Adrenal Volume Quantitative Visualization Tool by Multiple Parameters and an nnU-Net Deep Learning Automatic Segmentation Model.

Abnormalities in adrenal gland size may be associated with various diseases. Monitoring the volume of adrenal gland can provide a quantitative imaging indicator for such conditions as adrenal hyperplasia, adrenal adenoma, and adrenal cortical adenocarcinoma. However, current adrenal gland segmentation models have notable limitations in sample selection and imaging parameters, particularly the need for more training on low-dose imaging parameters, which limits the generalization ability of the models, restricting their widespread application in routine clinical practice. We developed a fully automated adrenal gland volume quantification and visualization tool based on the no new U-Net (nnU-Net) for the automatic segmentation of deep learning models to address these issues. We established this tool by using a large dataset with multiple parameters, machine types, radiation doses, slice thicknesses, scanning modes, phases, and adrenal gland morphologies to achieve high accuracy and broad adaptability. The tool can meet clinical needs such as screening, monitoring, and preoperative visualization assistance for adrenal gland diseases. Experimental results demonstrate that our model achieves an overall dice coefficient of 0.88 on all images and 0.87 on low-dose CT scans. Compared to other deep learning models and nnU-Net model tools, our model exhibits higher accuracy and broader adaptability in adrenal gland segmentation.

Analysis of Carrier Transport at Zn1-xSnxOy/Absorber Interface in Sb2(S,Se)3 Solar Cells.

This work explores the effect of a Zn1-xSnxOy (ZTO) layer as a potential replacement for CdS in Sb2(S,Se)3 devices. Through the use of Afors-het software v2.5, it was determined that the ZTO/Sb2(S,Se)3 interface exhibits a lower conduction band offset (CBO) value of 0.34 eV compared to the CdS/Sb2(S,Se)3 interface. Lower photo-generated carrier recombination can be obtained at the interface of the ZTO/Sb2(S,Se)3 heterojunction. In addition, the valence band offset (VBO) value at the ZTO/Sb2(S,Se)3 interface increases to 1.55 eV. The ZTO layer increases the efficiency of the device from 7.56% to 11.45%. To further investigate the beneficial effect of the ZTO layer on the efficiency of the device, this goal has been achieved by five methods: changing the S content of the absorber, changing the thickness of the absorber, changing the carrier concentration of ZTO, using various Sn/(Zn+Sn) ratios in ZTO, and altering the thickness of the ZTO layer. When the S content in Sb2(S,Se)3 is around 60% and the carrier concentration is about 1018 cm-3, the efficiency is optimal. The optimal thickness of the Sb2(S,Se)3 absorber layer is 260 nm. A ZTO/Sb2(S,Se)3 interface with a Sn/(Zn+Sn) ratio of 0.18 exhibits a better CBO value. It is also found that a ZTO thickness of 20 nm is needed for the best efficiency.

The effects of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on cognitive function in individuals with stroke-induced mild cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled pilot study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on working memory in stroke-induced mild cognitive impairment (MCI). DESIGN: Randomized, double-blind controlled study. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Twenty MCI patients from the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (December 2021 to February 2023), aged 34-79, 2-12 months post-stroke, were divided into an experimental group (EG) and a control group (CG), each with 10 participants. The EG underwent standard rehabilitation plus 40 minutes of aerobic exercise, while the CG received only standard therapy, 5 times weekly for 2 weeks. Working memory was tested using the n-back task, and overall cognitive function was measured with the MOCA and MMSE Scales before and after the intervention. RESULTS: The EG showed higher 3-back correctness (71.80 ± 14.53 vs 56.50 ± 13.66), MOCA scores (27.30 ± 1.57 vs 24.00 ± 3.13), and improved visuospatial/executive (4.60 ± 0.52 vs 3.30 ± 1.06) and delayed recall (4.30 ± 0.82 vs 3.00 ± 1.56) on the MOCA scale compared with the CG. CONCLUSION: Moderate-intensity aerobic exercise may enhance working memory, visuospatial/executive, and delayed recall functions in stroke-induced MCI patients.

Renal fat deposition measured on dixon-based MRI is significantly associated with early kidney damage in obesity.

PURPOSE: To investigate the renal fat deposition on Dixon-based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and to explore the predictive value of renal fat biomarkers of magnetic resonance (MR-RFBs) for early kidney damage in obesity. METHODS: This prospective study included 56 obese volunteers and 47 non-obese healthy volunteers. All volunteers underwent renal magnetic resonance examinations. The differences in MR-RFBs [including renal proton density fat fraction (PDFF), renal sinus fat volume (RSFV), and perirenal fat thickness (PRFT)] measured on Dixon-based MRI between the obese and non-obese volunteers were analyzed using a general linear model, taking sex, age, diabetes, and hypertension as covariates. The relationship between estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and demographic, laboratory, and imaging parameters in obese volunteers was examined by correlation analysis. RESULTS: Obese volunteers had higher MR-RFBs than non-obese volunteers after controlling for confounders (all p < 0.001). Renal PDFF (r = - 0.383; p = 0.004), RSFV (r = - 0.368; p = 0.005), and PRFT (r = - 0.451; p < 0.001) were significantly negatively correlated with eGFR in obesity. After adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, diabetes, hypertension, visceral adipose tissue, subcutaneous adipose tissue, renal PDFF, and RSFV, PRFT remained independently negatively associated with eGFR (ß = - 0.587; p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: All MR-RFBs are negatively correlated with eGFR in obesity. The MR-RFBs, especially PRFT, may have predictive value for early kidney damage in obesity.

Preoperative CT-based radiomics and deep learning model for predicting risk stratification of gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors.

BACKGROUND: Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are clinically heterogeneous with various malignant potential in different individuals. It is crucial to explore a reliable method for preoperative risk stratification of gastric GISTs noninvasively. PURPOSE: To establish and evaluate a machine learning model using the combination of computed tomography (CT) morphology, radiomics, and deep learning features to predict the risk stratification of primary gastric GISTs preoperatively. METHODS: The 193 gastric GISTs lesions were randomly divided into training set, validation set, and test set in a ratio of 6:2:2. The qualitative and quantitative CT morphological features were assessed by two radiologists. The tumors were segmented manually, and then radiomic features were extracted using PyRadiomics and the deep learning features were extracted using pre-trained Resnet50 from arterial phase and venous phase CT images, respectively. Pearson correlation analysis and recursive feature elimination were used for feature selection. Support vector machines were employed to build a classifier for predicting the risk stratification of GISTs. This study compared the performance of models using different pre-trained convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to extract deep features for classification, as well as the performance of modeling features from single-phase and dual-phase images. The arterial phase, venous phase and dual-phase machine learning models were built, respectively, and the morphological features were added to the dual-phase machine learning model to construct a combined model. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to evaluate the efficacy of each model. The clinical application value of the combined model was determined through the decision curve analysis (DCA) and the net reclassification index (NRI) was analyzed. RESULTS: The area under the curve (AUC) of the dual-phase machine learning model was 0.876, which was higher than that of the arterial phase model or venous phase model (0.813, 0.838, respectively). The combined model had best predictive performance than the above models with an AUC of 0.941 (95% CI: 0.887-0.974) (p = 0.012, Delong test). DCA demonstrated that the combined model had good clinical application value with an NRI of 0.575 (95% CI: 0.357-0.891). CONCLUSION: In this study, we established a combined model that incorporated dual-phase morphology, radiomics, and deep learning characteristics, which can be used to predict the preoperative risk stratification of gastric GISTs.

Optimal debulking surgery in ovarian cancer patients: MRI may predict the necessity of rectosigmoid resection.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether MRI can predict the necessity of rectosigmoid resection (RR) for optimal debulking surgery (ODS) in ovarian cancer (OC) patients and to compare the predictive accuracy of pre- and post-neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) MRI. METHODS: The MRI of 82 OC were retrospectively analyzed, including six bowel signs (length, transverse axis, thickness, circumference, muscularis involvement, and submucosal edema) and four para-intestinal signs (vaginal, parametrial, ureteral, and sacro-recto-genital septum involvement). The parameters reflecting the degree of muscularis involvement were measured. Patients were divided into non-RR and RR groups based on the operation and postoperative outcomes. The independent predictors of the need for RR were identified by multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Imaging for 82 patients was evaluated (67 without and 15 with NACT). Submucosal edema and muscularis involvement (OR 13.33 and 8.40, respectively) were independent predictors of the need for RR, with sensitivities of 83.3% and 94.4% and specificities of 93.9% and 81.6%, respectively. Among the parameters reflecting the degree of muscularis involvement, circumference ≥ 3/12 had the highest prediction accuracy, increasing the specificity from 81.6% for muscularis involvement only to 98.0%, with only a slight decrease in sensitivity (from 94.4% to 88.9%). The predictive sensitivities of pre-NACT and post-NACT MRI were 100.0% and 12.5%, respectively, and the specificities were 85.7% and 100.0%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: MRI analysis of rectosigmoid muscularis involvement and its circumference can help predict the necessity of RR in OC patients, and pre-NACT MRI may be more suitable for evaluation. CRITICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT: We analyzed preoperative pelvic MRI in OC patients. Our findings suggest that MRI has predictive potential for identifying patients who require RR to achieve ODS. KEY POINTS: The need for RR must be determined to optimize treatment for OC patients. Muscularis involvement circumference ≥ 3/12 could help predict RR. Pre-NACT MRI may be superior to post-NACT MRI in predicting RR.

One-Pot Synthesis of a Mixed-Valent Copper(I/II)-Coordinated Covalent Organic Framework Induced by γ-Ray Radiation.

Metal-anchored covalent organic frameworks (COFs), as a class of significant derivatives of COFs, are widely used as heterogeneous catalysts in diverse chemical reactions. However, they are typically synthesized via post-treatment strategies, which often lead to the decline of COF crystallinity, decrease of porous properties, instability in catalytic performances, generation of additional chemical waste, and consumption of excess time and energy. In this work, we demonstrate an approach to construct a metal-functionalized COF via a one-pot method induced by γ-ray radiation. Specifically, copper-coordinated COF was in situ synthesized by irradiating a mixture of monomers and copper salt under ambient conditions. Interestingly, the initial Cu2+ ions were reduced to Cu+ ions by the radiation-generated reducing species, affording a unique mixed-valent copper(I/II)-coordinated COF. Additionally, the copper-coordinated COF displayed enhanced crystallinity and porous properties compared to those of the parent COF, displaying an opposite trend to the postsynthetic method. Notably, the introduced copper on the COF skeleton endowed the parent COF with catalytic ability. The resulting copper-coordinated COF exhibited remarkable catalytic performances in the reduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol and maintained almost unchanged catalytic performance after five catalytic cycles.

Emerging insights into cuproptosis and copper metabolism: implications for age-related diseases and potential therapeutic strategies.

The expanding geriatric population, whose predisposition toward disabling morbidities and age-related diseases (ARD) is well-documented, has become a paramount social issue, exerting an onerous burden on both the healthcare industry and wider society. ARD manifest as the progressive deterioration of bodily tissues and organs, eventually resulting in the failure of these vital components. At present, no efficacious measures exist to hinder the onset of ARD. Copper, an essential trace element, is involved in a wide range of physiological processes across different cell types. In recent research, a novel variant of copper-dependent cell death, termed cuproptosis, has been identified. This mode of cellular demise stands apart from previously recognized types of cell death. Cuproptosis occurs when copper binds with acyl-CoA synthetase in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, resulting in protein aggregation and protein toxicity stress, ultimately leading to cell death. In this paper, we provide a concise overview of the current understanding concerning the metabolism of copper, copper-related diseases, the hallmarks of copper toxicity, and the mechanisms that regulate copper toxicity. Additionally, we discuss the implications of cuproptosis mutations in the development of ARD, as well as the potential for targeting cuproptosis as a treatment for ARD.

An Underwater Source Location Privacy Protection Scheme Based on Game Theory in a Multi-Attacker Cooperation Scenario.

Ensuring source location privacy is crucial for the security of underwater acoustic sensor networks amid the growing use of marine environmental monitoring. However, the traditional source location privacy scheme overlooks multi-attacker cooperation strategies and also has the problem of high communication overhead. This paper addresses the aforementioned limitations by proposing an underwater source location privacy protection scheme based on game theory under the scenario of multiple cooperating attackers (SLP-MACGT). First, a transformation method of a virtual coordinate system is proposed to conceal the real position of nodes to a certain extent. Second, through using the relay node selection strategy, the diversity of transmission paths is increased, passive attacks by adversaries are resisted, and the privacy of source nodes is protected. Additionally, a secure data transmission technique utilizing fountain codes is employed to resist active attacks by adversaries, ensuring data integrity and enhancing data transmission stability. Finally, Nash equilibrium could be achieved after the multi-round evolutionary game theory of source node and multiple attackers adopting their respective strategies. Simulation experiments and performance evaluation verify the effectiveness and reliability of SLP-MACGT regarding aspects of the packet forwarding success rate, security time, delay and energy consumption: the packet delivery rate average increases by 30%, security time is extended by at least 85%, and the delay is reduced by at least 90% compared with SSLP, PP-LSPP, and MRGSLP.

Taurine attenuates activation of hepatic stellate cells by inhibiting autophagy and inducing ferroptosis.

BACKGROUND: Liver fibrosis is a compensatory response during the tissue repair process in chronic liver injury, and finally leads to liver cirrhosis or even hepatocellular carcinoma. The pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis is associated with the progressive accumulation of activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), which can transdifferentiate into myofibroblasts to produce an excess of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Myofibroblasts are the main source of the excessive ECM responsible for hepatic fibrosis. Therefore, activated hepatic stellate cells (aHSCs), the principal ECM producing cells in the injured liver, are a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis. AIM: To explore the effect of taurine on aHSC proliferation and the mechanisms involved. METHODS: Human HSCs (LX-2) were randomly divided into five groups: Normal control group, platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) (20 ng/mL) treated group, and low, medium, and high dosage of taurine (10 mmol/L, 50 mmol/L, and 100 mmol/L, respectively) with PDGF-BB (20 ng/mL) treated group. Cell Counting Kit-8 method was performed to evaluate the effect of taurine on the viability of aHSCs. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to estimate the effect of taurine on the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde, glutathione, and iron concentration. Transmission electron microscopy was applied to observe the effect of taurine on the autophagosomes and ferroptosis features in aHSCs. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis were performed to detect the effect of taurine on the expression of α-SMA, Collagen I, Fibronectin 1, LC3B, ATG5, Beclin 1, PTGS2, SLC7A11, and p62. RESULTS: Taurine promoted the death of aHSCs and reduced the deposition of the ECM. Treatment with taurine could alleviate autophagy in HSCs to inhibit their activation, by decreasing autophagosome formation, downregulating LC3B and Beclin 1 protein expression, and upregulating p62 protein expression. Meanwhile, treatment with taurine triggered ferroptosis and ferritinophagy to eliminate aHSCs characterized by iron overload, lipid ROS accumulation, glutathione depletion, and lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, bioinformatics analysis demonstrated that taurine had a direct targeting effect on nuclear receptor coactivator 4, exhibiting the best average binding affinity of -20.99 kcal/mol. CONCLUSION: Taurine exerts therapeutic effects on liver fibrosis via mechanisms that involve inhibition of autophagy and trigger of ferroptosis and ferritinophagy in HSCs to eliminate aHSCs.

Radiation-Assisted Assembly of a Highly Dispersed Nanomolybdenum-Functionalized Covalent Organic Framework.

Two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (2D COFs), featuring a large surface area and 1D pore structure, serve as promising scaffolds for anchoring functional guest compounds, which can significantly enhance their performance and thus expand their potential applications. Postsynthetic strategy for COFs functionalization is versatile but challenging because of their tedious procedure with high time and energy consumption, generation of excess reaction waste, and damage to COF crystallinity. We report in this work a general strategy for the synthesis of inorganic nanocompound-functionalized COF composites in a one-pot way. Specifically, a high-crystallinity nanoscale molybdenum compound is successfully introduced into a COF skeleton with high dispersion in situ during the crystallization process of the COF induced by gamma ray radiation under ambient conditions. The obtained COF@Mo composites exhibit remarkable sorption performance for methylene blue and many other organic dyes in aqueous solution with the advantages of ultrarapid uptake dynamics and high removal efficiency.

A MOF@Metal Oxide Heterostructure Induced by Post-Synthetic Gamma-Ray Irradiation for Catalytic Reduction.

Metal-organic framework (MOF) based heterostructures, which exhibit enhanced or unexpected functionality and properties due to synergistic effects, are typically synthesized using post-synthetic strategies. However, several reported post-synthetic strategies remain unsatisfactory, considering issues such as damage to the crystallinity of MOFs, presence of impure phases, and high time and energy consumption. In this work, we demonstrate for the first time a novel route for constructing MOF based heterostructures using radiation-induced post-synthesis, highlighting the merits of convenience, ambient conditions, large-scale production, and notable time and energy saving. Specifically, a new HKUST-1@Cu2O heterostructure was successfully synthesized by simply irradiating a methanol solution dispersed of HKUST-1 with gamma ray under ambient conditions. The copper source of Cu2O was directly derived from in situ radiation etching and reduction of the parent HKUST-1, without the use of any additional copper reagents. Significantly, the resulting HKUST-1@Cu2O heterostructure exhibits remarkable catalytic performance, with a catalytic rate constant nearly two orders of magnitude higher than that of the parent HKUST-1.

Characteristic fingerprint spectrum of α-synuclein mutants on terahertz time-domain spectroscopy.

α-Synuclein, a presynaptic neuronal protein encoded by the SNCA gene, is involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Point mutations and multiplications of α-synuclein (A30P and A53T) are correlated with early-onset Parkinson's disease characterized by rapid progression and poor prognosis. Currently, the clinical identification of SNCA variants, especially disease-related A30P and A53T mutants, remains challenging and also time consuming. This study aimed to develop a novel label-free detection method for distinguishing the SNCA mutants using transmission terahertz (THz) time-domain spectroscopy. The protein was spin-coated onto the quartz to form a thin film, which was measured using THz time-domain spectroscopy. The spectral characteristics of THz broadband pulse waves of α-synuclein protein variants (SNCA wild type, A30P, and A53T) at different frequencies were analyzed via Fourier transform. The amplitude A intensity (AWT, AA30P, and AA53T) and peak occurrence time in THz time-domain spectroscopy sensitively distinguished the three protein variants. The phase φ difference in THz frequency domain followed the trend of φWT > φA30P > φA53T. There was a significant difference in THz frequency amplitude A' corresponding to the frequency ranging from 0.4 to 0.66 THz (A'A53T > A'A30P > A'WT). At a frequency of 0.4-0.6 THz, the transmission T of THz waves distinguished three variants (TA53T > TA30P > TWT), whereas there was no difference in the transmission T at 0.66 THz. The SNCA wild-type protein and two mutant variants (A30P and A53T) had distinct characteristic fingerprint spectra on THz time-domain spectroscopy. This novel label-free detection method has great potential for the differential diagnosis of Parkinson's disease subtypes.

The combination of body mass index and fasting plasma glucose is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Japan: a secondary retrospective analysis.

Background: Body mass index (BMI) and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) are known risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but data on the prospective association of the combination of BMI and FPG with T2DM are limited. This study sought to characterize the association of the combination of BMI and FPG (ByG) with T2DM. Methods: The current study used the NAGALA database. We categorized participants by tertiles of ByG. The association of ByG with T2DM was expressed with hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) after adjustment for potential risk factors. Results: During a median follow-up of 6.19 years in the normoglycemia cohort and 5.58 years in the prediabetes cohort, the incidence of T2DM was 0.75% and 7.79%, respectively. Following multivariable adjustments, there were stepwise increases in T2DM with increasing tertiles of ByG. After a similar multivariable adjustment, the risk of T2DM was 2.57 (95% CI 2.26 - 2.92), 1.97 (95% CI 1.53 - 2.54) and 1.50 (95% CI 1.30 - 1.74) for a per-SD change in ByG in all populations, the normoglycemia cohort and the prediabetes cohort, respectively. Conclusion: ByG was associated with an increased risk of T2DM in Japan. The result reinforced the importance of the combination of BMI and FPG in assessing T2DM risk.

Research Landscape of Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model Utilization in Different Fields: A Bibliometric Analysis (1999-2023).

PURPOSE: The physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling has received increasing attention owing to its excellent predictive abilities. However, there has been no bibliometric analysis about PBPK modeling. This research aimed to summarize the research development and hot points in PBPK model utilization overall through bibliometric analysis. METHODS: We searched for publications related to the PBPK modeling from 1999 to 2023 in the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database. The Microsoft Office Excel, CiteSpace and VOSviewers were used to perform the analyses. RESULTS: A total of 4,649 records from 1999 to 2023 were identified, and the largest number of publications focused in the period 2018-2023. The United States was the leading country, and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was the leading institution. The journal Drug Metabolism and Disposition published and co-cited the most articles. Drug-drug interactions, special populations, and new drug development are the main topics in this research field. CONCLUSION: We first visualize the research landscape and hotspots of the PBPK modeling through bibliometric methods. Our study provides a better understanding for researchers, especially beginners about the dynamization of PBPK modeling and presents the relevant trend in the future.

A Ship Detection Model Based on Dynamic Convolution and an Adaptive Fusion Network for Complex Maritime Conditions.

Ship detection is vital for maritime safety and vessel monitoring, but challenges like false and missed detections persist, particularly in complex backgrounds, multiple scales, and adverse weather conditions. This paper presents YOLO-Vessel, a ship detection model built upon YOLOv7, which incorporates several innovations to improve its performance. First, we devised a novel backbone network structure called Efficient Layer Aggregation Networks and Omni-Dimensional Dynamic Convolution (ELAN-ODConv). This architecture effectively addresses the complex background interference commonly encountered in maritime ship images, thereby improving the model's feature extraction capabilities. Additionally, we introduce the space-to-depth structure in the head network, which can solve the problem of small ship targets in images that are difficult to detect. Furthermore, we introduced ASFFPredict, a predictive network structure addressing scale variation among ship types, bolstering multiscale ship target detection. Experimental results demonstrate YOLO-Vessel's effectiveness, achieving a 78.3% mean average precision (mAP), surpassing YOLOv7 by 2.3% and Faster R-CNN by 11.6%. It maintains real-time detection at 8.0 ms/frame, meeting real-time ship detection needs. Evaluation in adverse weather conditions confirms YOLO-Vessel's superiority in ship detection, offering a robust solution to maritime challenges and enhancing marine safety and vessel monitoring.

Single-cell transcriptomic Atlas of aging macaque ocular outflow tissues.

The progressive degradation in the trabecular meshwork (TM) is related to age-related ocular diseases like primary open-angle glaucoma. However, the molecular basis and biological significance of the aging process in TM have not been fully elucidated. Here, we established a dynamic single-cell transcriptomic landscape of aged macaque TM, wherein we classified the outflow tissue into 12 cell subtypes and identified mitochondrial dysfunction as a prominent feature of TM aging. Furthermore, we divided TM cells into 13 clusters and performed an in- depth analysis on cluster 0, which had the highest aging score and the most significant changes in cell proportions between the two groups. Ultimately, we found that the APOE gene was an important differentially expressed gene in cluster 0 during the aging process, highlighting the close relationship between cell migration and extracellular matrix regulation, and TM function. Our work further demonstrated that silencing the APOE gene could increase migration and reduce apoptosis by releasing the inhibition on the PI3K-AKT pathway and downregulating the expression of extracellular matrix components, thereby increasing the aqueous outflow rate and maintaining intraocular pressure within the normal range. Our work provides valuable insights for future clinical diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma.

Integrated characterization of hepatobiliary tumor organoids provides a potential landscape of pharmacogenomic interactions.

Despite considerable efforts to identify human liver cancer genomic alterations that might unveil druggable targets, the systematic translation of multiomics data remains challenging. Here, we report success in long-term culture of 64 patient-derived hepatobiliary tumor organoids (PDHOs) from a Chinese population. A divergent response to 265 metabolism- and epigenetics-related chemicals and 36 anti-cancer drugs is observed. Integration of the whole genome, transcriptome, chromatin accessibility profiles, and drug sensitivity results of 64 clinically relevant drugs defines over 32,000 genome-drug interactions. RUNX1 promoter mutation is associated with an increase in chromatin accessibility and a concomitant gene expression increase, promoting a cluster of drugs preferentially sensitive in hepatobiliary tumors. These results not only provide an annotated PDHO biobank of human liver cancer but also suggest a systematic approach for obtaining a comprehensive understanding of the gene-regulatory network of liver cancer, advancing the applications of potential personalized medicine.

Impacts of irrigation with treated livestock wastewater on the accumulation characteristic of ARGs in the farmland soil: a case study in Hohhot, China.

Irrigation with treated livestock wastewater (TWW) is a promising strategy for reusing resources. However, TWW irrigation might introduce antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs) into the soil, posing environmental risks associated with antibiotic resistance. This study focuses on investigating the influence of irrigation amounts and duration on the fate of ARGs and identifies key factors driving their changes. The results showed that there were 13 ARGs in TWW, while only 5 ARGs were detected in irrigated soil. That is some introduced ARGs from TWW could not persistently exist in the soil. After 1-year irrigation, an increase in irrigation amount from 0.016 t/m2 to 0.048 t/m2 significantly enhanced the abundance of tetC by 29.81%, while ermB and sul2 decreased by 45.37% and 76.47%, respectively (p < 0.01). After 2-year irrigation, the abundance of tetC, ermB, ermF, dfrA1, and total ARGs significantly increased (p < 0.05) when the irrigation amount increased. The abundances of ARGs after 2-year irrigation were found to be 2.5-34.4 times higher than 1 year. Obviously, the irrigation years intensified the positive correlation between ARGs abundance and irrigation amount. TetC and ermF were the dominant genes resulting in the accumulation of ARGs. TWW irrigation increased the content of organic matter and total nitrogen in the soil, which affected microbial community structure. The changes of the potential host were the determining factors driving the ARGs abundance. Our study demonstrated that continuous TWW irrigation for 2 years led to a substantial accumulation of ARGs in soil.

Full-space and multi-polarization holograms realized by a non-Hermitian bilayer metasurface.

Multilayer metasurfaces break the mirror symmetry along the path of light propagation, thereby increasing the potential for light manipulation. Herein, a paradigm is proposed that building a non-Hermitian bilayer metasurface, which is composed of two identical, orthogonally oriented, chiral J-shaped Au structures in each layer, allows exceptional points (EPs) to exist in full-space. Specifically, in the reflected half-space that adheres to mirror symmetry, the circularly polarized eigenstates coalesce at the EP, while in the transmission half-space, where mirror symmetry is broken, the linearly polarized eigenstates converge at the EP. By considering the intrinsic property of topologically protected 2π-phase accumulation encircling both EPs, we investigated full-space holography through using circularly polarized light (in reflection half-space) and linearly polarized light (in transmission half-space).