Measurement method of hot forging dimension based on green laser depth information.

The application field of large forgings is extensive. Accurate dimensional measurement is an important factor to ensure the quality of the finished forging product when it is forged at high temperature. Therefore, this paper proposes a green laser scanning measurement method based on depth information. First, a geometric measurement model based on depth information is established by studying the relationship between green laser depth information and forging dimension. Then, based on the heat transfer theory, distribution of the temperature field around hot forgings is studied, and an error function caused by light refraction is established using a ray tracing algorithm. After that, the error function is used to modify the measurement model to obtain the accurate distance between the forging and background plane and then obtain the dimensional information of the forging. Finally, this measurement method was experimentally verified in the laboratory, and the experimental results show that the measurement error of this method meets the dimensional measurement requirements of large hot forgings.

[Research on the inner wall condition monitoring method of ring forgings based on infrared spectra].

In order to grasp the inner wall condition of ring forgings, an inner wall condition monitoring method based on infrared spectra for ring forgings is proposed in the present paper. Firstly, using infrared spectroscopy the forgings temperature measurement system was built based on the three-level FP-cavity LCTF. The two single radiation spectra from the forgings' surface were got using the three-level FP-cavity LCTF. And the temperature measuring of the surface forgings was achieved according to the infrared double-color temperature measuring principle. The measuring accuracy can be greatly improved by this temperature measurement method. Secondly, on the basis of the Laplace heat conduction differential equation the inner wall condition monitoring model was established by the method of separating variables. The inner wall condition monitoring of ring forgings was realized via combining the temperature data and the forgings own parameter information. Finally, this method is feasible according to the simulation experiment. The inner wall condition monitoring method can provide the theoretical basis for the normal operating of the ring forgings.

[Research on the temperature field detection method of hot forging based on long-wavelength infrared spectrum].

A temperature field detection method based on long-wavelength infrared spectrum for hot forging is proposed in the present paper. This method combines primary spectrum pyrometry and three-stage FP-cavity LCTF. By optimizing the solutions of three group nonlinear equations in the mathematical model of temperature detection, the errors are reduced, thus measuring results will be more objective and accurate. Then the system of three-stage FP-cavity LCTF was designed on the principle of crystal birefringence. The system realized rapid selection of any wavelength in a certain wavelength range. It makes the response of the temperature measuring system rapid and accurate. As a result, without the emissivity of hot forging, the method can acquire exact information of temperature field and effectively suppress the background light radiation around the hot forging and ambient light that impact the temperature detection accuracy. Finally, the results of MATLAB showed that the infrared spectroscopy through the three-stage FP-cavity LCTF could meet the requirements of design. And experiments verified the feasibility of temperature measuring method. Compared with traditional single-band thermal infrared imager, the accuracy of measuring result was improved.

Clinical significance of P-glycoprotein and glutathione S-transferase π expression in gallbladder carcinoma.

P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and glutathione S-transferase π (GST-π) are not only drug-resistance markers, but also prognostic markers of various cancers. The aim of the present study was to investigate the clinical significance of P-gp and GST-π in gallbladder carcinoma (GBC). Tissue samples from 42 patients with GBC were immunostained. Demographic, clinical and follow-up data were collected and analyzed. The positive expression rates of P-gp and GST-π in the GBC tissues were significantly higher (76.2 and 64.3%, respectively) than that of chronic cholecystitis specimens (30 and 20%, respectively) (P=0.014 and 0.035, respectively), and correlated with the Nevin stage of GBC. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that patients with positive expression of P-gp and GST-π showed a significantly lower 2-year survival rate (11.1 and 12%, respectively) compared with patients with negative expression (55.6 and 45.5%, respectively) (P=0.013 and 0.036, respectively). P-gp was also found to be an independent prognostic marker of 2-year survival rate by logistic regression analysis (B=-2.76, P=0.061). Results of this study suggest that P-gp is a prognostic marker of GBC and the detection of P-gp and GST-π may contribute to the prognosis of GBC and the application of chemotherapy as a therapeutic treatment.

[Research on the temperature field detection method of large cylinder forgings during heat treatment process based on infrared spectra].

In order to grasp the changes of the forging's temperature field during heat treatment, a temperature field detection method based on infrared spectra for large cylinder forgings is proposed in the present paper. On the basis of heat transfer a temperature field model of large barrel forgings was established by the method of separating variables. Using infrared spectroscopy the large forgings temperature measurement system was built based on the three-level interference filter. The temperature field detection of forging was realized in its heat treatment by combining the temperature data and the forgings temperature field detection model. Finally, this method is feasible according to the simulation experiment. The heating forging temperature detection method can provide the theoretical basis for the correct implementation of the heat treatment process.

[A method of temperature measurement for hot forging with surface oxide based on infrared spectroscopy].

High temperature large forging is covered with a thick oxide during forging. It leads to a big measurement data error. In this paper, a method of measuring temperature based on infrared spectroscopy is presented. It can effectively eliminate the influence of surface oxide on the measurement of temperature. The method can measure the surface temperature and emissivity of the oxide directly using the infrared spectrum. The infrared spectrum is radiated from surface oxide of forging. Then it can derive the real temperature of hot forging covered with the oxide using the heat exchange equation. In order to greatly restrain interference spectroscopy through included in the received infrared radiation spectrum, three interference filter system was proposed, and a group of optimal gap parameter values using spectral simulation were obtained. The precision of temperature measurement was improved. The experimental results show that the method can accurately measure the surface temperature of high temperature forging covered with oxide. It meets the requirements of measurement accuracy, and the temperature measurement method is feasible according to the experiment result.

[Research on high-precision temperature measurement system based on near infrared spectroscopy].

At present, the interference from outside radiation under the complex environment is difficult to eliminate by using the infrared thermometry method. It leads to the low measurement accuracy. In the present paper, a high-precision infrared temperature measurement system was designed. The light filter method is presented in this system. The broadband filters and three-level interference filter were combined in this method. According to the method, the near-infrared spectra sent out by high temperature object is filtered. The high temperature background light and the environment obtrusive light are filtered out. In this way, two monochromatic spectra are obtained. The radiation power ratio is received after receiving by the infrared detector. Then the temperature is obtained by calculating. In this system, the bandwidth of monochromatic spectrum permeated is only 1 nm. The inhibition of radiation from background light and ambient light except transmittance spectrum is up to 8 orders of magnitude. The measurement error caused by the ambient temperature heating of the measured object is reduced. The accuracy of the temperature measurement system is improved. Finally, the temperature measurement system is feasible according to the experiment result. The precision reached to 0.2%.