 source markers were used to investigate potential sources. Phthalic acid (o-Ph) was the most abundant specie of 8AAs (157 ng/m3, 55% of 8AAs), which was well correlated with sulfate. Meanwhile, B3CAs and B4CA were highly correlated with sulfate and weakly correlated with levoglucosan, suggesting that secondary formation was their main source. As logical oxidation products of PAHs, o-Ph and B3CAs showed good correlations with a number of PAHs, indicating possible photochemical oxidation pathway by PAHs. In addition, O3, NO2, temperature and relative humidity have positive effects on the secondary formation of B3CAs.
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Poluentes Atmosféricos , Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos , Poluentes Atmosféricos/análise , Material Particulado/análise , Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos/análise , Benzeno , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , China , Emissões de Veículos/análise , Estações do Ano , Poeira/análise , Carvão Mineral/análise , Sulfatos/análiseRESUMO
In order to study the pollution characteristics of volatile organic compounds ï¼VOCsï¼ï¼ continuous monitoring of VOCs in two pollution processes was conducted in June and December 2021 in Zhengzhou. Combined with meteorological conditionsï¼ the pollution characteristicsï¼ source contributionsï¼ and reactivity of VOCs in winter and summer were compared and analyzed. The results showed that the volume fraction of atmospheric VOCs in two episodes were ï¼27.92±12.68ï¼×10-9 and ï¼24.30±5.93ï¼×10-9ï¼ respectively. The volume fraction of atmospheric VOCs in the haze pollution process in winter was larger than that in the ozone pollution process in summer. The analysis results of winter sources were as followsï¼ industrial source ï¼27.0%ï¼ï¼ motor vehicle source ï¼22.5%ï¼ï¼ combustion source ï¼20.1%ï¼ï¼ solvent use source ï¼16.3%ï¼ï¼ and oil and gas volatilization source ï¼14.1%ï¼. The analysis results of summer sources were as followsï¼ motor vehicle source ï¼24.8%ï¼ï¼ industrial source ï¼24.1%ï¼ï¼ solvent source ï¼17.4%ï¼ï¼ oil and gas volatilization source ï¼14.2%ï¼ï¼ combustion source ï¼11.2%ï¼ï¼ and plant source ï¼8.4%ï¼. The results of the smog production model showed that the proportion of days in the synergistic control zone of VOCs during the two pollution processes in summer ï¼66.7%ï¼ was smaller than that in winter ï¼100.0%ï¼. The secondary reaction activity results showed that the average ·OH loss rate ï¼L·OHï¼ values in winter and summer were 4.12 s-1 and 4.75 s-1ï¼ respectively. The average ozone formation potential ï¼OFPï¼ values in summer were 108.36 µg·m-3. The olefins were dominant in the top ten species due to L·OH and OFP contributions in summer. The total SOAFP values in winter in Zhengzhou were 54.38 µg·m-3. Among the top ten species contributing to SOAFP in winterï¼ nine were aromatic hydrocarbons.
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Organic acids in atmospheric particulate matter are widely involved in various physical and chemical reactions in the atmosphere and contribute greatly to the formation of secondary organic aerosols and haze pollutions. Thereforeï¼ the concentration distribution characteristicsï¼ sourcesï¼ and secondary formation of organic acids in particulate matter are of great significance for further investigation of organic aerosols and their secondary transformation. Fine particulate matter ï¼PM2.5ï¼ samples were collected in Zhengzhouï¼ and three types of organic acidsï¼ including dicarboxylic acidsï¼ fatty acidsï¼ and resin acidsï¼ were analyzed to explore their species distributionï¼ seasonal variationsï¼ source contributionï¼ and secondary generation. Malonic acid ï¼di-C3ï¼ and succinate acid ï¼di-C4ï¼ were the most abundant in the identified dicarboxylic acidsï¼ which showed obvious seasonal variations in the order of summer > autumn > winter > spring. Fatty acids had the highest concentration in winter and the lowest concentration in springï¼ showing obvious bimodal advantagesï¼ with the most abundant compounds being palmitic acid and stearic acid ï¼C18ï¼. Principal component analysis and multiple linear regression ï¼MLRï¼ were used to analyze the source of organic acids in PM2.5 in Zhengzhouï¼ the results showed that 35% of the organic acids came from combustion and traffic sourcesï¼ 24% from cooking sourcesï¼ 23% from secondary formationï¼ and 17% from natural sources. The ratios of the selected marker species ï¼i.e.ï¼ di-C3 / di-C4ï¼ F/Mï¼ and C18ï¼1 / C18ï¼ were used as tracers for the secondary formation of the organic aerosol and its aging process. The results showed that the photochemical reaction was intense in summerï¼ and the proportion of organic aerosol aging or secondary production was highï¼ whereas the photochemical reaction was weak in winterï¼ and the aging degree of organic aerosol was low. Correlation analysis and MLR were used in combination to quantify the relative contribution of gas-phase oxidation and liquid-phase oxidation to dicarboxylic acid formationï¼ and the results showed that gas-phase oxidation played a dominant role in the sampling period ï¼accounting for 58%ï¼ï¼ especially in summer ï¼61%ï¼.
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Nifedipine is a potent antihypertensive medication classified as a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. The objective of this trial was to assess the bioequivalence of a 30-mg nifedipine controlled-release tablet and a reference drug in a cohort of healthy Chinese individuals. Two independent open-label, randomized, single-dose, crossover studies were conducted, 1 under fasting conditions (N = 44, with 1 participant dropping out midway) and the other under fed conditions (N = 44, with 4 participants dropping out midway). Plasma concentrations of nifedipine were determined using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters were calculated using noncompartmental analysis with Phoenix WinNonlin 8.0 software. In both fasting and fed studies, reasonable bioequivalence was observed for the PK parameters of both the test product and the reference drug. A good safety profile was demonstrated for both the test product and reference drug, with no serious adverse events reported, and both were similarly well tolerated. An important observation with food coadministration was that systemic exposure to nifedipine (based on area under the curve, AUC0-∞) was reduced by approximately 12%. The bioequivalence of the test product and reference drug under fasting/fed conditions in healthy subjects in China was demonstrated by the study results.
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Área Sob a Curva , Bloqueadores dos Canais de Cálcio , Estudos Cross-Over , Preparações de Ação Retardada , Jejum , Interações Alimento-Droga , Nifedipino , Comprimidos , Equivalência Terapêutica , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Administração Oral , Povo Asiático , Bloqueadores dos Canais de Cálcio/farmacocinética , Bloqueadores dos Canais de Cálcio/administração & dosagem , Bloqueadores dos Canais de Cálcio/efeitos adversos , China , População do Leste Asiático , Voluntários Saudáveis , Nifedipino/farmacocinética , Nifedipino/administração & dosagem , Nifedipino/efeitos adversosRESUMO
Nitrate (NO3-), sulfate (SO42-), and ammonium (NH4+) are important components of PM2.5, and studying their characteristics and influencing factors is essential for the continuous improvement of air quality. A series of online instruments were used to analyze the chemical components of PM2.5 in Zhengzhou in the summer of 2020. The results showed that the average ρ(PM2.5) was (28 ±13) µg·m-3, showing a daily variation characteristic of high at night and low during the day. The main concentrations of NO3-, SO42-, and NH4+ were (7.8 ±6.7), (7.2 ±3.7), and (5.5 ±3.1) µg·m-3, accounting for 22%, 21%, and 16% in PM2.5, respectively. The proportions of NO3- (27%) and SO42- (23%) in PM2.5, respectively, increased with the increase in PM2.5 and O3 concentration. In addition, the proportions of NO3- and NH4+ increased under low wind speed, high humidity, low temperature, and rainfall conditions. Moreover, the proportion of NO3- showed a daily variation characteristic of high at night and low during the day, whereas the opposite was true for SO42-. The gas-particle partitioning process of NH4NO3 was the main factor affecting the concentrations of NO3- and NH4+ in PM2.5. Low temperature, high humidity, and high aerosol water content concentrations favored the partitioning of HNO3 and NH3 to the particulate phase. High pH also favored the partitioning of gas-phase HNO3 to NO3-; however, it was not conducive to the partition of NH3 to NH4+. These trends partially explained the increase in the concentration and proportion of NO3- in PM2.5 under different scenarios.
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Herein, we describe an efficient transition-metal-free regioselective C3alkylation of indoles for the synthesis of bis(indolyl)methanes and 3-styryl indoles. Nitrobenzene is employed as the oxidant to oxidize the alcohols in the presence of a strong base and the reaction avoids the use of transition metals such as Ru and Mn. The protocol provides a favorable route to access biologically active compounds such as arundine, vibrindole A, and turbomycin B.
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ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Cornstigma (CS), derived from the stigma and style of gramineous plant Zeamays. The medicinal use of CS can be traced back to DianNanMateriaMedica. LingnanMedicinalPlantsCompendium records its effectiveness in ameliorating diabetes. Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia and the consequent chronic complications of kidney, heart, brain and other organs, which pose a significant threat to human health. CS has shown great potential in relieving hyperglycemia associated with diabetes. However, the mechanism of CS in treating diabetes remains unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY: To explore the pathogenesis of diabetes and the mechanism of CS improving hyperglycemia in diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We measured apigenin and luteolin contents in CS by UPLC/MS/MS method. Selecting Wistar rats as normal group, and GK rats as model group. For rats, we detected glucose and lipid metabolism indicators, including GHb, AST, ALT, U-Glu, UA, U-TP, U-ALB, and ACR after treatment. For zebrafish, we utilized alloxan and sucrose to establish the diabetes model. Measuring zebrafish blood glucose is employed to evaluate the hypoglycemic capability of CS. In order to explore the mechanism of CS in treating diabetes, we sequenced the transcriptome of zebrafish, compared differentially expressed genes of normal, diabetic, and CS-treated group, and validated multiple enrichment pathways by PCR. RESULTS: CS can improve blood glucose levels in both GK rats and diabetic zebrafish. For rats, CS partially restored glucose and lipid metabolism indicators. Transcriptome data from zebrafish showed a close correlation with steroid biosynthesis. The RNA-Sequencing was consistent with PCR results, indicating that CS downregulated gene (fdft1,lss,cyp51) expression concerned with steroid biosynthesis pathway in the diabetes model. CONCLUSION: CS effectively improved blood glucose levels, regulated glucose and lipid metabolism by suppressing gene expression in steroid biosynthesis pathway, and ameliorated hyperglycemia. Our research provides valuable insights for CS in the treatment of diabetes, and proposes a new strategy for selecting clinical medications for diabetes.
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Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Hiperglicemia , Ratos , Humanos , Animais , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Peixe-Zebra , Glicemia , Zea mays , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem , Ratos Wistar , Hiperglicemia/complicações , Glucose/metabolismo , Hipoglicemiantes/farmacologia , EsteroidesRESUMO
Transition state (TS) on the potential energy surface (PES) plays a key role in determining the kinetics and thermodynamics of chemical reactions. Inspired by the fact that the dynamics of complex systems are always driven by rare but significant transition events, we herein propose a TS search method in accordance with the Q-learning algorithm. Appropriate reward functions are set for a given PES to optimize the reaction pathway through continuous trial and error, and then the TS can be obtained from the optimized reaction pathway. The validity of this Q-learning method with reasonable settings of Q-value table including actions, states, learning rate, greedy rate, discount rate, and so on, is exemplified in 2 two-dimensional potential functions. In the applications of the Q-learning method to two chemical reactions, it is demonstrated that the Q-learning method can predict consistent TS and reaction pathway with those by ab initio calculations. Notably, the PES must be well prepared before using the Q-learning method, and a coarse-to-fine PES scanning scheme is thus introduced to save the computational time while maintaining the accuracy of the Q-learning prediction. This work offers a simple and reliable Q-learning method to search for all possible TS and reaction pathway of a chemical reaction, which may be a new option for effectively exploring the PES in an extensive search manner.
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Vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) promises a route to low-cost and grid-scale electricity storage using renewable energy resources. However, the interplay of mass transport and activation processes of high-loading catalysts makes it challenging to drive high-performance density VRFB. Herein, a surface-to-pore interface design that unlocks the potential of atomic-Bi-exposed catalytic surface via decoupling activation and transport is reported. The functional interface accommodates electron-regulated atomic-Bi catalyst in an asymmetric BiâOâMn structure that expedites the V3+ /V2+ conversion, and a mesoporous Mn3 O4 sub-scaffold for rapid shuttling of redox-active species, whereby the site accessibility is maximized, contrary to conventional transport-limited catalysts. By in situ grafting this interface onto micron-porous carbon felt (Bi1 -sMn3 O4 -CF), a high-performance flow battery is achieved, yielding a record high energy efficiency of 76.72% even at a high current density of 400 mA cm-2 and a peak power density of 1.503 W cm-2 , outdoing the battery with sMn3 O4 -CF (62.60%, 0.978 W cm-2 ) without Bi catalyst. Moreover, this battery renders extraordinary durability of over 1500 cycles, bespeaking a crucial breakthrough toward sustainable redox flow batteries (RFBs).
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In this study, a revised CMAQ model incorporating source and temporal apportioning functions has been used to analyze the aging characteristics of SOA in East Asia. The results show that in the aerosol phase, the fraction of the non-volatile components typically fluctuates around 75 %-95 %, and aromatic hydrocarbon precursors contribute significantly to SOA, accounting for 45.6 %-72.7 % in winter and 29.1 %-52.7 % in summer. Transport due to meteorological conditions does not affect the SOA volatility profile in the cities, while regional source composition has been found to be important for the characterization of the properties of SOA in cities. When the SOA regional composition type is a multi-region-imported-dominated type (MRT), its age composition type tends to be an old-age-SOA-dominated type (OAT) (>48 h). Additionally, transport also causes fluctuations in the range of hourly SOA with atmospheric age of 96 h or higher. The SOAs normally transport through seasonal monsoon and could migrate longer in winter (700-1500 km in January) than in other seasons (250-900 km in April; 500-1200 km in July; 300-1000 km in October). Additionally, in winter, non-volatile SOA generally has a longer transport distance (700-1600 km) than semi- and low-volatile SOA (300-1300 km and 600-1500 km). Furthermore, during the transport process, geographical barriers have negligible impact on SOA in the 48+ hour age group.