Kangai Injection, a Traditional Chinese Medicine, Improves Efficacy and Reduces Toxicity of Chemotherapy in Advanced Colorectal Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To systematically review whether the Kangai injection (KAI), which is commonly used traditional Chinese medicine, can improve the clinical efficacy of chemotherapy and relieve adverse reactions of chemotherapy in advanced colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was performed in three English and three Chinese electronic databases until March 2019. The literature was screened by EndNote X8 and data were analysed by RevMan5 and Stata12.0. RESULTS: This meta-analysis consisted of twenty-eight studies, of which 2310 cases were reported. Among the 2310 cases, 1207 cases were treated with KAI combined with chemotherapy and 1103 cases were treated with chemotherapy alone. The results showed that KAI combined with chemotherapy significantly improved tumor response (Risk Ratio (RR) =1.32; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.22-1.43; p<0.00001); Karnofsky performance status (KPS score) (Risk Ratio (RR) =1.48; 95% CI: 1.36-1.60; p<0.00001); reduced adverse drug reactions (ADRs) such as nausea and vomiting (OR =0.31; 95% CI: 0.24-0.41; p <0.00001), diarrhea (OR =0.36; 95% CI: 0.25-0.52; p<0.00001), leukopenia (OR =2.97; 95% CI:2.27-3.88; p<0.00001), thrombocytopenia (OR =0.53; 95% CI: 0.38-0.74; p<0.0002), liver dysfunction (OR =0.29; 95% CI: 0.20-0.44; p<0.00001), neurotoxicity (OR =0.51; 95% CI: 0.36-0.71; p = 0.0004); increased immune function (CD3+: MD=6.34; 95% CI: 5.52-7.16; p < 0.00001, CD4+: MD=-5.99; 95% CI: 5.20-6.78; p < 0.00001; and CD4+/CD8+: MD=0.34; 95% CI: 0.14-0.54; p < 0.0009), and prolonged survival time (OR =1.77; 95% CI: 1.25-2.50; p = 0.001). Renal dysfunction caused by chemotherapy was not affected by KAI treatment (Odds Ratio (OR) =0.53; 95%IC: 0.25-1.12; p = 0.10). CONCLUSION: KAI can increase clinical effectiveness, improve quality of life, alleviate ADRs, and prolong survival time in advanced colorectal (CRC) patients receiving chemotherapy.

Meta-Analysis of Xihuang Pill Efficacy When Combined with Chemotherapy for Treatment of Breast Cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To systematically evaluate the efficacy of Xihuang pill (XHP) in breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. METHODS: Three English and four Chinese databases were searched. Literature was screened using EndNote X7 and data were analyzed by Review Manager. RESULTS: This review included 13 randomized clinical studies of 1272 patients. The results showed that XHP increased the tumor response [risk ratio (RR) = 2.91; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.98-4.26] and improved Karnofsky performance score (KPS) for breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy [RR = 4.96; 95% CI = 2.07-11.86]. In addition, XHP treatment significantly reduced chemotherapy-induced adverse events, including nausea and vomiting [RR = 0.50; 95% CI = 0.33-0.74], WBC reduction [RR = 0.71; 95% CI = 0.47-1.06], platelet reduction [RR = 0.53; 95% CI = 0.19-1.44], hemoglobin reduction [RR = 0.31; 95% CI = 0.19-0.52], and hepatic function damage [RR = 0.63; 95% CI = 0.35-1.11]. CONCLUSION: XHP combined with chemotherapy in comparison with chemotherapy alone could significantly enhance the tumor response, improve KPS, and alleviate toxicity induced by chemotherapy in breast cancer patients.

Use of Jianpi Jiedu Herbs in Patients with Advanced Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To systematically review the effect of invigorating Pi and detoxification (Jianpi Jiedu, (JPJD)) herbs in advanced colorectal cancer (CRC) patients receiving chemotherapy. METHODS: Three English and four Chinese databases were searched. Literature was screened by EndNote X7 and data were analyzed by RevMan 5.2. RESULTS: This review comprised 12 randomized clinical studies of 701 patients. The results showed that JPJD herbs improved the therapeutic effect on Chinese medicine symptoms [risk ratio (RR) = 1.59; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.35~1.88] and Karnofsky performance score [RR = 2.07; 95% CI: 1.52~2.82] for advanced CRC patients receiving chemotherapy, lowered the Chinese medicine symptoms' score [weighted mean difference = -2.44; 95% CI: -3.23~-1.64], reduced the incidence of nausea and vomiting [RR = 0.23; 95% CI: 0.11~0.49], improved platelet at toxicity grades III-IV [odds ratio = 0.29; 95% CI: 0.12~0.74] and I-IV [RR = 0.65; 95% CI: 0.51~0.82], and improved white blood cell at toxicity grades III-IV [RR = 0.37; 95% CI: 0.23~0.58] and I-IV [RR = 0.69; 95% CI: 0.60~0.79]. However, the results showed no significant effect on tumor response. CONCLUSION: JPJD herbs can improve quality of life, relieve symptoms, and reduce adverse events of advanced CRC patients receiving chemotherapy.

[Inhibitory effect of jianpi-jiedu prescription-contained serum on colorectal cancer SW48 cell proliferation by mTOR-P53-P21 signalling pathway].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of jianpi-jiedu (JPJD) prescription-contained serum on colorectal cancer SW48 cell proliferation and the underlying mechanisms.
 Methods: Crude extract from JPJD was made by water extract method and the main components of crude extract from JPJD were analyzed by ultra-performance liquid phase high resolution time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS). The low, medium, and high-concentration of JPJD-contained serum were prepared by the serum pharmacological method. The effect of serum containing JPJD on SW48 cell proliferation was determined by MTT assay. The cell cycle was detected by flow cytometric method. The protein levels of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), phospho-mTOR, P-P53, and -P21, and the mRNA level of mTOR were examined by Western blot and RT-PCR, respectively.
 Results: Seven compounds including calycosin-7-glucoside, astragaloside, ginsenoside-Re, ginsenoside-Rb1, glycyrrhizinic acid, apigenin, atractylenolide-II were identified. MTT assays demonstrated that the SW48 cell proliferation was inhibited by medium and high concentration of JPJD-contained serum and the percentages of cells at G1 phase in SW48 cell cultured in the medium and high concentration of JPJD serum group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). Meanwhile, the levels of mTOR mRNA and phospho-mTOR protein in the medium and high concentration of JPJD serum groups were substantially lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). Conversely, the expressions of phospho-P53 and P21 protein were significantly increased in the medium and high concentration of JPJD serum group compared with those in the control group.
 Conclusion: JPJD prescription-contained serum can inhibit SW48 cell proliferation, which may be related to mTOR-P53-P21 signaling pathways.

[Effect of jianpi-jiedu formula on tumor angiogenesis-relevant genes expression in colorectal cancer].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of the jianpi-jiedu formula (JPJD) on the expression of angiogenesis-relevant genes in colon cancer.
 Methods: Crude extract was obtained from JPJD by water extract method. The effect of JPJD crude extract on colon cancer cell proliferation capacity was determined by MTT assays. The IC50 value was calculated by GraphPad Prism5 software. Affymetrix gene expression profiling chip was used to detect significant differences in expressions of genes after JPJD intervention, and pathway enrichment analysis was performed to analyze the differentially expressed genes. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software was applied to analyze differentially expressed genes relevant to tumor angiogenesis based on mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway and then the network diagram was built. Western blot was used to verify the protein levels of key genes related to tumor angiogenesis.
 Results: JPJD crud extract inhibited the proliferation capacity in colon cancer cells. The IC50 values in 24, 48, and 72 hours after treatment were 13.060, 9.646 and 8.448 mg/mL, respectively. The results of chip showed that 218 genes significantly upgraded, and 252 genes significantly downgraded after JPJD treatment. Most of the genes were related to the function of biosynthesis, metabolism, cell apoptosis, antigen extraction, angiogenesis and so on. There were 12 differentially expressed angiogenesis genes. IPA software analysis showed that the JPJD downregulated expression of sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 3 (SMPD3), VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), integrin subunit alpha 1 (ITGA1), cathepsin B (CTSB), and cathepsin S (CTSS) genes, while upregulated expressions of GAB2 and plasminogen activator, urokinase receptor (PLAUR) genes in the colorectal cancer cell. Western blot results demonstrated that JPJD obviously downregulated expressions of phospho-mTOR (P-mTOR), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), and VEGF proteins, while obviously upregulated the level of phospho-P53 (P-P53) protein.
 Conclusion: JPJD may inhibit colorectal tumor angiogenesis through regulation of the mTOR-HIF-1α-VEGF signal pathway.

[Study on two stage immerged biological film wastewater treatment reactor].

The two stage immerged biological film wastewater treatment reactor was studied in different organic loads. The organic removal efficiency of each stage, filter capability and technical contrast between one stage reactor and two stages reactor were discussed. The results showed that the distribution ratio of organic removal were 76% and 24% in first and second stage reactors respectively, COD removal efficiency was 42% in sand filter unit, and the two stage reactor was more effective and reliable than one stage reactor in the same organic loads.