Comparison of ultrasound irradiation on polymeric coloration of flavan-3-ols bridged by acetaldehyde and glyoxylic acid in model wine solution.

The influence and its mechanism of ultrasound on acetaldehyde/glyoxylic acid competing bridged the polymerization coloration of flavan-3-ols in model wine solution were investigated by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) and kinetics and thermodynamic model. The results indicate that ultrasound could significantly accelerate the polymerization coloration and further modify wine color. In addition, the polymerization reaction conformed first-order reaction model, and the reaction rate constant (k) values were markedly increased by ultrasound, accelerating the coloration reaction, especially in the model wine containing glyoxylic acid. Besides, the polymerization processing was non-spontaneous and endothermic according to the thermodynamic analysis. In conclusion, ultrasound was indeed conducive to accelerate glyoxylic acid/acetaldehyde-bridged the polymerization of flavan-3-ols and further effect the wine color, which could provide a theoretical basis for the scientific analysis of the mechanism of ultrasound modifying wine color.

Mitochondrion-encoded circular RNAs are widespread and translatable in plants.

Nucleus-encoded circular RNAs (ncircRNAs) have been widely detected in eukaryotes, and most circRNA identification algorithms are designed to identify them. However, using these algorithms, few mitochondrion-encoded circRNAs (mcircRNAs) have been identified in plants, and the role of plant mcircRNAs has not yet been addressed. Here, we developed a circRNA identification algorithm, mitochondrion-encoded circRNA identifier, based on common features of plant mitochondrial genomes. We identified 7,524, 9,819, 1,699, 1,821, 1,809, and 5,133 mcircRNAs in maize (Zea mays), Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), rice (Oryza sativa), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), cucumber (Cucumis sativus), and grape (Vitis vinifera), respectively. These mcircRNAs were experimentally validated. Plant mcircRNAs had distinct characteristics from ncircRNAs, and they were more likely to be derived from RNA degradation but not intron backsplicing. Alternative circularization was prevalent in plant mitochondria, and most parental genomic regions hosted multiple mcircRNA isoforms, which have homogenous 5' termini but heterogeneous 3' ends. By analysis of mitopolysome and mitoribosome profiling data, 1,463 mcircRNAs bound to ribosomes were detected in maize and Arabidopsis. Further analysis of mass spectrometry-based proteomics data identified 358 mcircRNA-derived polypeptides. Overall, we developed a computational pipeline that efficiently identifies plant mcircRNAs, and we demonstrated mcircRNAs are widespread and translated in plants.

Acute Kidney Injury in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Pathophysiologies, Risk Factors, and Preventive Measures.

BACKGROUND: Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has been an effective treatment for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is one of the common complications after PCI, which seriously affects the living quality and survival time of patients. The approach followed for the patient with AKI after PCI depends on the clinical context and may vary by resource availability. SUMMARY: This review focuses on the pathophysiologies, influencing factors, and preventive measures of AKI in patients with ACS after PCI. The knowledge may better serve the patients and improve their outcomes. Key Messages: Many studies have been carried out for the definition and standard of AKI in the past few years. Etiologies of AKI after PCI included renal damage of contrast medium and atherosclerotic embolism, cardiac insufficiency and surgical factors on renal function. Basic conditions, treatment modalities, and perioperative changes are major risk factors of AKI. Studies have reported that the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy, modulating the volume overload, some pharmaceuticals and blood purification treatment are helpful to prevent the occurrence of AKI.

Giant osteochondroma of ilium: a case report and literature review.

Osteochondroma is one of the most common benign bone tumors. It usually grows on the metaphysis of long bones and rarely develops in bones of scapula, feet, hands, and pelvis. The management of this disease is en-bloc excision of the tumor. We present a 45-year-old female subject, who complained of having found a mass on the right hip for more than 20 years which was diagnosed to be osteochondroma on X-ray, computed tomography (CT) and 3-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction. We performed en-bloc excision for the patient. Pathologic examination of surgical specimen confirmed the diagnosis of osteochondroma. The patient made a complete recovery and there has been no recurrence after one year of follow-up. Osteochondroma usually represents an osteo-cartilaginous aberrant overgrowth of normal epiphyseal growth plates. The disease has a slow onset and a long history. X-rays and CT scans are sufficient for diagnosis before surgery and the final diagnosis should based on pathology. Differential diagnosis includes chondrosarcoma or other neoplasms. When osteochondroma causes pain, compression of peripheral nerves, or continuous growth and other clinical symptoms, en-bloc excision of the tumor is needed. Better recognition and more comprehensive evaluation of these rare cases should be highlighted to avoid misdiagnosis during our clinical practice.

Roxadustat for dialysis patients with erythropoietin hypo-responsiveness: a single-center, prospective investigation.

Dialysis patients with erythropoietin hypo-responsiveness suffered from refractory anemia. Roxadustat reversibly binds and inhibits hypoxia-inducible factor-prolyl hydroxylase (HIF-PHD), resulting in increased endogenous EPO which stimulates erythropoiesis, theoretically has an advantage over exogenous EPO in anti-anemia therapy. From September 2019 to October 2020, 32 dialysis patients with hypo-responsiveness to erythropoietin were evaluated. During the 24-week follow-up period, all patients were taken off erythropoietin and switched to roxadustat. Dosage adjustments were administrated according to the fluctuation of hemoglobin level during the treatment. Parameters about anemia, iron metabolism and biochemical indexes were collected, and adverse events were recorded. A total of 31 patients completed the clinical observation, with varying degrees of malnutrition-inflammation. Post treatment, the levels of transferrin and total iron-binding capacity were increased, while that of transferrin saturation and cholesterol decreased. 15 cases (accounting for 48.39%, designated as fulfilled group) met the target level of hemoglobin, while 16 cases (51.61%, non-fulfilled group) did not. The baseline conditions of the above two groups were compared. The levels of hypersensitive C-reactive protein, interleukin-6 and serum ferritin in the non-fulfilled group were higher than those in the fulfilled group, and the levels of residual renal function, serum albumin, iron, transferrin and total iron-binding capacity were lower than those in the fulfilled group. Linear regression analysis showed that increase of HsCRP had a negative effect on the improvement of Hb. One case of adverse reaction grade 3 and four cases of grade 2 occurred throughout the study, yet all were relieved after therapy. Significant anti-anemia effects could be achieved in most patients with erythropoietin hypo-responsiveness after treatment with roxadustat, accompanied by relatively mild and rare adverse reactions. The malnutrition-inflammation states of patients may interfere with the anti-anemia effect of roxadustat, and iron utilization is more important than iron storage in anemia improvement.

Down-regulated microRNA-199a-3p enhances osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells by targeting Kdm3a in ovariectomized rats.

Osteoporosis is a prevalent systemic skeletal disorder entailing bone fragility and increased fracture risk, often emerging in post-menopausal life. Emerging evidence implicates the dysregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) in the progression of osteoporosis. This study investigated the effect of miR-199a-3p on osteoporosis and its underlying mechanism. We first examplished an ovariectomized (OVX)-induced rat osteoporosis model, and then isolated mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from bone marrow of the model rats. The overexpression and knock down of miR-199a-3p were conducted in OVX rats and MSCs to verify the role of miR-199a-3p on MSC differentiation. Calcium nodules were measured using alizarin red S (ARS) staining. RT-qPCR and Western blot assay were performed to measure the expression of miR-199a-3p, Kdm3a and osteogenic differentiation-related markers in rat tissues and cells. The correlation between miR-199a-3p and Kdm3a was confirmed using dual-luciferase reporter assay. The enrichment of Kdm3a at the Erk2 and Klf2 promoter was assessed using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay. Isolated MSCs were positive for CD29, CD44, CD90, and CD45, suggesting successful isolation of MSCs. There was increased expression of miR-199a-3p and inhibited osteogenic differentiation in OVX rats. Kdm3a was negatively targeted by miR-199a-3p. Our results also demonstrated that Kdm3a elevated the expression of Erk2 and Erk2 by promoting Erk2 and Klf2 demethylation, which further contributed to osteogenic differentiation. Overall, our results revealed a regulatory network of miR-199a-3p in osteogenic differentiation, highlighting miR-199a-3p as a potential target for therapeutic interventions in osteoporosis.

The mechanism of soil nitrogen transformation under different biocrusts to warming and reduced precipitation: From microbial functional genes to enzyme activity.

Soil nitrogen (N) mineralization is a microbially-mediated biogeochemical process that is strongly influenced by changing climates. However, little information is available on the mechanisms behind the response of N mineralization to prolonged warming coupled with drought in soils covered by biocrusts. We used open top chambers to investigate the rate of soil N transformation (ammonification, nitrification and mineralization), enzyme activity and gene abundance in response to warming coupled with reduced precipitation over three years (2016-2018). Warming and drought significantly reduced the N transformation rate, extracellular enzyme activity, and gene abundance in moss-covered soil. For cyanobacteria-covered soil, however, it inhibited enzyme activity and increased the abundance of the nitrification-related genes and therefore nitrification rate. Our treatments had no obvious effects on N transformation and enzyme activity, but reduced gene abundance in bare soil. Biocrusts may facilitate N transformation while the degradation of moss crust caused by climate warming will dampen any regulating effect of biocrusts on the belowground microbial community. Furthermore, belowground microbial communities can mediate N transformation under ongoing warming and reduced precipitation by suppressing ammonification- and nitrification-related gene families, and by stimulating nitrification-related gene families involved in cyanobacteria-covered soil. This study provides a basis for identifying the functional genes involved in key processes in the N cycle in temperate desert ecosystems, and our results further highlight the importance of different biocrusts organisms in the N cycle in temperate deserts as Earth becomes hotter and drier.

Alteration in isotopic composition of gross rainfall as it is being partitioned into throughfall and stemflow by xerophytic shrub canopies within water-limited arid desert ecosystems.

Isotopic composition of gross rainfall has been extensively used as a conservative tracer to track water movement and other hydrological processes in vegetated ecosystems. Recent studies from forest ecosystems, however, demonstrated that vegetation canopies can alter the isotopic composition of rainwater during rainfall partitioning into throughfall and stemflow, likely leading to errors and biases in aforementioned studies. No known studies, to date, had investigated this topic in shrub-dominated arid and semi-arid ecosystems where water is typically the driving factor in ecological, hydrological and biogeochemical processes. In this study, event-based gross rainfall, the throughfall and stemflow induced by shrubs of Caragana korshinskii were measured and samples were collected within a water-limited arid desert ecosystem of northern China, and their water stable isotopes (18O and 2H) were also analyzed in the laboratory. We mainly aimed to investigate whether there is an isotopic enrichment or depletion in stemflow and throughfall in comparison to gross rainfall, and to evaluate the possible underlying mechanisms. Our results indicated an enrichment of both isotopes in stemflow, while a general more depletion in throughfall than in gross rainfall, which is presumably affected by a combinative effects of canopy evaporation, isotopic exchange, and selective canopy storage. Deuterium excess of stemflow were found to be significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of gross rainfall and throughfall. Moreover, we detected the pronounced "amount effect", with a significant (P < 0.05) negative relationship between isotopic composition and the amount of gross rainfall, throughfall, and stemflow, respectively. Our study is expected to contribute to an improved understanding of physical processes and water routing in shrub canopies within vast arid desert ecosystems.

Meteorological influences on process-based spatial-temporal pattern of throughfall of a xerophytic shrub in arid lands of northern China.

Numerous field experiments had demonstrated great spatial variability and temporal stability of throughfall under tree canopies within forested ecosystems. Nonetheless, no known studies have investigated the intrastorm spatial-temporal variability of throughfall beneath xerophytic shrub canopies within arid desert ecosystems where water is typically the principal limiting factor determining the structure and dynamics of ecosystems. Here we investigated the spatial-temporal pattern of throughfall at intrastorm scale, and systematically examined the effects of meteorological variables on throughfall based on the principal components analysis (PCA) and a multiple regression model. Throughfall was monitored at 10-min intervals by placing tipping-bucket rain gauges at different radial directions beneath 3 shrubs of Caragana korshinskii during the growing season of 2016 within a water-limited arid desert ecosystem of northern China. We found the temporal heterogeneity of rainfall clearly affected the timing of throughfall beneath shrub canopies within discrete rainfall events. Throughfall also differed markedly among different radial directions beneath shrub canopies, which was found to be well associated with wind directions during rainfall events. PCA on meteorological variables indicated that three principal components accounted for 84.2% of the total variance, and we found that the second principal component (loaded strongly on rainfall amount and maximum 10-min rainfall intensity) was the dominant component controlling throughfall and its spatial variability after introducing three principal components into a multiple linear regression model. Our findings highlight the spatial-temporal variability of throughfall at the intrastorm scale, and are expected to be helpful for an improved process-based characterization and modelling of throughfall in vast arid desert ecosystems.

MicroRNA-544 promotes colorectal cancer progression by targeting forkhead box O1.

Dysregulation of microRNAs has been confirmed to serve an important role in cancer development and progression. However, the role of microRNA (miR)-544 in colorectal cancer progression remains unknown. In the present study, it was observed that the expression level of miR-544 was increased in breast cancer cell lines and tissues using the quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Overexpression of miR-544 promoted cell proliferation and invasion in colorectal cancer, whereas inhibition of miR-544 suppressed colorectal cancer progression as determined using MTT, colony formation and Transwell assays. Furthermore, forkhead box O1 (FOXO1) was a direct target of miR-544. FOXO1 mediated miR-544-regulated colorectal cancer progression and cell cycle distribution. In conclusion, the results of the present study revealed that miR-544 serves an important role in promoting human colorectal cancer cell progression.

The Mitochondrion-Targeted PENTATRICOPEPTIDE REPEAT78 Protein Is Required for nad5 Mature mRNA Stability and Seed Development in Maize.

Pentatricopepetide repeat (PPR) proteins are a large family of RNA-binding proteins involved in RNA metabolism in plant organelles. Although many PPR proteins have been functionally studied, few of them are identified with a function in mitochondrial RNA stability. By using a reverse genetic approach, we characterized the role of the mitochondrion-targeted PPR78 protein in nad5 mature mRNA stability and maize (Zea mays) seed development. Loss of PPR78 function leads to a dramatic reduction in the steady-state level of mitochondrial nad5 mature mRNA, blocks the assembly of complex I in the electron transport chain, and causes an arrest in embryogenesis and endosperm development. Characterization of a second strong allele confirms the function of PPR78 in nad5 mRNA accumulation and maize seed development. The generation of mature nad5 requires the assembly of three distinct precursor RNAs via trans-splicing reactions, and the accumulation of nad5T1 precursor is reduced in the ppr78 mutants. However, it is the instability of mature nad5 rather than nad5T1 causing loss of the full-length nad5 transcript, and degradation of nad5 losing both translation start and stop codons is enriched in the mutant. Our data imply the assembly of mature nad5 mRNA precedes the protection of PPR78.

Ions in Wine and Their Relation to Electrical Conductivity Under Ultrasound Irradiation.

Change in electrical conductivity is considered a potential indicator for the on-line monitoring of wine aging accelerated by ultrasound, as determined in our previous study; however, the exact mechanism of change is currently unclear. In this study, the ion content and the total ionic strength were analyzed by ion-exchange chromatography to investigate the change mechanism of the electrical conductivity of wine under ultrasound irradiation. The results indicate that the changes in wine electrical conductivity during ultrasound treatment correlate with the changes in the cations (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and NH4+) and in the anions from the organic acids (malic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, oxalic acid, and formic acid) and inorganic acids (Cl-, SO42-, and PO43-), especially for the ionic strength of the wine. Overall, electrical conductivity may be used to reflect the chemical reactions related to wine aging to a certain extent because the reactions can be initiated by the conversion of cations and by the degradation or auxiliary function of organic acids.

The relationship between angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) insertion (I) / deletion (D) polymorphism, serum ACE activity and bone mineral density (BMD) in older Chinese.

OBJECTIVE: In this study, we set out to investigate the relationship between angiotensin-converting enzyme ( ACE) I/D polymorphism, serum ACE activity and bone mineral density (BMD) in older Chinese. METHODS: A standardized, structured, face-to-face interview was performed to collect demographic information. BMD was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). I/D genotypes of ACE were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. Serum ACE activity was determined photometrically by a commercially available kinetic kit. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between ACE I/D polymorphism, serum ACE activity and BMD. RESULTS: A total of 1567 males and 1760 females were selected for analyzing the relationship between ACE I/D polymorphism and BMD. There was no significant difference in spine BMD, total hip BMD and femur neck BMD among different ACE I/D genotypes both in males and females. A total of 1699 males and 1739 females were selected for analyzing the relationship between serum ACE activity and BMD. There was also no significant difference in spine BMD, total hip BMD and femur neck BMD among different serum ACE activity groups both in males and females. CONCLUSION: There was no relationship between ACE I/D polymorphism, serum ACE activity and BMD in older Chinese.

MicroRNA-320 inhibits cell proliferation and invasion in breast cancer cells by targeting SOX4.

Dysregulation of microRNAs (miRs) can contribute to cancer development and progression. In the present study, the function and underlying molecular mechanisms of miR-320 in breast cancer tumorigenesis and progression were investigated. The results of a reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrated that miR-320 was frequently downregulated in breast cancer tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues. In addition, knockdown of miR-320 in breast cancer cell lines promoted cell proliferation and invasion in vitro, whereas miR-320 overexpression had the opposite effect. Furthermore, a Dual-Luciferase reporter assay indicated that SRY-box 4 (SOX4) is a direct target of miR-320, and the restoration of SOX4 in miR-320-overexpressing cells attenuated the tumor-suppressive effects of miR-320. Collectively, these results indicated that miR-320 acts as a tumor suppressor in breast cancer tumorigenesis and progression.

miR-410-3p suppresses breast cancer progression by targeting Snail.

miR-410-3p acts as an oncogene or tumor-suppressor gene in various types of cancer. However, its role in breast cancer remains unknown. In the present study, expression of miR-410-3p in 30 breast cancer and paired adjacent normal tissues was detected by RT-qPCR. The expression of miR-410-3p was downregulated in 76.7% of the breast cancer samples. To further validate the expression of miR-410-3p in breast cancer, we analyzed miR-410-3p expression profiling data set from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) including 683 breast cancer and 87 normal breast tissues. We observed that the expression of miR-410-3p was downregulated in breast cancer tissues. Next, we investigated the influence of miR-410-3p on cell proliferation by transiently transfecting the miR-410-3p mimic or inhibitor, as well as their corresponding controls in the MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 cell lines. miR-410-3p overexpression reduced cell growth, colony formation and the number of EdU-positive cells in the MDA-MB-231 cells. In contrast, inhibition of miR-410-3p in the MCF7 cells resulted in a higher proliferation rate as assessed by MTT assay, plate colony formation and EdU assays. Furthermore, miR-410-3p inhibited epithelial-mesenchymal transition. In addition, Snail was found to be a direct target of miR-410-3p based on a luciferase assay. Overexpression of Snail was able to rescue the effect of miR-410-3p in breast cancer cells. Moreover, miR­410-3p was inversely expressed with Snail in breast cancer samples. Our data provide new knowledge regarding the role of miR-410-3p in breast cancer progression.

Circulating microRNA profile in patients with membranous obstruction of the inferior vena cava.

Membranous obstruction of the inferior vena cava (MOVC) is a common type of Budd-Chiari syndrome. However, the pathogenesis of MOVC has not been fully elucidated. Recent studies demonstrated that microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) are involved in multiple diseases. To the best of our knowledge, specific changes in the expression of miRNAs in MOVC patients have not been previously assessed. The present study used a microarray analysis, followed by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) validation, with the aim to access the miRNA expression levels in the plasma of 34 MOVC patients, compared with those in healthy controls. The results revealed a total of 16 differentially expressed miRNAs in MOVC patients. Subsequently, RT-qPCR analysis verified the statistically consistent expression of 5 selected miRNAs (miR-125a-5p, miR-133b, miR-423-5p, miR-1228-5p and miR-1266), in line with the results of the microarray analysis. These 5 miRNAs, which were described as crucial regulators in numerous biological processes and vascular diseases, may play an important role in the pathogenesis of MOVC. Bioinformatics analysis of target genes of the differentially expressed miRNAs revealed that these predicted targets were significantly enriched and involved in several key signaling pathways important for MOVC, including the ErbB, Wnt, MAPK and VEGF signaling pathway. In conclusion, miRNAs may involve in multiple signaling pathways contributing to the pathological processes of MOVC. The present study offers an intriguing new perspective on the involvement of miRNAs in MOVC; however, the precise underlying mechanisms require further validation.

[Relationship between serum zinc levels and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children].

OBJECTIVE: To study the possible relationship between serum zinc levels and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in Chinese children. METHODS: Following a systematic search for case-control studies on the serum zinc levels in Chinese children with ADHD published between 2000 and 2015, a Meta analysis was conducted using Stata 12.0 software. RESULTS: A total of 17 studies, including 2 177 children with ADHD and 2 900 normal children, were enrolled. The Meta analysis showed that serum zinc levels in children with ADHD were lower than normal children (SMD= -1.33; 95%CI: -2.22, -0.44; P=0.003). The sensitivity analysis indicated that the results were reliable. Eggerγs test did not find the existence of publication bias. CONCLUSIONS: Serum zinc levels may be associated with susceptibility to ADHD in children.

[Seasonal dynamics of soil net nitrogen mineralization under moss crust in Shapotou region, northern China].

Seasonal variations of soil inorganic nitrogen (N) pool and net N transformation rate in moss-covered soil and in the bare soil were comparatively observed by incubating intact soil columns with parafilm capping in the field in a natural vegetation area of Shapotou, southeastern fringe of the Tengger Desert. We found pronounced seasonal variations in soil available N content and net N transformation rate in both moss-covered soil and bare soil, with significant differences among different months. In non-growing season, soil available N content and net N transformation rate were significantly higher in March and October than in other months. Furthermore, immobilization was the dominant form of N mineralization, and no significant difference in net soil N mineralization rate was found between the two sampling soils. In growing season, soil available N content and net N transformation rate markedly increased and reached their peak values during June to August (17.18 mg x kg(-1) and 0.11 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1), respectively). Both soil net nitrification and N mineralization rates in moss-covered soil were significantly higher than in bare soil. Soil ammonium and nitrate N content in April and May were higher in moss-covered soil (2.66 and 3.16 mg x kg(-1), respectively) than in bare soil (1.02 and 2.37 mg x kg(-1), respectively); while the tendency was the converse in June and September, with 7.01 mg x kg(-1) for soil ammonium content and 7.40 mg x kg(-1) for nitrate N content in bare soil, and they were 6.39 and 6.36 mg x kg(-1) in moss-covered soil, respectively. Therefore, the existence and succession of moss crusts could be considered as one of the important biological factors affecting soil N cycling through regulating soil available N content and promoting soil N mineralization process.

[A Meta analysis of family risk factors for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the risk factors for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and to provide a basis for future prevention and treatment of this disease. METHODS: Following a systematic search for case-control studies on the risk factors for ADHD in China between 2000 and 2014, relevant family risk factors were extracted accordingly. The quality of selected studies was evaluated according to the NOS scale. A Meta analysis on the selected studies was conducted using Stata 12.0 software. RESULTS: A total of 16 studies were selected, involving 2 167 children with ADHD and 2 148 normal controls. Results of Meta analysis showed that good parenting (OR=0.32, 95% CI: 0.26-0.40), nuclear family (OR=0.56, 95% CI: 0.41-0.76), high education level of father (OR=0.56, 95% CI: 0.41-0.76), high education level of mother (OR=0.65, 95% CI: 0.47-0.89), and extroversion of mother (OR=0.33, 95% CI: 0.18-0.61) are favorable factors for ADHD. Poor parental relationship (OR=1.90, 95% CI: 1.17-3.06) and family history of ADHD (OR=5.86, 95% CI: 3.67-9.35) are risk factors for ADHD. CONCLUSIONS: Good parenting, nuclear family, high education level of parents, and mother with extroversion are protective factors for ADHD, whereas poor parental relationship and family history of ADHD are associated with an increased risk for ADHD.