JMJD6 Autoantibodies as a Potential Biomarker for Inflammation-Related Diseases.

Inflammation is closely associated with cerebrovascular diseases, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and cancers, and it is accompanied by the development of autoantibodies in the early stage of inflammation-related diseases. Hence, it is meaningful to discover novel antibody biomarkers targeting inflammation-related diseases. In this study, Jumonji C-domain-containing 6 (JMJD6) was identified by the serological identification of antigens through recombinant cDNA expression cloning. In particular, JMJD6 is an antigen recognized in serum IgG from patients with unstable angina pectoris (a cardiovascular disease). Then, the serum antibody levels were examined using an amplified luminescent proximity homogeneous assay-linked immunosorbent assay and a purified recombinant JMJD6 protein as an antigen. We observed elevated levels of serum anti-JMJD6 antibodies (s-JMJD6-Abs) in patients with inflammation-related diseases such as ischemic stroke, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), diabetes mellitus (DM), and cancers (including esophageal cancer, EC; gastric cancer; lung cancer; and mammary cancer), compared with the levels in healthy donors. The s-JMJD6-Ab levels were closely associated with some inflammation indicators, such as C-reactive protein and intima-media thickness (an atherosclerosis index). A better postoperative survival status of patients with EC was observed in the JMJD6-Ab-positive group than in the negative group. An immunohistochemical analysis showed that JMJD6 was highly expressed in the inflamed mucosa of esophageal tissues, esophageal carcinoma tissues, and atherosclerotic plaques. Hence, JMJD6 autoantibodies may reflect inflammation, thereby serving as a potential biomarker for diagnosing specific inflammation-related diseases, including stroke, AMI, DM, and cancers, and for prediction of the prognosis in patients with EC.

Strategies for Treating Traumatic Neuromas with Tissue-Engineered Materials.

Neuroma, a pathological response to peripheral nerve injury, refers to the abnormal growth of nerve tissue characterized by disorganized axonal proliferation. Commonly occurring after nerve injuries, surgeries, or amputations, this condition leads to the formation of painful nodular structures. Traditional treatment options include surgical excision and pharmacological management, aiming to alleviate symptoms. However, these approaches often offer temporary relief without addressing the underlying regenerative challenges, necessitating the exploration of advanced strategies such as tissue-engineered materials for more comprehensive and effective solutions. In this study, we discussed the etiology, molecular mechanisms, and histological morphology of traumatic neuromas after peripheral nerve injury. Subsequently, we summarized and analyzed current nonsurgical and surgical treatment options, along with their advantages and disadvantages. Additionally, we emphasized recent advancements in treating traumatic neuromas with tissue-engineered material strategies. By integrating biomaterials, growth factors, cell-based approaches, and electrical stimulation, tissue engineering offers a comprehensive solution surpassing mere symptomatic relief, striving for the structural and functional restoration of damaged nerves. In conclusion, the utilization of tissue-engineered materials has the potential to significantly reduce the risk of neuroma recurrence after surgical treatment.

Atranorin inhibits Zika virus infection in human glioblastoma cell line SNB-19 via targeting Zika virus envelope protein.

BACKGROUND: Zika virus (ZIKV) is a single-stranded RNA flavivirus transmitted by mosquitoes. Its infection is associated with neurological complications such as neonatal microcephaly and adult Guillain-Barré syndrome, posing a serious threat to the health of people worldwide. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop effective anti-ZIKV drugs. Atranorin is a lichen secondary metabolite with a wide range of biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antioxidant, etc. However, the antiviral activity of atranorin and underlying mechanism has not been fully elucidated. PURPOSE: We aimed to determine the anti-ZIKV activity of atranorin in human glioma cell line SNB-19 and investigate the potential mechanism from the perspective of viral life cycle and the host cell functions. METHODS: We first established ZIKV-infected human glioma cells (SNB-19) model and used Western Blot, RT-qPCR, immunofluorescence, fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and plaque assay to evaluate the anti-ZIKV activity of atranorin. Then we assessed the regulation effect of atranorin on ZIKV induced IFN signal pathway activation by RT-qPCR. Afterward, we introduced time-of-addition assay, viral adsorption assay, viral internalization assay and transferrin uptake assay to define which step of ZIKV lifecycle is influenced by atranorin. Finally, we performed virus infectivity assay, molecular docking and thermal shift assay to uncover the target protein of atranorin on ZIKV. RESULTS: Our study showed that atranorin could protect SNB-19 cells from ZIKV infection, as evidenced by inhibited viral protein expression and progeny virus yield. Meanwhile, atranorin attenuated the activation of IFN signal pathway and downstream inflammatory response that induced by ZIKV infection. The results of time-of-addition assay indicated that atranorin acted primarily by disturbing the viral entry process. After ruling out the effect of atranorin on AXL receptor tyrosine kinase (AXL) dependent virus adsorption and clathrin-mediated endocytosis, we confirmed that atranorin directly targeted the viral envelope protein and lowered ZIKV infectivity by thermal shift assay and virus infectivity assay respectively. CONCLUSION: We found atranorin inhibits ZIKV infection in SNB-19 cells via targeting ZIKV envelope protein. Our study provided an experimental basis for the further development of atranorin and a reference for antiviral drug discovery from natural resources.

iPS-cell-derived microglia promote brain organoid maturation via cholesterol transfer.

Microglia are specialized brain-resident macrophages that arise from primitive macrophages colonizing the embryonic brain1. Microglia contribute to multiple aspects of brain development, but their precise roles in the early human brain remain poorly understood owing to limited access to relevant tissues2-6. The generation of brain organoids from human induced pluripotent stem cells recapitulates some key features of human embryonic brain development7-10. However, current approaches do not incorporate microglia or address their role in organoid maturation11-21. Here we generated microglia-sufficient brain organoids by coculturing brain organoids with primitive-like macrophages generated from the same human induced pluripotent stem cells (iMac)22. In organoid cocultures, iMac differentiated into cells with microglia-like phenotypes and functions (iMicro) and modulated neuronal progenitor cell (NPC) differentiation, limiting NPC proliferation and promoting axonogenesis. Mechanistically, iMicro contained high levels of PLIN2+ lipid droplets that exported cholesterol and its esters, which were taken up by NPCs in the organoids. We also detected PLIN2+ lipid droplet-loaded microglia in mouse and human embryonic brains. Overall, our approach substantially advances current human brain organoid approaches by incorporating microglial cells, as illustrated by the discovery of a key pathway of lipid-mediated crosstalk between microglia and NPCs that leads to improved neurogenesis.

The Porous Structure of Peripheral Nerve Guidance Conduits: Features, Fabrication, and Implications for Peripheral Nerve Regeneration.

Porous structure is an important three-dimensional morphological feature of the peripheral nerve guidance conduit (NGC), which permits the infiltration of cells, nutrients, and molecular signals and the discharge of metabolic waste. Porous structures with precisely customized pore sizes, porosities, and connectivities are being used to construct fully permeable, semi-permeable, and asymmetric peripheral NGCs for the replacement of traditional nerve autografts in the treatment of long-segment peripheral nerve injury. In this review, the features of porous structures and the classification of NGCs based on these characteristics are discussed. Common methods for constructing 3D porous NGCs in current research are described, as well as the pore characteristics and the parameters used to tune the pores. The effects of the porous structure on the physical properties of NGCs, including biodegradation, mechanical performance, and permeability, were analyzed. Pore structure affects the biological behavior of Schwann cells, macrophages, fibroblasts, and vascular endothelial cells during peripheral nerve regeneration. The construction of ideal porous structures is a significant advancement in the regeneration of peripheral nerve tissue engineering materials. The purpose of this review is to generalize, summarize, and analyze methods for the preparation of porous NGCs and their biological functions in promoting peripheral nerve regeneration to guide the development of medical nerve repair materials.

Tissue-Engineered Nanomaterials Play Diverse Roles in Bone Injury Repair.

Nanomaterials with bone-mimicking characteristics and easily internalized by the cell could create suitable microenvironments in which to regulate the therapeutic effects of bone regeneration. This review provides an overview of the current state-of-the-art research in developing and using nanomaterials for better bone injury repair. First, an overview of the hierarchical architecture from the macroscale to the nanoscale of natural bone is presented, as these bone tissue microstructures and compositions are the basis for constructing bone substitutes. Next, urgent clinical issues associated with bone injury that require resolution and the potential of nanomaterials to overcome them are discussed. Finally, nanomaterials are classified as inorganic or organic based on their chemical properties. Their basic characteristics and the results of related bone engineering studies are described. This review describes theoretical and technical bases for the development of innovative methods for repairing damaged bone and should inspire therapeutic strategies with potential for clinical applications.

Removal of iatrogenic orbital foreign bodies with a 3D model.

Facial foreign body (FB) is common after trauma, but iatrogenic orbital FB is a rare and unexpected complication of facial FB removal surgery. We present the case of a 43-year-old man with a glass FB in his nose. During the operation, this FB broke into two pieces, and the larger one pierced into the left orbit, close to the eyeball. A three-dimensional (3D) model was made that accurately recreated the shape and position of the FB in the orbit, according to which the FB was removed. 3D-printing technology is a great tool when dealing with complex facial FB.

Clinical, radiographic, and esthetic evaluation of immediate implant placement with buccal bone dehiscence in the anterior maxilla: A 1-year prospective case series.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the clinical, radiographic, and esthetic outcomes of immediate implant placement with buccal bone dehiscence in the anterior maxilla. METHODS: In this case series, implants were inserted immediately after tooth extraction in sockets with buccal bone dehiscence. Guided bone regeneration (GBR) with a papilla preservation flap and simultaneous connective tissue grafting (CTG) was used. The following outcome variables were measured: mid-facial mucosal recession, probing depth, bleeding on probing, Pink Esthetic Score (PES), marginal bone loss, and thickness of buccal bone plate (TBP). RESULTS: 12 patients were recruited. Stable mid-facial mucosal level (-0.03 ± 0.17 mm) and excellent soft-tissue esthetic outcomes (PES, 9.17 ± 0.72) were achieved at 1 year. The TBP at platform level was 2.01 ± 0.31 mm at 1-year follow up with a resorption rate of 28.90% ± 15.14%. CONCLUSIONS: Immediate implant placement using GBR performed with a papilla preservation approach and simultaneous CTG is a feasible treatment procedure in compromised extraction sockets in the anterior region. Favorable esthetic outcomes and buccal bone thickness were obtained. Further studies were needed to evaluate the long-term tissue alteration.

Nerve growth factor-basic fibroblast growth factor poly-lactide co-glycolid sustained-release microspheres and the small gap sleeve bridging technique to repair peripheral nerve injury.

We previously prepared nerve growth factor poly-lactide co-glycolid sustained-release microspheres to treat rat sciatic nerve injury using the small gap sleeve technique. Multiple growth factors play a synergistic role in promoting the repair of peripheral nerve injury; as a result, in this study, we added basic fibroblast growth factors to the microspheres to further promote nerve regeneration. First, in an in vitro biomimetic microenvironment, we developed and used a drug screening biomimetic microfluidic chip to screen the optimal combination of nerve growth factor/basic fibroblast growth factor to promote the regeneration of Schwann cells. We found that 22.56 ng/mL nerve growth factor combined with 4.29 ng/mL basic fibroblast growth factor exhibited optimal effects on the proliferation of primary rat Schwann cells. The successfully prepared nerve growth factor-basic fibroblast growth factor-poly-lactide-co-glycolid sustained-release microspheres were used to treat rat sciatic nerve transection injury using the small gap sleeve bridge technique. Compared with epithelium sutures and small gap sleeve bridging alone, the small gap sleeve bridging technique combined with drug-free sustained-release microspheres has a stronger effect on rat sciatic nerve transfection injury repair at the structural and functional level.

Clinical evaluation of narrow-diameter implants versus standard-diameter implants with lateral bone augmentation in posterior jaws: Three-year results of a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to compare the 3-year clinical outcomes of narrow-diameter implants (NDI) with standard-diameter implants (SDI) in conjunction with lateral bone augmentation in atrophic posterior jaws. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty patients were included and randomly assigned into two groups: Patients in Group 1 received NDI (Ø3.5 mm); patients in Group 2 received SDI (Ø4.3 mm) with simultaneous lateral bone augmentation. Implant survival rates, complications, crestal bone loss, peri-implant conditions, treatment cost, and patient satisfaction were compared. RESULTS: Three patients dropped out the follow-up. No implant loss was observed. The difference in technical complication rates between the two groups was 3.8% (95% CI: -13.7% to 21.3%). No significant differences in crestal bone loss were found between two groups at 3-year follow-up (0.55 ± 0.76 vs 0.41 ± 0.41 mm, p = .429). A total of 20.8% (5/24) of NDI were diagnosed with mucositis and 8.3% (2/24) with peri-implantitis. A total of 17.4% (4/23) of SDI showed mucositis and (1/23) 4.3% showed peri-implantitis. The total cumulative cost of treatment per patient in Group 1 (2849.6 USD, 95% CI: 2726.8-2972.4) was significantly lower than that in Group 2 (3581.4 USD, 95% CI, 3460.9-3701.9) over the 3-year follow-up (p < .01). The patient satisfaction rating of operation was significantly higher in Group 1 (85.42 ± 7.41 vs 80.48 ± 7.95, p = .033). DISCUSSION: NDI yielded favorable implant survival, acceptable technical and biological complications, and high patient satisfaction supporting single crowns in the atrophic posterior region after 3-year follow-up. NDI might be a reasonable alternative in horizontally deficient posterior jaws. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: ChiCTR1800020426.

Smilax glabra Roxb.: A Review of Its Traditional Usages, Phytochemical Constituents, Pharmacological Properties, and Clinical Applications.

Smilax glabra Roxb. (SGB) is a medicinal plant widely distributed in 17 countries worldwide. It is the primary raw material of the world-famous and best-selling functional food and beneficial tea. SGB was first recorded in Ben Cao Jing Ji Zhu of the Southern and Northern Dynasties (420-589 AD) and was reported for nutritional and medicinal properties for thousands of years. This review searched PubMed, Web of Science, and other databases for relevant literature on SGB species until April 2022. It aims to provide more integrated thinking, detailed awareness, and better knowledge of SGB. More than 200 chemical components have been discovered, including flavonoids, phenolic, phenolic acids, stilbenes, organic acids, phenylpropanoids, and others. Previous studies have demonstrated that SGB and its active ingredients show a wide range of pharmacological effects, including anti-infective, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, cardiovascular protection, etc. However, many studies on the biological activity of this plant were mainly based on crude extracts and active ingredients, and there is a lack of clinical studies and toxicity studies to support the development of drug design, development, and therapy. In summary, this review will provide specific and valuable suggestions and guidelines for further research and application of this plant in the medicinal field.

Dual ontogeny of disease-associated microglia and disease inflammatory macrophages in aging and neurodegeneration.

Brain macrophage populations include parenchymal microglia, border-associated macrophages, and recruited monocyte-derived cells; together, they control brain development and homeostasis but are also implicated in aging pathogenesis and neurodegeneration. The phenotypes, localization, and functions of each population in different contexts have yet to be resolved. We generated a murine brain myeloid scRNA-seq integration to systematically delineate brain macrophage populations. We show that the previously identified disease-associated microglia (DAM) population detected in murine Alzheimer's disease models actually comprises two ontogenetically and functionally distinct cell lineages: embryonically derived triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2)-dependent DAM expressing a neuroprotective signature and monocyte-derived TREM2-expressing disease inflammatory macrophages (DIMs) accumulating in the brain during aging. These two distinct populations appear to also be conserved in the human brain. Herein, we generate an ontogeny-resolved model of brain myeloid cell heterogeneity in development, homeostasis, and disease and identify cellular targets for the treatment of neurodegeneration.

[Series of group standards of Technical Specifications for Revision of Safety Information in Marketed Chinese Patent Medicine Instructions].

Drug instructions,the statutory and technical documents recording effectiveness and safety information,are an important basis for guiding doctors,pharmacists,and patients to use drugs rationally,and their scientificity,standardization,and accuracy directly affect the medication safety of the public. The sections of adverse drug events,contraindications,precautions,warnings,and application for specific populations in drug instructions directly express safety information and measures for rational use of drugs. In the drug life cycle,marketing authorization holders( MAHs) need to update safety information in the instructions promptly to ensure the safety and effectiveness of clinical drug medication. At present,revising instructions is an important measure to control drug risks. In the drug life cycle,in order to standardize the revision of safety information in the instructions by MAHs and eliminate inexact terms such as " unclear",the Technical Specifications for Revision of Safety Information in Marketed Chinese Patent Medicine Instructions,a series of group standards,have been established under the guidance of Standardization Department,China Association of Chinese Medicine. Therefore,on the basis of the existing rules and regulations,the standardized technical procedures for revising instructions came into being to help clinical safe and rational medication of drugs,and implement the strategy of " Healthy China".

[Interpretation of Technical Specifications for Revision of Safety Information in Marketed Chinese Patent Medicine Instructions].

Technical Specifications for Revision of Safety Information in Marketed Chinese Patent Medicine Instructions,a series of group standards,were proposed by Professor ZHANG Bing from Research Center for Pharmacovigilance and Rational Use of Traditional Chinese Medicine,and underwent centralized management by Chinese Association of Chinese Medicine. They were officially released on July 23 and implemented on July 31,2021. The series of group standards consist of six sections,including general principles,adverse drug events,contraindications,precautions,application for special populations,and warnings. The section of general principles is comprised of holistic and programmatic expressions,which explain the general technical requirements for revising the marketed Chinese patent medicine instructions. The other five sections focus on information collection,screening,transformation,and illustration of specific items,forming a standardized revision technical process. This series of standards is the result of multiple rounds of research and the suggestions of more than 200 experts in different professional fields of " medicine-pharmacy-management-law-enterprise" have been gathered therein to reach a consensus. With the purposes of establishing standardized technical specifications for the revision of safety information in the marketed Chinese patent medicine instructions,guiding marketing authorization holders in revising the instructions,filling the gaps in the research of Chinese patent medicine instructions,promoting the deve-lopment of pharmaceutical care and academic research,and encouraging the rational and safe medication of Chinese patent medicine,the series of group standards is of great significance.

Accuracy and primary stability of tapered or straight implants placed into fresh extraction socket using dynamic navigation: a randomized controlled clinical trial.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the accuracy and primary stability of tapered and straight implants undergoing immediate implant placement with dynamic navigation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with compromised anterior teeth in maxilla were recruited and allocated randomly into (1) tapered implant group (TI group) and (2) straight implant group (SI group). Implants were inserted into fresh sockets with dynamic navigation. Three-dimensional platform deviation, apex deviation, angular deviation, insertion torque value (ITV) and implant stability quotient (ISQ) were recorded. RESULTS: Twenty patients with 20 implants were included. The overall platform, apex, and angular deviation were 0.87 ± 0.35 mm, 0.81 ± 0.34 mm, and 2.40 ± 1.31°, respectively. The accuracy was 0.86 ± 0.26 mm, 0.76 ± 0.33 mm, and 2.49 ± 1.54° for TI, and 0.89 ± 0.44 mm, 0.88 ± 0.36 mm, and 2.31 ± 1.01° for SI, with no significant difference (p = 0.85, 0.45, 0.76). Sagittal root position classification (SRP) class I may obtain greater error in numerical values in straight implants (0.97 ± 0.47 mm vs. 0.6 ± 0.16 mm, 0.92 ± 0.36 mm vs. 0.73 ± 0.36 mm, 2.48 ± 1.19° vs. 1.71 ± 0.14°). The overall ISQ was 60.74. ISQ was 60.48 for TI and 60.96 for SI, with no significant difference. Acceptable ITV (> 15 Ncm) was achieved in most of the included patients (SI 7/10, TI 9/10). CONCLUSIONS: High accuracy and primary stability of immediate implant placement could be achieved both in tapered and straight implants with dynamic navigation systems. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Tapered and straight implants did not reach a consensus on which was better in immediate implant regarding to accuracy and primary stability. Our study demonstrated implant macrodesign did not affect accuracy and primary stability in immediate implant using dynamic navigation.

Mechanism of Pb accumulation in Chinese cabbage leaves: Stomata and trichomes regulate foliar uptake of Pb in atmospheric PM2.5.

Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis) is one of the most popular and frequently consumed leafy vegetables. It was found that atmospheric PM2.5-Pb contributes to Pb accumulation in the edible leaves of Chinese cabbage via stomata in North China during haze seasons with high concentrations of fine particulate matter in autumn and winter. However, it is unclear whether both stomata and trichomes co-regulate foliar transfer of PM2.5-Pb from atmospheric deposition to the leaf of Chinese cabbage genotypes with trichomes. Field and hydroponic experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of foliar uptake of PM2.5-Pb on Pb accumulation in leaves using two genotypes of Chinese cabbage, one without trichomes and one with trichomes. It was verified that open stoma is a prominent pathway of foliar PM2.5-Pb transfer in the short-term exposure for 6 h, contributing 74.5% of Pb accumulation in leaves, whereas Pb concentrations in the leaves of with-trichome genotype in the rosette stage were 6.52- and 1.04-fold higher than that of without-trichome genotype in greenhouse and open field, respectively, which suggests that stomata and trichomes co-regulate foliar Pb uptake of from atmospheric PM2.5. Moreover, subcellular Pb in the leaves was distributed in the following order of cytoplasm (53.8%) > cell wall (38.5%)> organelle (7.8%), as confirmed through high-resolution secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS). The Leadmium™ Green AM dye manifested that Pb in PM2.5 entered cellular space of trichomes and accumulated in the basal compartment, enhancing foliar Pb uptake in the edible leaves of cabbage. The results of these experiments are evidence that both stomata and trichomes are important pathways in the regulation of foliar Pb uptake and translocation in Chinese cabbage.

A network pharmacology approach to reveal the pharmacological targets and biological mechanism of compound kushen injection for treating pancreatic cancer based on WGCNA and in vitro experiment validation.

BACKGROUND: Compound kushen injection (CKI), a Chinese patent drug, is widely used in the treatment of various cancers, especially neoplasms of the digestive system. However, the underlying mechanism of CKI in pancreatic cancer (PC) treatment has not been totally elucidated. METHODS: Here, to overcome the limitation of conventional network pharmacology methods with a weak combination with clinical information, this study proposes a network pharmacology approach of integrated bioinformatics that applies a weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to conventional network pharmacology, and then integrates molecular docking technology and biological experiments to verify the results of this network pharmacology analysis. RESULTS: The WGCNA analysis revealed 2 gene modules closely associated with classification, staging and survival status of PC. Further CytoHubba analysis revealed 10 hub genes (NCAPG, BUB1, CDK1, TPX2, DLGAP5, INAVA, MST1R, TMPRSS4, TMEM92 and SFN) associated with the development of PC, and survival analysis found 5 genes (TSPOAP1, ADGRG6, GPR87, FAM111B and MMP28) associated with the prognosis and survival of PC. By integrating these results into the conventional network pharmacology study of CKI treating PC, we found that the mechanism of CKI for PC treatment was related to cell cycle, JAK-STAT, ErbB, PI3K-Akt and mTOR signalling pathways. Finally, we found that CDK1, JAK1, EGFR, MAPK1 and MAPK3 served as core genes regulated by CKI in PC treatment, and were further verified by molecular docking, cell proliferation assay, RT-qPCR and western blot analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, this study suggests that the optimized network pharmacology approach is suitable to explore the molecular mechanism of CKI in the treatment of PC, which provides a reference for further investigating biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of PC and even the clinical rational application of CKI.

Actual mutational research of 19 autosomal STRs based on restricted mutation model and big data.

Short tandem repeat (STR) markers have been widely used in forensic paternity testing and individual identification, but the STR mutation might impact on the forensic result interpretation. Importantly, the STR mutation rate was underestimated due to ignoring the "hidden" mutation phenomenon in most similar studies. Considering this, we use Slooten and Ricciardi's restricted mutation model based on big data to obtain more accurate mutation rates for each marker. In this paper, the mutations of 20 autosomal STRs loci (D3S1358, D1S1656, D13S317, Penta E, D16S539, D18S51, D2S1338, CSF1PO, Penta D, TH01, vWA, D21S11, D6S1043, D7S820, D5S818, TPOX, D8S1179, D12S391, D19S433, and FGA; The restricted model does not include the correction factor of D6S1043, this paper calculates remaining 19 STR loci mutation rates) were investigated in 28,313 (Total: 78,739 individuals) confirmed parentage-testing cases in Chinese Han population. As a result, total 1665 mutations were found in all loci, including 1614 one-steps, 34 two-steps, 8 three-steps, and 9 nonintegral mutations. The loci-specific average mutation rates ranged from 0.00007700 (TPOX) to 0.00459050 (FGA) in trio's and 0.00000000 (TPOX) to 0.00344850 (FGA) in duo's. We analyzed the relationship between mutation rates of the apparent and actual, the trio's and duo's, the paternal and maternal, respectively. The results demonstrated that the actual mutation rates are more than the apparent mostly, and the values of µ1"/µ2"(apparent) are also greater than µ1/µ2 (actual) commonly (µ1", µ1; µ2", µ2 are the mutation rates of one-step and two-step). Therefore, the "hidden" mutations are identified. In addition, the mutations rates of trio's and duo's, the paternal and maternal, exhibit significant difference. Next, those mutation data are used to do a comparison with the studies of other Han populations in China, which present the temporal and regional disparities. Due to the large sample size, some rare mutation events, such as monozygotic (MZ) mutation and "fake four-step mutation", are also reported in this study. In conclusion, the estimation values of actual mutations are obtained based on big data, they can not only provide basic data for the Chinese forensic DNA and population genetics databases, but also have important significance for the development of forensic individual identification, paternity testing and genetics research.