[Analysis of risk factors for hemorrhage in patients with acute poisoning treated with hemoperfusion].

Objective: To explore the clinical characterist ics and risk factors of hemorrhage complicated by hemoperfusion therapy in patients with acute poisoning. Methods: In January 2021, the clinical data of 196 patients with acute poisoning who received hemoperfusion therapy in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University from January 2018 to December 2020 were analyzed, and the patients were divided into bleeding group and non-bleeding group according to whether the patients were complicated with bleeding. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the independent risk factors for hemorrhage in patients treated with hemoperfusion. Results: A total of 21 patients in the bleeding group and 175 patients in the non-bleeding group were included. There was no significant difference in general data such as gender, age, and body mass index between the two groups (P>0.05) . Organophosphorus pesticides (χ(2)= 4.56, P=0.030) , HA230 perfusion device (χ(2)=4.12, P=0.042) , platelet count (t=-2.33, P=0.009) and activated partial thromboplastin time (t=14.53, P<0.001) at 2 h of perfusion were the influencing factors of hemorrhage in patients with acute poisoning treated with hemoperfusion. Among them, organophosphorus pesticides, 2 h perfusion activated partial thromboplastin time ≥35 s and other factors were independent risk factors forcomplicated bleeding (P<0.05) . Conclusion: Patients with acute poisoning, especially organophosphorus pesticide poisoning, are at greater risk of bleeding during hemoperfusion therapy. Monitoring of changes in activated partial thromboplastin time should be strengthened and the dose of anticoagulants should be adjusted in time to reduce the risk of bleeding.

[Factors affecting the recovery of cholinesterase activity in patients with acute chlorpyrifos poisoning].

Objective: To investigate the related factors affecting the recovery of cholinesterase (ChE) activity in patients with acute chlorpyrifos poisoning. Methods: In February 2020, the clinical data of acute chlorpyrifos poisoning patients admitted in our hospital from January 2016 to December 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. The outcome variable was the time of ChE activity recovered to 50% lower limit of normal value, and multivariate linear regression analysis was performed to explore its influencing factors. Results: A total of 78 patients, 43 males and 35 females, with an average age (39.58±14.77) years were enrolled in this study. The average time of serum ChE activity recovered to 50% lower limit of normal value was (24.45±2.64) days. There was a correlation between hemoperfusion (r=-0.644) , atropine dosage (r=0.498) , chlorophosphorus dosage (r=0.432) and the time of serum ChE activity recovered to 50% lower limit of normal value, in which hemoperfusion was significantly negatively correlated with the time of serum ChE activity recovered to 50% lower limit of normal value (ß=-4.222, P<0.05) . Conclusion: The recovery of serum ChE activity in patients with acute chlorpyrifos poisoning is very slow. Hemoperfusion can quickly remove chlorpyrifos, its metabolites and inflammatory mediators in the blood, thus effectively promoting the recovery of ChE activity.

[Clinical analysis of 5 cases of occupational acute methanol poisoning].

Objective: To investigate the diagnosis and treatment of occupational acute methanol poisoning. Methods: Retrospective analysis of the clinical data of 5 cases of occupational acute me thanol poisoning admitted from October 11 to 12, 2018. Results: The first patient was diagnosed with severe acute methanol poisoning and died after treatment with mechanical ventilation, hemodialysis, and detoxification by ethanol and folic acid for 38 hours. The remaining four cases were all diagnosed with mild acute methanol poisoning and were discharged from hospital after active symptomatic support treatment for 63 to 69 hours. Fuhermore, all the four patients were followed up for one year and without sequelaes. Conclusion: Early evaluation of the disease, early combination with hemodialysis, and use of detoxification drugs are the key to rescue occupational acute methanol poisoning.

Global transcriptome analysis provides new insights in Thellungiella salsuginea stress response.

Thellungiella salsuginea is highly tolerant to abiotic stress, while its a close relative Arabidopsis thaliana is sensitive to stress. This characteristic makes T. salsuginea an excellent model for uncovering the mechanisms of abiotic stress tolerance. Abscisic acid (ABA) plays essential roles in plant abiotic and biotic stress tolerance. To test the changes in gene expression of T. salsuginea under ABA treatment, in this study, the transcriptomes of T. salsuginea roots and leaves were compared in response to exogenously application of ABA. The results showed that ABA treatment caused different expression of 2,200 and 3,305 genes in leaves and roots, respectively, compared with the untreated control. In particular, genes encoding transcription factors such as WRKY, MYB, NAC, GATA, ethylene-responsive factors (ERFs), heat stress transcription factors, basic helix-loop-helix, PLATZ and B3 domain-containing family members were enriched. In addition, 49 and 114 differentially expressed genes were identified as ABA-regulated genes, separately in leaves and roots, respectively, which were related to biotic and abiotic stresses. The expression levels of some genes were validated by qRT-PCR. Different responses of genes to ABA treatment were discovered in T. salsuginea and A. thaliana. This transcriptome analysis expands our understanding of the role of ABA in stress tolerance in T. salsuginea. Our study provides a wealth of information for improving stress tolerance in crop plants.

Diode-wing-pumped electro-optically Q-switched 2 µm laser with pulse energy scaling over ten millijoules.

Characteristics of diode-wing-pumped highly efficient Tm:LuAG lasers running both in continuous wave (CW) and electro-optical Q-switching regimes have been investigated. Using a simple plane-plane cavity, a maximum CW output power of 8.5 W has been achieved with a corresponding slope efficiency of 44.5% by "wing pumping" at 790 nm. With a V-shaped cavity, a diode-wing-pumped MgO:LiNbO3 crystal based electro-optically Q-switched Tm:LuAG laser at 2022.9 nm delivered a maximum pulse energy of 10.8 mJ and a minimum pulse width of 52 ns at a corresponding repetition rate of 100 Hz. To the best of our knowledge, the achieved CW output power and Q-switched pulse energy have both set records for all-solid-state Tm:LuAG lasers, which well reveals an efficient way to generate high-power and high-energy lasers at 2 µm wavelength.

LncRNA NEAT1 regulates cervical carcinoma proliferation and invasion by targeting AKT/PI3K.

OBJECTIVE: Cervical cancer is a common tumor in gynecological malignancies. Recent studies showed that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a key role in tumorigenesis and development. LncRNA nuclear-rich transcripts 1 (NEAT1) has been found to play a role in gynecological tumors, such as endometrial cancer. However, expression of lncRNA NEAT1 and mechanism in cervical cancer has not been elucidated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The tumor tissue and adjacent tissue of cervical cancer patients were collected. HeLa cells were cultured in vitro and lncRNA NEAT1 expression was interfered with small interfere RNA (siRNA). Cell proliferation was detected by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Cell invasion ability was assessed by transwell assay. LncRNA NEAT1, Cyclin D1, and cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) expressions were detected by Real-time PCR. Caspase 3 expression was detected by caspase 3 activity kit. Phosphorylated protein kinase B (p-AKT), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (p-PI3K), and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2) levels were evaluated by Western blot. RESULTS: Compared with the adjacent tissue, lncRNA NEAT1 expression was significantly increased in cervical cancer (p<0.05). LncRNA NEAT1 level was decreased in HeLa cells transfected by siRNA, which inhibited the proliferation and invasion of tumor cells, reduced cyclin D1 and CDK4 expressions, enhanced caspase 3 activity, and declined the expressions of p-AKT, p-PI3K, and MMP2 (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: LncRNA NEAT1 siRNA transfection can inhibit the proliferation of cervical cancer by regulating the AKT/PI3K signaling pathway, promote cell apoptosis, and restrain cell invasion. Therefore, the lncRNA NEAT1 may be used as a molecular potential for the diagnosis and treatment of cervical cancer through regulating AKT/PI3K signaling pathway, which would be confirmed in the following study.

[Research progress on the role of NLRP3 inflammasome in ocular diseases].

Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor pyrin domain containing-3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a type of multi-protein complex within the cell, the activation of which promotes the release of bioactive interleukin(IL)-1ß and IL-18 and contributes to inflammatory progress. In recent years, the research on the role of NLRP3 inflammasome in the pathogenesis and development of ocular surface and fundus diseases has made considerable progress. This review summarizes current understanding in the structure, ocular expression, and mechanisms of activation of NLRP3 inflammasome, as well as the contribution of this protein complex to eye diseases, thereby revealing the theoretical possibility that NLRP3 inflammasome might serve as a novel therapeutic target for the related ocular diseases.(Chin J Ophthalmol, 2018, 54: 396-400).

[The protection of hydrogen-rich saline on a rat dry eye model induced by scopolamine hydrobromide].

Objective: To evaluate the effect of hydrogen-rich saline (HRS) on dry eye rats induced by subcutaneous injection of scopolamine hydrobromide. Methods: Experiment research. Thirty female Wistar rats at about six weeks old were randomly divided into the normal group, dry eye group, HRS eyedrops group, normal saline eyedrops group (NS), HRS intraperitoneal injection group and NS intraperitoneal injection group, with 5 rats in each group. The dry eye was induced by subcutaneous injection of scopolamine hydrobromide in the latter five groups. The clinical signs of dry eye such as tear volume (SⅠt), tear break-up time (BUT) and corneal epithelial fluorescein staining scores were evaluated on day 7, 14, 21 and 28. On the 28th day, ten eyes in each group were enucleated and processed for paraffin sections for HE, PAS and immunohistochemistry stainings. Analysis of variance was used to test the data, and independent samples t-test was used for comparison between the two groups. Two-way repeated measure ANOVA was used to compare the difference among groups at different time points, one-way ANOVA was used to test the comparisons of the clinical signs at one time, and LSD was used to for comparison between two groups. Results: Before and after the experiment of the day 7, 14, 21, 28, the values of SIt in HRS eyedrops group and HRS intraperitoneal injection group were respectively:(3.625±1.157),(3.313±0.704),(3.250±0.535),(3.313±0.372), (3.375±0.582)mm and (3.500±1.019), (2.893±0.656), (3.321±0.668), (3.179±0.575), (3.214±0.871)mm. The values of BUT were respectively: (2.750±0.707), (2.688±0.594), (2.813±0.753), (3.000±0.756), (2.750±0.707)s and (3.000±0.679), (2.321±0.464), (2.750±0.753), (3.214±0.699), (2.679±0.608)s. The values of fluorescein staining score were respectively: (6.250±0.707), (8.875±0.641), (8.750±0.707), (9.250±0.463), (8.250±1.282) and (6.000±0.679), (9.143±1.027), (8.857±0.770), (9.143±0.949), (8.500±0.760). The difference of SIt, BUT and fluorescein staining score between the groups was statistically significant on the 14th day(F=5.194, 3.894, 16.487, P<0.05), the values of SⅠt, BUT and fluorescein staining score of HRS eyedrops group showed significantly better than NS eyedrops group(P<0.05), HRS intraperitoneal injection group showed significantly better than NS intraperitoneal injection group(P<0.05), and there was no significant difference between HRS eyedrops group and HRS intraperitoneal injection group(P>0.05), which remained stable until the day 28. On the 28(th) day, HE, PAS and immunohistochemistry stainings showed the corneal and conjunctival epithelia became smooth and regular, the cell layer number decreased, the tissue hyperplasia and edema were lightened, and the size of goblet cells tended to be normal, and the squamous metaplasia and inflammation were relieved. In HRS eyedrops group and HRS intraperitoneal injection group. Conclusions: HRS eyedrops group and HRS intraperitoneal injection group can relieve the signs of dry eye, improve the pathological damage of cornea and conjunctiva, and protect the ocular surface of a rat dry eye model, which is better than NS groups from the 14(th) day. (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2017, 53: 363-372).

Hypoxia responsive miR-210 promotes cell survival and autophagy of endometriotic cells in hypoxia.

OBJECTIVE: Hypoxia may play a role in the survival of ectopic endometrial cells. This study aimed to explore how hypoxia responsive miR-210 is involved in cell survival and autophagic response of endometriotic cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) and miR-210 in eutopic and ectopic endometrial tissues were measured. The expression changes of HIF-1α and miR-210 in ovarian endometriotic cell line CRL-7566 after hypoxic culture were further explored. The influence of miR-210 on cell viability and apoptosis was quantified using CCK-8 assay and flow cytometry analysis. The effect of miR-210 on Bcl-2 expression and the effect of miR-210/Bcl-2 axis on autophagy in the cells were measured by Western blot analysis. RESULTS: Ectopic lesion had stronger HIF-1α positive signals, as well as more HIF-1α positive cells per visual field than the eutopic endometrium. MiR-210 expression was also elevated in the ectopic lesions. In in-vitro models, CRL-7566 cells had significantly higher expression of HIF-1α and miR-210 after hypoxic treatment. MiR-210 overexpression partly preserved cell viability in hypoxia, while miR-210 knockdown facilitated the loss of cell viability. In addition, miR-210 significantly attenuated hypoxia-induced apoptosis in CRL-7566 cells. Enforced miR-210 overexpression significantly promoted autophagy in hypoxia. Knockdown of endogenous Bcl-2 significantly enhanced autophagy, the effect of which was similar to that of miR-210. CONCLUSIONS: The hypoxia-induced higher miR-210 expression may contribute to pathological development of endometriosis at least through enhancing cell survival and promoting autophagy via Bcl2/Beclin-1 axis.

Cloning and characterization of SPL-family genes in the peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.).

SQUAMOSA promoter-binding protein-like (SPL) proteins play crucial roles in plant growth, development, and responses to environmental stressors. The peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is a globally important oil crop. In this study, we cloned the full-length cDNA of 15 SPLs in the peanut by transcriptome sequencing and rapid amplification of cDNA ends, and analyzed their genomic DNA sequences. cDNA lengths varied significantly, from 369 to 3102 bp. The SBP domain of the peanut SPL proteins was highly conserved compared to SPLs in other plant species. Based on their sequence similarity to SPLs from other plant species, the peanut SPLs could be grouped into five subgroups. In each subgroup, lengths of individual genes, conserved motif numbers, and distribution patterns were similar. Seven of the SPLs were predicted to be targets of miR156. The SPLs were ubiquitously expressed in the roots, leaves, flowers, gynophores, and seeds, with different expression levels and accumulation patterns. Significant differences in the expression of most of the SPLs were observed between juvenile and adult leaves, suggesting that they are involved in developmental regulation. Dynamic changes occurred in transcript levels at stage 1 (aerial grown green gynophores), stage 2 (gynophores buried in soil for about three days), and stage 3 (gynophores buried in soil for about nine days with enlarged pods). Possible roles that these genes play in peanut pod initiation are discussed.

Genome-wide identification and evolutionary analysis of nucleotide-binding site-encoding resistance genes in Lotus japonicus (Fabaceae).

Nucleotide-binding site (NBS) disease resistance genes play a crucial role in plant defense responses against pathogens and insect pests. Many NBS-encoding genes have been detected in Lotus japonicus, an important forage crop in many parts of the world. However, most NBS genes identified so far in L. japonicus were only partial sequences. We identified 45 full-length NBS-encoding genes in the L. japonicus genome, and analyzed gene duplications, motifs, and the molecular phylogeny to further understand the NBS gene family. We found that gene duplication events rarely occur in L. japonicus NBS-encoding (LjNBS) genes. In addition, LjNBS genes were subjected to selection pressure, and codon usage bias was evident. We tested for purifying selection (specifically in the CC-NBS-LRR and TIR-NBS-LRR groups), and found strong purifying selection in the TIR-domain-containing sequences, indicating that the CC-NBS-LRR group is more likely to undergo expansion than the TIR-NBS-LRR group. Moreover, our results showed that both selection and mutation contributed to LjNBS codon usage bias, but mutational bias was the major influence on codon usage.

Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of 9-o-substituted palmatine derivatives.

A series of new palmatine derivatives with alkyl or alkyl with N-heterocyclic structures were designed and synthesized at C-9-O according to the principle of association. These compounds were characterised by (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, ESI-MS and elemental analysis, and tested for their antimicrobial activity in vitro to evaluate structure-activity relationships. The results indicated that 9-O-substituted palmatine derivatives exhibit varying degrees of antimicrobial activity. Antibacterial activities of compounds (3a-f) against Gram +ve bacteria increased 2- to 64-fold than that of palmatine. The compounds (3a-f) possessed relatively weaker inhibitory effects against Gram -ve bacteria and fungi than that against Gram +ve bacteria. Antimicrobial activities of compounds (5a-e) are lower than that of compounds (3a-f). Compound 3d showed the highest antimicrobial activity of all the compounds. The LD50 values of compounds (3a-f) decreased as the alkyl side chain was elongated. Compound 3f showed least toxicity.

Diode-pumped continuous wave tunable and graphene Q-switched Tm:LSO lasers.

We have investigated the lasing characteristics of Tm:LSO crystal in three operation regimes: continuous wave (CW), wavelength tunable and passive Q-switching based on graphene. In CW regime, a maximum output power of 0.65 W at 2054.9 nm with a slope efficiency of 21% was achieved. With a quartz plate, a broad wavelength tunable range of 145 nm was obtained, corresponding to a FWHM of 100 nm. By using a graphene saturable absorber mirror, the passively Q-switched Tm:LSO laser produced pulses with duration of 7.8 µs at 2030.8 nm under a repetition rate of 7.6 kHz, corresponding to pulse energy of 14.0 µJ.

High glucose level induces cardiovascular dysplasia during early embryo development.

The incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has increased dramatically amongst multiethnic population. However, how gestational diabetes mellitus damages the developing embryo is still unknown. In this study, we used yolk sac membrane (YSM) model to investigate angiogenesis in the developing chick embryo. We determined that in the presence of high glucose, it retarded the growth and extension of the embryonic vascular plexus and it also reduced the density of the vasculature in yolk sac membrane model. Using the same strategy, we used the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) as a model to investigate the influence of high glucose on the vasculature. We established that high glucose inhibited development of the blood vessel plexus and the blood vessels formed had a narrower diameter than control vessels. Concurrent with the abnormal angiogenesis, we also examined how it impacted cardiogenesis. We determined the myocardium in the right ventricle and left atrium were significantly thicker than the control and also there was a reduction in glycogen content in cardiomyocytes. The high glucose also induced excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the cardiomyocytes. We postulated that it was the excess reactive oxygen species that damaged the cardiomyocytes resulting in cardiac hyperplasia.

Mode-locked Tm,Ho:YAP laser around 2.1 µm.

A passively mode-locked Tm,Ho:YAP laser around 2.1 µm wavelength employing a semiconductor saturable absorber mirror is demonstrated. Stable continuous wave mode-locking operation was achieved at variable center wavelengths of 2036.5 nm, 2064.5 nm, 2095.5 nm, 2103.5 nm, and 2130 nm, respectively. Pulses as short as 40.4 ps were obtained at 2064.5 nm with a spectral FWHM of 0.5 nm at output powers of 132 mW and a repetition rate around 107 MHz. A maximum output power of 238 mW was obtained at 2130 nm with a pulse duration of 66 ps.

Chemical and topological short-range orders in the ternary Ni-Zr-Al metallic glasses studied by Monte Carlo simulations.

Based on the recently constructed Ni-Zr-Al n-body potential, Monte Carlo simulations are performed to study the glass formation and associated structural evolutions in the system. The micro-chemical inhomogeneity (MCI) parameter and Honeycutt and Anderson (HA) pair analysis are employed to investigate both the chemical short-range orders and topological short-range orders for the ternary Ni-Zr-Al metallic glasses. Results reveal that remarkable chemical short-range orders (CSROs) exist in the ternary Ni-Zr-Al metallic glasses and are strongly influenced by the chemical interactions among the constituent elements. Moreover, topological short-range orders are clearly formed in the ternary Ni-Zr-Al metallic glasses, with the most remarkable characteristic being the icosahedral local packing. Similarly to CSRO, the extent of icosahedral short-range orders formed in the Ni-Zr-Al system varies distinctly with the chemical composition. In addition, simulation results reveal that chemical short-range orders and topological short-range orders turn out to be influenced by different factors. Unlike CSRO, both chemical interactions and geometrical constraints play important roles in forming the topological short-range orders.

Efficient continuous wave and passively mode-locked Tm-doped crystalline silicate laser.

An efficient continuous wave and passively mode-locked thulium-doped oxyorthosilicate Tm:LuYSiO5 laser is demonstrated. A maximum slope efficiency of 56.3% is obtained at 2057.4 nm in continuous wave operation regime. With an InGaAs quantum well SESAM, self-starting passively mode-locked Tm:LuYSiO5 laser is realized in the 1929 nm to 2065 nm spectral region. A maximum average output power of 130.2 mW with a pulse duration of 33.1 ps and a repetition rate of about 100 MHz is generated at 1984.1 nm. Pulses as short as 24.2 ps with an average output power of 100 mW are obtained with silicon prisms where used to manage the intracavity dispersion. The shortest pulse duration of about 19.6 ps is obtained with an average output power of 64.5 mW at 1944.3 nm.

Role of nitric oxide in the control of the gastric motility within the nucleus ambiguus of rats.

This study aims to investigate whether exogenous nitric oxide (NO) plays a role in controlling gastric motility within the nucleus ambiguus (NA). Experiments were performed on male Wistar rats anaesthetized with chloral hydrate. A latex balloon, connected to a pressure transducer, was inserted into the pylorus through the fundus for continuous recording of the change of gastric smooth muscle contractile curves. Microinjection of the NO-donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP; 5 nmol) or L-arginine (L-Arg; 5 nmol) into the NA significantly inhibited gastric motility, whereas the treatment of NO-synthase inhibitor N-nitro-L-arginine methylester (L-NAME) increased gastric motility remarkably. The negative effect of SNP or L-Arg on gastric motility was abolished by bilateral subdiaphragmatic vagotomy as well as by intravenous injection of ganglionic blocker, hexamethonium bromide (Hb). These results demonstrated that NO inhibited gastric motility by activating the cholinergic preganglionic neurons in the NA and through the mediation of vagus nerves.

Deafness: malaria as a forgotten cause.

BACKGROUND: Ototoxicity from antimalarials is a well publicised cause of deafness and a great deal of time and resources are spent assessing it in relation to new drugs. The effect of the malaria parasite itself on hearing is, however, poorly documented and most evidence is anecdotal. This paper aims to collate existing evidence of this association. METHODS: Two systematic literature searches were performed on Ovid Medline, first for 'malaria' and 'hearing loss' or 'hearing impairment' or 'deafness', and secondly for 'cerebral malaria' and 'neurologic' or 'neurological' or 'neurocognitive sequelae'. The articles were then individually studied for relevance. RESULTS: Malaria has been implicated as a rare cause of hearing loss in various studies, but recommendations and hypotheses have not been taken seriously or investigated. Searches also returned numerous studies of neurological sequelae after cerebral malaria, a small proportion of which observed hearing impairments on follow-up. However, no attempt was made to distinguish between treatment and disease as the cause. A few antimalarial drug trials which assessed hearing before treatment found unexplained hearing loss which improved with elimination of the parasite. CONCLUSION: Evidence from this review suggests that the falciparum parasite is a potential cause of hearing loss. Malaria is a disease of such high prevalence that even if only a small proportion of survivors develop this impairment the effects on children's education could be detrimental. More attention should be focussed on investigating this association as the clinical and pathophysiological implications are potentially considerable.

Curvature and tortuosity of the superficial femoral artery: a possible risk factor for peripheral arterial disease.

Atherosclerosis in the superficial femoral artery (SFA) resulting in peripheral arterial disease is more common in men than women and shows a predilection for the region of the adductor canal. Blood flow patterns are related to development of atherosclerosis, and we investigated if curvature and tortuosity of the femoral artery differed between young men and women and if differences resulted in adverse flow patterns. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) were combined in 18 young adult volunteers (9 men) to assess the relationship of flow features to likely sites of future atherosclerosis formation. Subjects underwent MRI of the right SFA, three-dimensional vascular geometry was reconstructed, and measures of tortuosity and curvature were calculated. Tortuosity and curvature were significantly greater for men than women, and this was related to increased body surface area, body mass index, or weight in men. In both sexes, "tortuosity" increased from the midthigh to the popliteal fossa. The greatest curvature was found within the distal quarter of the SFA. CFD modeling was undertaken on MRI-based reconstructions of the SFA. Wall shear stresses (WSS) were extracted from the computations. WSS showed greater spatial variation in the men than in the women, and the men exhibited lower mean WSS. These data indicate that sex differences related to body size and anatomical course of the femoral artery may contribute to the enhanced risk of focal atherosclerosis in the adductor canal.