High precision angular displacement measurement based on self-correcting error compensation of three image sensors.

As the feedback link of a numerical control system, the measurement accuracy of absolute angular displacement measurements directly affects the control performance of a numerical control system. In previous research, angular displacement measurements based on dual image sensors can achieve higher measurement performance. However, the elimination of harmonic error by the dual image sensor is still limited. For this reason, this paper proposes an image-type angular displacement measurement method based on self-correction error compensation of three image sensors. First, the mathematical model of harmonic error is established, and the shortcomings of using dual image sensors to compensate the error are analyzed. Then, a high precision angular displacement measurement method based on three image sensors is proposed. Finally, the self-correction error compensation method of three image sensors is applied to the angular displacement measurement system, and the measurement performance is verified. The experimental results show that a measurement accuracy of 1.76'' can be achieved on the circular grating with a diameter of 96 mm. In contrast, the dual image sensor can only achieve a measurement accuracy of 2.88''. It is concluded that the odd number of image sensors can achieve higher measurement accuracy than the even number. This research lays a foundation for the realization of high precision image angular displacement measurement.

Anti-stain algorithm of angular displacement based on a single image sensor.

The displacement measuring technique is prone to failure within the industrial environment due to the influence of dust, oil, and other contaminants that stain the equipment. There is urgent demand for new anti-stain techniques. In today's image angular displacement measurement technology, the pixel array is used instead of the traditional photoelectric conversion element; this creates room for anti-stain improvement based on the image processing components. Based on a previous study on image-type angular displacement measurement technology, a single head image-type anti-stain algorithm is proposed in this paper that can remove the interference of small stains and ensure correct measurement value outputs. The influence of the stain on the calibration grating is first assessed based on the principle of image angular displacement measurement technology. An anti-stain algorithm based on the metal grating and multi-line fusion is proposed accordingly. The proposed algorithm is then tested on a circular grating with 38 mm diameter and ${{2}^{N}}\; = \;{256}$2N=256 lines in the circle. The results show that angle measurement output accuracy can be guaranteed when the number of lines covered by the stains is less than half of the coding-bits. This work may provide a technical basis for enhancing stain resistance in high-performance displacement measurement technology.

Full Digital Processing System of Photoelectric Encoder.

A photoelectric signal, output by a photoelectric receiver, may detrimentally change after the photoelectric encoder is used for a period of time or when the environment changes; this will directly affect the accuracy of the encoder and lead to fatal errors in the encoder. To maintain its high accuracy, we propose an encoder that can work in a variety of environments and that adopts full digital processing. A signal current that travels from the receiver of a photoelectric encoder is converted into a voltage signal via current limiting resistance. All signals are directly processed in the data processor component of the system. The encoder converts all the signals into its normalized counterpart. Then, the angle of the encoder is calculated using the normalized value. The calculated encoder angle compensates for any error. The final encoder angle is obtained, and the encoder angle is output accordingly. Experiments show that this method can greatly reduce the encoder's volume. This method also reduces the encoder error from 167 arcseconds to 53 arcseconds. The encoder can still maintain a high accuracy during environmental changes, especially in harsh environments where there are higher accuracy requirements.

Fluoxetine ameliorates dysbiosis in a depression model induced by chronic unpredicted mild stress in mice.

Background: Accumulating evidence has shown that neuropsychiatric disorders are associated with gut microbiota through the gut-brain axis. However, the effects of antidepressant treatment on gut microbiota are rarely studied. Here, we investigated whether stress led to gut microbiota changes and whether fluoxetine plays a role in microbiota alteration. Methods: We investigated changes in gut microbiota in a depression model induced by chronic unpredicted mild stress (CUMS) and a restoration model by applying the classic antidepressant drug fluoxetine. Results: We found that stress led to low bacterial diversity, simpler bacterial network, and increased abundance of pathogens, such as Escherichia/Shigella, and conditional pathogens, such as Enterococcus, Vagococcus, and Aerococcus. However, these changes were attenuated by fluoxetine directly and indirectly. Furthermore, the correlation analysis indicated strong correlations between gut microbiota and anxiety- and depression-like behaviors. Conclusions: This study revealed that fluoxetine led to restoration of dysbiosis induced by stress stimulation, which may imply a possible pathway through which one CNS target drug plays its role in reshaping the gut microbiota.

Fto Deficiency Reduces Anxiety- and Depression-Like Behaviors in Mice via Alterations in Gut Microbiota.

Depression and obesity have high concurrence within individuals, which may be explained by sharing the same risk factors, including disruption of the intestinal microbiota. However, evidence that delineated the causal connections is extremely scarce. Methods: Mice lacking fat mass- and obesity-associated gene (Fto) were generated. Fto-deficient and wild-type control mice were subjected to novel conditions with or without chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) for 6 weeks. Some mice were treated with antibiotics via their drinking water for 6 weeks in order to deplete their microbiota. Behavioral tests were performed to evaluate anxiety- and depression-like behaviors. 16S rRNA amplicon and metagenomic sequencing were employed to analyse fecal microbiota. Plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) were also compared. Results: Deletion of Fto led to lower body weight and decreased anxiety- and depression-like behaviors, Fto+/- mice were also less susceptible to stress stimulation, highlighting the essential role of Fto in pathogenesis of depression. With regard to gut microbiota, Fto deficiency mice harbored specific bacterial signature of suppressing inflammation, characterized with higher abundance of Lactobacillus, lower Porphyromonadaceae and Helicobacter. Critically, behavioral alterations of Fto+/- mice are mediated by shift in gut microbiota, as such changes can be partially attenuated using antibiotics. Exposure to CUMS increased serum IL-6 level while Fto deficiency reduced its level, which may be explained by a lower LPS concentration. Conclusion: Together, our findings uncover the roles of Fto on depression and provide insights into microbiota-related biological mechanisms underlying the association between obesity and depression.

Polymorphism of ABCG2 Gene in Hyperuricemia Patients of Han And Uygur Ethnicity with Phlegm/Non-Phlegm Block in Xinjiang, China.

BACKGROUND This study investigated the relationship between hyperuricemia (with phlegm/non-phlegm block) and ABCG2 gene polymorphism in Han and Uygur people from Xinjiang, China. MATERIAL AND METHODS We recruited 600 hyperuricemia patients with phlegm/non-phlegm block. Genomic DNA was extracted from the whole blood. Gene polymorphism was classified by SnaPshot method. RESULTS The SNP loci rs2725220 and rs2231137 of the ABCG2 gene, but not rs2231142, were significantly different between patients with non-phlegm block and phlegm block (P<0.05). The rs2231142 allele G was the protective factor in Uygur hyperuricemia patients. In both Han and hyperuricemia patients, the rs2725220 allele G was a protective factor and the rs2231137 allele C was a risk factor. For non-phlegm-block hyperuricemia, the rs2231142 and rs2231137 genotypes were significantly different between Uygur and Han patients (P<0.05). The rs2231142 allele G was 1.563 times higher in the Uygur patients compared with Han, and rs2231137 allele C was 1.673 times higher in the Uygur patients compared with the Han. For phlegm-block hyperuricemia, rs2231142 allele G was 1.397 times higher in the Uygur patients compared with the Han. CONCLUSIONS ABCG2 gene rs2231137 with more allele C tends to be phlegm-block type and rs2725220 with more allele G tends to be non-phlegm-block type. In the Uygur hyperuricemia patients, ABCG2 gene rs2231142 with more allele G tends to be non-phlegm-block type. Allele C of rs2231137 and allele G of rs2231142 in ABCG2 gene are more likely to be found in the Uygur people.

Genetic association and functional analysis of rs7903456 in FAM35A gene and hyperuricemia: a population based study.

Recent studies have identified SNP rs7903456 of FAM35A to be associated with gout. Because of the close connections between hyperuricemia and gout, we hypothesized that the effect of rs7903456 on gout might be mediated by hyperuricemia or its related quantitative trait, uric acid level. We investigated the association between 31 SNPs of FAM35A, including rs7903456, and hyperuricemia based on 2,773 hyperuricemia patients and controls. We fitted a simple model for each of these 31 SNPs to screen the candidate SNP for further analyses. Moreover, we selected potential confounders and fitted a multivariate model to investigate the adjusted effects of the targeted SNPs. Both disease status of hyperuricemia and blood uric acid level were considered as the main phenotype. We have identified rs7903456 to be associated with hyperuricemia and uric acid level. The significant signal was identified between rs7903456 and uric acid level after adjusted by several potential confounders. Our findings showed that the T allele of rs7903456 could increase the uric acid level by ~10 mmol/L on average after adjusting several biochemical and clinical variables. Our findings indicated that the previously identified effects of rs7903456 on gout might partly be mediated by its effect on uric acid levels.

Comparison of Formulas Based on Lipid Emulsions of Olive Oil, Soybean Oil, or Several Oils for Parenteral Nutrition: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Many studies have reported that olive oil-based lipid emulsion (LE) formulas of soybean oil, medium-chain triglycerides, olive oil, and fish oil (SMOF) may be a viable alternative for parenteral nutrition. However, some randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) have raised concerns regarding the nutritional benefits and safety of SMOFs. We searched principally the MEDLINE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Scopus, EMBASE, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases from inception to March 2014 for the relevant literature and conducted a meta-analysis of 15 selected RCTs that 1) compared either olive oil- or SMOF-based LEs with soybean oil-based LEs and 2) reported plasma concentrations of α-tocopherol, oleic acid, and ω-6 (n-6) and ω-3 (n-3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and liver concentrations of total bilirubin and the enzymes alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, and γ-glutamyl transferase. The meta-analysis suggested that SMOF-based LEs were associated with higher plasma concentrations of plasma α-tocopherol, oleic acid, and the ω-3 PUFAs eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid. Olive oil- and SMOF-based LEs correlated with lower plasma concentrations of long-chain ω-6 PUFAs and were similar to soybean oil-based LEs with regard to their effects on liver function indicators. In summary, olive oil- and SMOF-based LEs have nutritional advantages over soybean oil-based LEs and are similarly safe. However, their performance in clinical settings requires further investigation.

Fish oil modulates glycogen synthase kinase-3 signaling pathway in diabetes-induced hippocampal neurons apoptosis.

Previous research has demonstrated that diabetes induces learning and memory deficits. However, the mechanism of memory impairment induced by diabetes is poorly understood. Dietary fatty acids, especially polyunsaturated fatty acids, have been shown to enhance learning and memory and prevent memory deficits in various experimental conditions. The present study investigated the effects of fish oil supplementation on the neuron apoptosis in the hippocampus of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes rats, further explored the effect of fish oil on the phosphorylation of protein kinase B and glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta. The effects of diabetes and fish oil treatment on the spatial learning and memory were also evaluated using the Morris Water Maze. STZ-induced diabetes impaired spatial learning and memory of rats, which was associated with the apoptosis of hippocampal neurons and oxidative stress. Fish oil administration ameliorated cognitive deficit, reduced oxidative stress, increased AKT phosphorylation, decreased GSK-3ß phosphorylation, and decreased pro-apoptotic molecules expression, which protected the hippocampal neurons from apoptosis in diabetic rats. These results suggested a potential role for fish oil as an adjuvant therapy for the prevention and treatment of diabetic complications.

Effects of dietary fish oil on learning function and apoptosis of hippocampal pyramidal neurons in streptozotocin-diabetic rats.

Previous research has demonstrated that diabetes induces learning and memory deficits. However, the mechanism of memory impairment induced by diabetes is poorly understood. Dietary fatty acids, especially polyunsaturated fatty acids, have been shown to enhance learning and memory and prevent memory deficits in various experimental conditions. The present study investigated the effects of fish oil supplementation on the neuron apoptosis in the hippocampus of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes rats. The effects of diabetes and fish oil treatment on the spatial learning and memory were also evaluated using the Morris Water Maze. Diabetes impaired spatial learning and memory of rats. Diabetes increased the expression of Bax and caspase-3, which led the apoptosis of the CA1 pyramidal neurons, and further contributed to the deficits in learning and memory processing. Fish oil dietary supplementation in diabetic rats conducts neuron-protective function through an anti-apoptotic pathway and significantly improves the ability of learning and memory. These results partially explain the mechanism of the effect of diabetes and fish oil treatment on learning and memory, supporting a potential role for fish oil as an adjuvant therapy for the prevention and treatment of diabetic complications.