A simplified digital workflow for the rapid design and fabrication of interim fixed prostheses using an open-access software program.

A digital workflow for the rapid design and fabrication of interim fixed prostheses using an open-access software program and 3-dimensional printing technology is described. After obtaining intraoral scanning data, the prostheses are designed by offset, margin sculpting, and a Boolean operation. Then, the prostheses are finalized and manufactured additively. The use of the open-access software program and simplified design steps enhances the manufacturing efficiency and accessibility of computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing of interim restorations.

Response of microbial communities to exogenous nitrate nitrogen input in black and odorous sediment.

Since nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N) input has proved an effective approach for the treatment of black and odorous river waterbody, it was controversial whether the total nitrogen concentration standard should be raised when the effluent from the sewage treatment plant is discharged into the polluted river. To reveal the effect of exogenous nitrate (NO3--N) on black odorous waterbody, sediments with different features from contaminated rivers were collected, and the changes of physical and chemical characteristics and microbial community structure in sediments before and after the addition of exogenous NO3--N were investigated. The results showed that after the input of NO3--N, reducing substances such as acid volatile sulfide (AVS) in the sediment decreased by 80 % on average, ferrous (Fe2+) decreased by 50 %, yet the changing trend of ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N) in some sediment samples increased while others decreased. High-throughput sequencing results showed that the abundance of Thiobacillus at most sites increased significantly, becoming the dominant genus in the sediment, and the abundance of functional genes in the metabolome increased, such as soxA, soxX, soxY, soxZ. Network analysis showed that sediment microorganisms evolved from a single sulfur oxidation ecological function to diverse ecological functions, such as nitrogen cycle nirB, nirD, nirK, nosZ, and aerobic decomposition. In summary, inputting an appropriate amount of exogenous NO3--N is beneficial for restoring and maintaining the oxidation states of river sediment ecosystems.

First principles studies on the adsorption of rare base-pairs on the surface of B/N atom doped γ-graphyne.

Rare base-pairs consists of guanine (G) paired with rare bases, such as 5-methylcytosine (5-meCyt), 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmCyt), 5-carboxylcytosine (5-caCyt), and 5-formylcytosine (5-fCyt), have become the focus of epigenetic research because they can be used as markers to detect some chronic diseases and cancers. However, the correlation detection of these rare base-pairs is limited, which in turn limits the development of diagnostic tests and devices. Herein, the interaction of rare base-pairs adsorbed on pure and B/N-doped γ-graphyne (γ-GY) nanosheets was explored using the density functional theory. The calculated adsorption energy showed that the system of rare base-pairs on B-doped γ-GY is more stable than that on pure γ-GY or N-doped γ-GY. Translocation time values indicate that rare base-pairs can be successfully distinguished as the difference in their translocation times is very large for pure and B/N-doped γ-GY nanosheets. Meanwhile, sensing response values illustrated that pure and B-doped γ-GY are the best for G-5-hmCyt adsorption, while the N-doped γ-GY is the best for G-Cyt adsorption. The findings indicate that translocation times and sensing response can be used as detection indexes for pure and B/N doped γ-GY, which will provide a new way for experimental scientists to develop the biosensor components.

Correlation between intraosseous thermal change and drilling impulse data during osteotomy within autonomous dental implant robotic system: An in vitro study.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims at examining the correlation of intraosseous temperature change with drilling impulse data during osteotomy and establishing real-time temperature prediction models. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A combination of in vitro bovine rib model and Autonomous Dental Implant Robotic System (ADIR) was set up, in which intraosseous temperature and drilling impulse data were measured using an infrared camera and a six-axis force/torque sensor respectively. A total of 800 drills with different parameters (e.g., drill diameter, drill wear, drilling speed, and thickness of cortical bone) were experimented, along with an independent test set of 200 drills. Pearson correlation analysis was done for linear relationship. Four machining learning (ML) algorithms (e.g., support vector regression [SVR], ridge regression [RR], extreme gradient boosting [XGboost], and artificial neural network [ANN]) were run for building prediction models. RESULTS: By incorporating different parameters, it was found that lower drilling speed, smaller drill diameter, more severe wear, and thicker cortical bone were associated with higher intraosseous temperature changes and longer time exposure and were accompanied with alterations in drilling impulse data. Pearson correlation analysis further identified highly linear correlation between drilling impulse data and thermal changes. Finally, four ML prediction models were established, among which XGboost model showed the best performance with the minimum error measurements in test set. CONCLUSION: The proof-of-concept study highlighted close correlation of drilling impulse data with intraosseous temperature change during osteotomy. The ML prediction models may inspire future improvement on prevention of thermal bone injury and intelligent design of robot-assisted implant surgery.

DTCO optimizes critical path nets to improve chip performance with timing-aware OPC in deep ultraviolet lithography.

Design technology co-optimization (DTCO) is a potential approach to tackle the escalating expenses and complexities associated with pitch scaling. This strategy offers a promising solution by minimizing the required design dimensions and mitigating the pitch scaling trend. It is worth noting that lithography has played a significant role in dimensional scaling over time. This paper proposes a DTCO flow to reduce the impact of the process variation (PV) band and edge placement error (EPE). First, we performed the digital back-end design of the high-performance processor and got the test layout; second, we executed timing analysis on the test layout to get the critical path net that affects the chip performance; third, we proposed the timing-aware optimized optical proximity correction (OPC) method to optimize the PV band and EPE by adjusting the weights of critical path net merit points, optimizing the generation of the sub-resolution assistant feature, giving tighter EPE specs for merit points on the critical path net, and placing denser merit points as well as denser breakpoints for the critical path net to obtain greater freedom in the OPC process. Finally, it is verified that our proposed DTCO process can significantly reduce the EPE and lead to a slight decrease in the PV band of the chip while maintaining the same process windows.

Dataset for developing optimal headway-based bus dispatching strategy during epidemic outbreaks.

This article presents the data utilized in a study focused on identifying an optimal bus dispatching strategy in light of epidemic impacts. The study specifically examines the Xi'an Xiaozhai central business district (CBD) street network, which consists of 33 major signalized intersections and 112 bus stops associated with 12 bus routes. The dataset includes details of intersection and bus stop geospatial data, street segment and intersection design, intersection signal timing plans, bus route operational properties such as dispatching frequencies, fleet sizes, loading bay capacities, and bus-specific parameters. It also encompasses data on passenger boarding and alighting counts, as well as travelers' origin and destination (O-D) locations, routes, and departure times during three time periods: 10:00-11:00 PM, 1:00-2:00 PM, and 7:00-8:00 PM on Monday, June 7, 2021. These times represent off-peak (10:00 PM-1:00 AM the next day), adjacent-to-peak (9:00-11:00 AM, 1:00-4:00 PM, and 8:00-10:00 PM), and peak (7:00-9:00 AM, 11:00 AM-1:00 PM, and 4:00-8:00 PM) periods, respectively. Data collection involves searching government and organizational records, utilizing Alibaba Cloud's Amap platform, conducting onsite measurements, and performing a field survey. The dataset is a valuable resource for studying the integrated operations of various urban mass transit services, including buses, bus rapid transit (BRT), and fixed guideway transit, under both normal and epidemic-affected travel conditions. Additionally, it can be used to investigate multimodal integrated urban passenger services offered by automobiles, transit, ridesharing, and active transportation modes.

Identification of quantitative trait loci and candidate genes for seed folate content in soybean.

KEY MESSAGE: From 61 QTL mapped, a stable QTL cluster of 992 kb was discovered on chromosome 5 for folate content and a putative candidate gene, Glyma.05G237500, was identified. Folate (vitamin B9) is one of the most essential micronutrients whose deficiencies lead to various health defects in humans. Herein, we mapped the quantitative trait loci (QTL) underlying seed folate content in soybean using recombinant inbred lines developed from cultivars, ZH35 and ZH13, across four environments. We identified 61 QTL on 12 chromosomes through composite interval mapping, with phenotypic variance values ranging from 1.68 to 24.68%. A major-effect QTL cluster (qFo-05) was found on chromosome 5, spanning 992 kb and containing 134 genes. Through gene annotation and single-locus haplotyping analysis of qFo-05 in a natural soybean population, we identified seven candidate genes significantly associated with 5MTHF and total folate content in multiple environments. RNA-seq analysis showed a unique expression pattern of a hemerythrin RING zinc finger gene, Glyma.05G237500, between both parental cultivars during seed development, which suggest the gene might regulate folate content in soybean. This is the first study to investigate QTL underlying folate content in soybean and provides new insight for molecular breeding to improve folate content in soybean.

GmEID1 modulates light signaling through the Evening Complex to control flowering time and yield in soybean.

Soybean (Glycine max) morphogenesis and flowering time are accurately regulated by photoperiod, which determine the yield potential and limit soybean cultivars to a narrow latitudinal range. The E3 and E4 genes, which encode phytochrome A photoreceptors in soybean, promote the expression of the legume-specific flowering repressor E1 to delay floral transition under long-day (LD) conditions. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. Here, we show that the diurnal expression pattern of GmEID1 is opposite to that of E1 and targeted mutations in the GmEID1 gene delay soybean flowering regardless of daylength. GmEID1 interacts with J, a key component of circadian Evening Complex (EC), to inhibit E1 transcription. Photoactivated E3/E4 interacts with GmEID1 to inhibit GmEID1-J interaction, promoting J degradation resulting in a negative correlation between daylength and the level of J protein. Notably, targeted mutations in GmEID1 improved soybean adaptability by enhancing yield per plant up to 55.3% compared to WT in field trials performed in a broad latitudinal span of more than 24°. Together, this study reveals a unique mechanism in which E3/E4-GmEID1-EC module controls flowering time and provides an effective strategy to improve soybean adaptability and production for molecular breeding.

Identification of hub genes regulating isoflavone accumulation in soybean seeds via GWAS and WGCNA approaches.

Introduction: Isoflavones are the secondary metabolites synthesized by the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway in soybean that benefits human and plant health. Methods: In this study, we have profiled seed isoflavone content by HPLC in 1551 soybean accessions grown in Beijing and Hainan for two consecutive years (2017 and 2018) and in Anhui for one year (2017). Results: A broad range of phenotypic variations was observed for individual and total isoflavone (TIF) content. The TIF content ranged from 677.25 to 5823.29 µg g-1 in the soybean natural population. Using a genome-wide association study (GWAS) based on 6,149,599 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), we identified 11,704 SNPs significantly associated with isoflavone contents; 75% of them were located within previously reported QTL regions for isoflavone. Two significant regions on chromosomes 5 and 11 were associated with TIF and malonylglycitin across more than 3 environments. Furthermore, the WGCNA identified eight key modules: black, blue, brown, green, magenta, pink, purple, and turquoise. Of the eight co-expressed modules, brown (r = 0.68***), magenta (r = 0.64***), and green (r = 0.51**) showed a significant positive association with TIF, as well as with individual isoflavone contents. By combining the gene significance, functional annotation, and enrichment analysis information, four hub genes Glyma.11G108100, Glyma.11G107100, Glyma.11G106900, and Glyma.11G109100 encoding, basic-leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor, MYB4 transcription factor, early responsive to dehydration, and PLATZ transcription factor respectively were identified in brown and green modules. The allelic variation in Glyma.11G108100 significantly influenced individual and TIF accumulation. Discussion: The present study demonstrated that the GWAS approach, combined with WGCNA, could efficiently identify isoflavone candidate genes in the natural soybean population.

Ab initio studies on graphyne (GY) for the detection of rare bases in DNA.

Graphyne (GY) and functionalized GY have become cutting-edge research materials for the scientific community. In the present work, the adsorption of rare bases -cytosine (Cyt), 5-methylcytosine (5-meCyt), 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmCyt), 5-formoxylcytosine (5-fCyt), and 5-carboxylcytosine (5-caCyt) on pristine, B- and N-doped γ-GY was investigated by the first-principles density functional method; methods were designed to distinguish these rare bases by the translocation time and sensitivity. Initially, the stability of pristine, B- and N-doped γ-GY was ascertained by the cohesion energy, and the electronic properties were also analyzed by the energy gap and density of state (DOS). When adsorbing over pristine γ-GY, the translocation times of rare bases were 1.34 × 101, 4.71 × 101, 1.19 × 104, 3.77 × 10-1 and 1.93 × 101 s, respectively. The sensitivities were 2.19%, 0.88%, 0.22%, 2.41%, and 0.88%, respectively, which indicates that they were not clearly separated. By doping the impurity atom, the electronic properties can be fine-tuned to change their selectivity. When adsorbing on the B-doped γ-GY, these rare bases showed sensitivities of 24.69%, 27.20%, 43.32%, 29.97%, and 32.24%, respectively. The rare bases showed sensitivities of 10.15%, 9.02%, 17.29%, 0.38%, and 3.76%, respectively, when adsorbing over the N-doped γ-GY, which greatly increases selectivities for recognization. Thus, these results indicate that pristine and doped γ-GY, as the electrical sensing material, can be used to detect rare bases.

Highly Stable Triangular Single-Layer 2D Assemblies: Synthesis and Their Stimuli-Responsive Elastic and Anisotropic Curling.

Synthesis of highly stable two-dimensional single-layer assemblies (SLAs) is a key challenge in supramolecular science, especially those with long-range molecular order and well-defined morphology. Here, thin (thickness <2 nm) triangular AuI -thiolate SLAs with high thermo-, solvato- and mechano- stability have been synthesized via a double-ligand co-assembly strategy. Furthermore, the SLAs show assembly-level elastic and anisotropic deformation responses to external stimuli as a result of the long-range anisotropic molecular packing, which provides SLAs with new application potentials in bio-mimic nanomechanics.

Identification of genes for seed isoflavones based on bulk segregant analysis sequencing in soybean natural population.

KEY MESSAGE: We identified four hub genes for isoflavone biosynthesis based on BSA-seq and WGCNA methods and validated that GmIE3-1 positively contribute to isoflavone accumulation in soybean. Soybean isoflavones are secondary metabolites of great interest owing to their beneficial impact on human health. Herein, we profiled the seed isoflavone content by HPLC in 1551 soybean accessions grown in two locations for two years and constructed two extreme pools with high (4065.1 µg g-1) and low (1427.23 µg g-1) isoflavone contents to identify candidate genes involved in isoflavone biosynthesis pathways using bulk segregant analysis sequencing (BSA-seq) approach. The results showed that the average sequencing depths were 50.3× and 65.7× in high and low pools, respectively. A total of 23,626 polymorphic SNPs and 5299 InDels were detected between both pools and 1492 genes with different variations were identified. Based on differential genes in BSA-seq and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), four hub genes, Glyma.06G290400 (designated as GmIE3-1), Glyma.01G239200, Glyma.01G241500, Glyma.13G256100 were identified, encoding E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase, arm repeat protein interacting with ABF2, zinc metallopeptidase EGY3, and dynamin-related protein 3A, respectively. The allelic variation in GmIE3-1 showed a significant influence on isoflavone accumulation. The virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) and RNAi hairy root transformation of GmIE3-1 revealed partial suppression of this gene could cause a significant decrease (P < 0.0001) of total isoflavone content, suggesting GmIE3-1 is a positive regulator for isoflavones. The present study demonstrated that the BSA-seq approach combined with WGCNA, VIGS and hairy root transformation can efficiently identify isoflavone candidate genes in soybean natural population.

Ratiometric Sensing of Intracellular pH Based on Dual Emissive Carbon Dots.

Accurate monitoring of intracellular pH in living cells is critical for developing a better understanding of cellular activities. In the current study, label-free carbon dots (p-CDs), which were fabricated using a straightforward one-pot solvothermal treatment of p-phenylenediamine and urea, were employed to create a new ratiometric pH nanosensor. Under single-wavelength excitation (λex = 500 nm), the p-CDs gave dual emission bands at 525 and 623 nm. The fluorescent intensity ratio (I525/I623) was linearly related to pH over the range 4.0 to 8.8 in buffer solutions, indicating that the ratiometric fluorescence nanoprobe may be useful for pH sensing. In pH measurements, the p-CDs also demonstrated outstanding selectivity, reversibility, and photostability. Owing to the advantages outlined above, the nanoprobe was used to monitor the pH of HeLa cells effectively. The label-free CD-based ratiometric nanoprobe features comparatively easy manufacturing and longer excitation and emission wavelengths than the majority of previously reported CD-based ratiometric pH sensors, which is ultimately beneficial for applications in biological imaging.

Dual-function C2H2-type zinc-finger transcription factor GmZFP7 contributes to isoflavone accumulation in soybean.

Isoflavones are a class of secondary metabolites produced by legumes and play important roles in human health and plant stress tolerance. The C2H2 zinc-finger transcription factor (TF) functions in plant stress tolerance, but little is known about its function in isoflavone regulation in soybean (Glycine max). Here, we report a C2H2 zinc-finger TF gene, GmZFP7, which regulates isoflavone accumulation in soybean. Overexpressing GmZFP7 increased the isoflavone concentration in both transgenic hairy roots and plants. By contrast, silencing GmZFP7 expression significantly reduced isoflavone levels. Metabolomic and qRT-PCR analysis revealed that GmZFP7 can increase the flux of the phenylpropanoid pathway. Furthermore, dual-luciferase and electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that GmZFP7 regulates isoflavone accumulation by influencing the expression of Isoflavone synthase 2 (GmIFS2) and Flavanone 3 ß-hydroxylase 1 (GmF3H1). In this study, we demonstrate that GmZFP7 contributes to isoflavone accumulation by regulating the expression of the gateway enzymes (GmIFS2 and GmF3H1) of competing phenylpropanoid pathway branches to direct the metabolic flux into isoflavone. A haplotype analysis indicated that important natural variations were present in GmZFP7 promoters, with P-Hap1 and P-Hap3 being the elite haplotypes. Our findings provide insight into how GmZFP7 regulates the phenylpropanoid pathway and enhances soybean isoflavone content.

Rational Design of a Dual-Channel Fluorescent Probe for the Simultaneous Imaging of Hypochlorous Acid and Peroxynitrite in Living Organisms.

Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and peroxynitrite (ONOO-) are two important highly reactive oxygen/nitrogen species, which commonly coexist in biosystems and play pivotal roles in many physiological and pathological processes. To investigate their function and correlations, it is urgently needed to construct chemical tools that can track the production of HOCl and ONOO- in biological systems with distinct fluorescence signals. Here, we found that the coumarin fluorescence of coumarin-benzopyrylium (CB) hydrazides (spirocyclic form) is dim, and their fluorescence properties are controlled by their benzopyran moiety via an intramolecular photo-induced electron transfer (PET) process. Based on this mechanism, we report the development of a fluorescent probe CB2-H for the simultaneous detection of HOCl and ONOO-. ONOO- can selectively oxidize the hydrazide group of CB2-H to afford the parent dye CB2 (Absmax/Emmax = 631/669 nm). In the case of HOCl, it undergoes an electrophilic attack on the benzopyran moiety of CB2-H to give a chlorinated product CB2-H-Cl, which inhibits the PET process within the probe and thus affords a turn-on fluorescence response at the coumarin channel (Absmax/Emmax = 407/468 nm). Due to the marked differences in absorption/emission wavelengths between the HOCl and ONOO- products, CB2-H enables the concurrent detection of HOCl and ONOO- at two independent channels without spectral cross-interference. CB2-H has been applied for dual-channel fluorescence imaging of endogenously produced HOCl and ONOO- in living cells and zebrafish under different stimulants. The present probe provides a useful tool for further exploring the distribution and correlation of HOCl and ONOO- in more biosystems.

Spatial Pattern and Influencing Factors of Tourism Resources in Northwestern Ethnic Areas in China-A Case Study of Longde County.

With the in-depth development of the Western Development Strategy and Rural Revitalization, the tourism industry has become an important economic sector to drive local development in northwestern minority areas of China. This study established a database of tourism resources in Longde county and analyzed the spatial pattern of these tourism resources by using the scale index and kernel density. From the perspective of the natural and social environment, this paper quantitatively discusses the influencing factors of the spatial pattern of tourism resources in the county based on a multiple linear regression model. The results showed that: (1) There were 2049 tourism resources distributed in Longde County, and building and facility resources were the most prevalent. (2) The hierarchical structure of tourism resources in the county showed a "pyramid" distribution, where excellent tourism resources accounted for 22.60% of the total resources. (3) The spatial pattern showed an agglomeration distribution, and the spatial differences of all kinds of resources were significant. The resources were mainly distributed in Chengguan Town and Wenbao Township. (4) Topographic conditions, convenient transportation, population density and water system distribution were important factors that affected the spatial pattern of tourism resources. It was suggested that the government issue corresponding policies to optimize the spatial pattern of tourism resources; balance the relationship between the exploitation of tourism resources, tourism development and local economy, and the social and ecological environment; and promote the sustainable development of tourism in the northwestern ethnic areas in China.

Three-ligand Co-assembled 2D Au(I)-Thiolate Nanosheets.

Two-dimensional (2D) Au(I)-thiolate assemblies are a special type of material that can balance high structural stability and rich surface functionality, which shows promising prospects in both fundamental research and applications. Co-assembly of multiple ligands is a facile way to further enrich the surface properties and functions, and expand their application potentials. In this work, taking 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA), cysteine (Cys) and 1-thioglycerol (TGO) as example ligands, we studied in detail the possibility to co-assemble them into one nanosheet. Although the three ligands have significantly different controllability and pathways when self-assembling individually with Au(I), they can still be effectively co-assembled by reacting with HAuCl4 together to obtain three-ligand nanosheets with good colloidal stability. The key points for successful co-assembly are also revealed by comparing single- and three-ligand self-assembly processes, laying a solid foundation for co-assembly of even more ligands. The easy but powerful strategy for 2D materials with closely-packed and multiple tunable surface functional groups addresses the surface engineering problem for 2D materials and paves the way for their wider applications in sensing and biomaterials.

Identification of Genomic Loci and Candidate Genes Related to Seed Tocopherol Content in Soybean.

Soybean seeds are primary sources of natural tocopherols used by the food and pharmaceutical industries, owing to their beneficial impacts on human health. Selection for higher tocopherol contents in seeds along with other desirable traits is an important goal in soybean breeding. In order to identify the genomic loci and candidate genes controlling tocopherol content in soybean seeds, the bulked-segregant analysis technique was performed using a natural population of soybean consisting of 1525 accessions. We constructed the bulked-segregant analysis based on 98 soybean accessions that showed extreme phenotypic variation for the target trait, consisting of 49 accessions with extremely-high and 49 accessions with extremely-low tocopherol content. A total of 144 variant sites and 109 predicted genes related to tocopherol content were identified, in which a total of 83 genes were annotated by the gene ontology functions. Furthermore, 13 enriched terms (p < 0.05) were detected, with four of them found to be highly enriched: response to lipid, response to abscisic acid, transition metal ion transmembrane transporter activity, and double-stranded DNA binding. Especially, six candidate genes were detected at 41.8−41.9 Mb genomic hotspots on chromosome 5 based on ANNOtate VARiation analysis. Among the genes, only Glyma.05G243400 carried a non-synonymous mutation that encodes a "translation elongation factor EF1A or initiation factor IF2gamma family protein" was identified. The haplotype analysis confirmed that Glyma.05G243400 exhibited highly significant variations in terms of tocopherol content across multiple experimental locations, suggesting that it can be the key candidate gene regulating soybean seed tocopherols. The present findings provide novel gene resources related to seed tocopherols for further validation by genome editing, functional characterization, and genetic improvement targeting enhanced tocopherol composition in soybean molecular breeding.

The GmSNAP11 Contributes to Resistance to Soybean Cyst Nematode Race 4 in Glycine max.

Soybean cyst nematode (SCN) has devastating effects on soybean production, making it crucial to identify genes conferring SCN resistance. Here we employed next-generation sequencing-based bulked segregant analysis (BSA) to discover genomic regions, candidate genes, and diagnostic markers for resistance to SCN race 4 (SCN4) in soybean. Phenotypic analysis revealed highly significant differences among the reactions of 145 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) to SCN4. In combination with euclidean distance (ED) and Δsingle-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-index analyses, we identified a genomic region on Gm11 (designated as rhg1-paralog) associated with SCN4 resistance. Overexpression and RNA interference analyzes of the two candidate genes identified in this region (GmPLAC8 and GmSNAP11) revealed that only GmSNAP11 significantly contributes to SCN4 resistance. We developed a diagnostic marker for GmSNAP11. Using this marker, together with previously developed markers for SCN-resistant loci, rhg1 and Rhg4, we evaluated the relationship between genotypes and SCN4 resistance in 145 RILs and 30 soybean accessions. The results showed that all the SCN4-resistant lines harbored all the three loci, however, some lines harboring the three loci were still susceptible to SCN4. This suggests that these three loci are necessary for the resistance to SCN4, but they alone cannot confer full resistance. The GmSNAP11 and the diagnostic markers developed could be used in genomic-assisted breeding to develop soybean varieties with increased resistance to SCN4.