Tailoring Li Deposition by Regulating Structural Connectivity of Electrochemical Li Reservoir in Li-metal Batteries.

Irregular Li deposition is the major reason for poor reversibility and cycle instability in Li metal batteries, even leading to safety hazards, the causes of which have been extensively explored. The structural disconnection induced by completely dissolving Li in the traditional testing protocol is a key factor accounting for irregular Li growth during the subsequent deposition process. Herein, the critical role played by the structural connectivity of electrochemical Li reservoir in subsequent Li deposition behaviors is elucidated and a morphology-performance correlation is established. The structural connection and resultant well-distributed morphology of the in situ electrochemical Li reservoir ensure efficient electron transfer and Li+ diffusion pathway, finally leading to homogenized Li nucleation and growth. Tailoring the geometry of Li reservoir can improve the coulombic efficiency and cyclability of anode-free Li metal batteries by optimizing Li deposition behavior.

Design principles of heterointerfacial redox chemistry for highly reversible lithium metal anode.

High electrochemical reversibility is required for the application of high-energy-density lithium (Li) metal batteries; however, inactive Li formation and SEI (solid electrolyte interface)-instability-induced electrolyte consumption cause low Coulombic efficiency (CE). The prior interfacial chemical designs in terms of alloying kinetics have been used to enhance the CE of Li metal anode; however, the role of its redox chemistry at heterointerfaces remains a mystery. Herein, the relationship between heterointerfacial redox chemistry and electrochemical transformation reversibility is investigated. It is demonstrated that the lower redox potential at heterointerface contributes to higher CE, and this enhancement in CE is primarily due to the regulation of redox chemistry to Li deposition behavior rather than the formation of SEI films. Low oxidation potential facilitates the formation of the surface with the highly electrochemical binding feature after Li stripping, and low reduction potential can maintain binding ability well during subsequent Li plating, both of which homogenize Li deposition and thus optimize CE. In particular, Mg hetero-metal with ultra-low redox potential enables Li metal anode with significantly improved CE (99.6%) and stable cycle life for 700 cycles at 3.0 mA cm-2. This work provides insight into the heterointerfacial design principle of next-generation negative electrodes for highly reversible metal batteries.

Stat3 Has a Different Role in Axon Growth During Development Than It Does in Axon Regeneration After Injury.

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is essential for neural development and regeneration as a key transcription factor and mitochondrial activator. However, the mechanism of Stat3 in axon development and regeneration has not been fully understood. In this study, using zebrafish posterior lateral line (PLL) axons, we demonstrate that Stat3 plays distinct roles in PLL axon embryonic growth and regeneration. Our experiments indicate that stat3 is required for PLL axon extension. In stat3 mutant zebrafish, the PLL axon ends were stalled at the level of the cloaca, and expression of stat3 rescues the PLL axon growth in a cell-autonomous manner. Jak/Stat signaling inhibition did not affect PLL axon growth indicating Jak/Stat was dispensable for PLL axon growth. In addition, we found that Stat3 was co-localized with mitochondria in PLL axons and important for the mitochondrial membrane potential and ATPase activity. The PLL axon growth defect of stat3 mutants was mimicked and rescued by rotenone and DCHC treatment, respectively, which suggests that Stat3 regulates PLL axon growth through mitochondrial Stat3. By contrast, mutation of stat3 or Jak/Stat signaling inhibition retarded PLL axon regeneration. Meanwhile, we also found Schwann cell migration was also inhibited in stat3 mutants. Taken together, Stat3 is required for embryonic PLL axon growth by regulating the ATP synthesis efficiency of mitochondria, whereas Stat3 stimulates PLL axon regeneration by regulating Schwann cell migration via Jak/Stat signaling. Our findings show a new mechanism of Stat3 in axon growth and regeneration.

Artificial Post-Cycled Structure Modulation Towards Highly Stable Li-Rich Layered Cathode.

High-capacity Li-rich layered oxides (LLOs) suffer from severe structure degradation due to the utilization of hybrid anion- and cation-redox activity. The native post-cycled structure, composed of progressively densified defective spinel layer (DSL) and intrinsic cations mixing, is deemed as the hindrance of the rapid and reversible de/intercalation of Li+ . Herein, the artificial post-cycled structure consisting of artificial DSL and inner cations mixing is in situ constructed, which would act as a shield against the irreversible oxygen emission and undesirable transition metal migration by suppressing anion redox activity and modulating cation mixing. Eventually, the modified DSL-2% Li-rich cathode demonstrates remarkable electrochemical properties with a high discharge capacity of 187 mAh g-1 after 500 cycles at 2 C, and improved voltage stability. Even under harsh operating conditions of 50 °C, DSL-2% can provide a high discharge capacity of 168 mAh g-1 after 250 cycles at 2 C, which is much higher than that of pristine LLO (92 mAh g-1 ). Furthermore, the artificial post-cycled structure provides a novel perspective on the role of native post-cycled structure in sustaining the lattice structure of the lithium-depleted region and also provides an insightful universal design principle for highly stable intercalated materials with anionic redox activity.

Coordinating ionic and electronic conductivity on 3D porous host enabling deep dense lithium deposition toward high-capacity lithium metal anodes.

Engineering composite lithium (Li) metal within three-dimensional (3D) porous skeleton hosts is a feasible strategy to tackle issues of uncontrollable dendrite growth and enormous volume change on Li metal anodes. Nevertheless, the accumulative Li deposition on the top surface of the 3D skeleton remains a harsh challenge that still requires effort. Herein, we develop a rational design involving an enriched-sparse LiF gradient on a Cu foam via facile magnetron sputtering to coordinate ionic and electronic conductivity. The Li ion-conductive LiF gradient guides deep, dense Li deposition within the Cu foam framework, safely preventing surface Li accumulation. As a result, the Cu foam with optimal LiF sputtering time for 40 min (Cu foam/LiF(40)) renders the best synergy of ionic and electronic conduction. Such composite Li anode in the symmetric cell achieves an ultra-long lifespan up to 1700 h at the current density of 2 mA cm-2 with the capacity of 2 mA h cm-2. This work certifies the decisive significance of coordinating ionic and electronic conductivity for uniform Li deposition on 3D porous hosts and provides a simple and effective avenue to controllably deposit Li in suitable locations for long-term and high-capacity 3D Li metal anodes.

Adjustable Mixed Conductive Interphase for Dendrite-Free Lithium Metal Batteries.

Lithium (Li) metal batteries with high energy density are of great promise for next-generation energy storage; however, they suffer from severe Li dendritic growth and an unstable solid electrolyte interphase. In this study, a mixed ionic and electronic conductive (MIEC) interphase layer with an adjustable ratio assembled by ZnO and Zn nanoparticles is developed. During the initial cycle, the in situ formed Li2O with high ionic conductivity and a lithiophilic LiZn alloy with high electronic conductivity enable fast Li+ transportation in the interlayer and charge transfer at the ion/electron conductive junction, respectively. The optimized interface kinetics is achieved by balancing the ion migration and charge transfer in the MIEC Li2O-LiZn interphase. As a result, the symmetric cell with MIEC interphase delivers superior cycling stability of over 1200 h. Also, Li||Zn-ZnO@PP||LFP (LFP = LiFePO4) full cells exhibit long cyclic life for 2000 cycles with a very high capacity retention of 91.5% at a high rate of 5 C and stable cycling for 350 cycles at a high LFP loading mass of 13.27 mg cm-2.

Role of miR-584-5p in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Human Bronchial Epithelial Cell Inflammation and Apoptosis.

Acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome is a common clinical syndrome characterized by respiratory failure. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are closely related to ALI and acute respiratory distress syndrome. TargetScan software analysis showed that miR-584-5p can bind to the 3' noncoding region of TLR4, which is involved in the occurrence and development of ALI, thereby affecting the inflammatory pathway and inflammation development. Thus, we aimed to determine whether miR-584-5p affects ALI. Human bronchial epithelial (16-HBE) cells were transfected with miR-584-5p mimics or inhibitors and then stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS).The cell viability, apoptosis, release of proinflammatory factors, mTOR, and NF-κB pathway protein expression were evaluated respectively. Mimic584 increased, whereas inhibitor584 decreased, LPS-stimulated inflammation. The protein expression of inflammatory factors was significantly increased in 16-HBE cells in the mimic584 + LPS group and decreased in the inhibitor584 + LPS group. Mimic584 activated mTOR and the NF-κB-related proteins P65 and p-p65, whereas inhibitor584 inactivated the proteins in 16-HBE cells. Overexpression of miR-584 significantly promoted apoptosis in LPS-stimulated 16-HBE cells. There were no differences in the proliferation and cell cycle of LPS-stimulated 16-HBE cells regardless of mimic584 or inhibitor584 transfection. Collectively, we demonstrated that inhibitor584 can alleviate ALI-induced expression of inflammatory factors via mTOR signaling and the NF-κB pathway. In conclusion, we found that inhibitor584 transfection could be a potential therapeutic strategy for ALI.

Composite NiCo2 O4 @CeO2 Microsphere as Cathode Catalyst for High-Performance Lithium-Oxygen Battery.

The large overpotential and poor cycle stability caused by inactive redox reactions are tough challenges for lithium-oxygen batteries (LOBs). Here, a composite microsphere material comprising NiCo2 O4 @CeO2 is synthesized via a hydrothermal approach followed by an annealing processing, which is acted as a high performance electrocatalyst for LOBs. The unique microstructured catalyst can provide enough catalytic surface to facilitate the barrier-free transport of oxygen as well as lithium ions. In addition, the special microsphere and porous nanoneedles structure can effectively accelerate electrolyte penetration and the reversible formation and decomposition process of Li2 O2 , while the introduction of CeO2 can increase oxygen vacancies and optimize the electronic structure of NiCo2 O4 , thereby enhancing the electron transport of the whole electrode. This kind of catalytic cathode material can effectively reduce the overpotential to only 1.07 V with remarkable cycling stability of 400 loops under 500 mA g-1 . Based on the density functional theory calculations, the origin of the enhanced electrochemical performance of NiCo2 O4 @CeO2 is clarified from the perspective of electronic structure and reaction kinetics. This work demonstrates the high efficiency of NiCo2 O4 @CeO2 as an electrocatalyst and confirms the contribution of the current design concept to the development of LOBs cathode materials.

An Ultrahigh-Power Mesocarbon Microbeads|Na+ -Diglyme|Na3 V2 (PO4 )3 Sodium-Ion Battery.

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) show practical applications in large-scale energy storage systems. But, their power density is limited by the sluggish Na+ diffusion into the cathode and anode materials. Herein, the authors demonstrate a prototype of ultrahigh power SIB, consisting of the high-rate Na3 V2 (PO4 )3 (NVP) cathode, graphite-type mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB) anode, and Na+ -diglyme electrolyte. It is found that the overpotential of the NVP cathode obeys the Ohmic rule. Thus, the as-synthesized NVP@C@carbon nanotubes (CNTs) cathode with the high conductive CNTs networks displays high electronic conductivity, reducing the overpotential and charge transfer resistances and leading to the remarkable rate capability over 1000C. For the MCMB anode, the initial [Na-diglyme]+ co-intercalation step is pseudocapacitive dominated, and then the expanded graphite's layers ensure the subsequent fast ions diffusion. The rapid (de)intercalation kinetics in between the cathode and anode are well-matched. Thus, the assembled MCMB|1 m NaPF6 in diglyme|NVP@C@CNTs full-cell SIB delivers the energy density of 88 Wh kg-1 at the high power density of ≈10 kW kg-1 . Even at the ultrahigh power density of 23 kW kg-1 , an energy density of 58 Wh kg-1 is obtained. The encouraging results of the full cell will promote the development of high-power SIB for large-scale applications in the future.

Composition-dependent activity of ZnxCd1-xSe solid solution coupled with Ni2P nanosheets for visible-light-driven photocatalytic H2 generation.

Metal selenide semiconductors have been rarely used for photocatalytic water splitting because of their poor stability and severe photocorrosion properties. Hence, designing stable metal selenides with suitable bandgap energies has considerable practical significance in photocatalytic H2 evolution. In this work, a novel series of ZnxCd1-xSe (x = 0 âˆ¼ 1) with tunable band structure were fabricated through a simple solvothermal method. Impressively, the ZnSe exhibited a maximum H2 production rate of 1056 µmol g-1h-1, which was higher than that of CdSe and ZnxCd1-xSe solid solutions. Such visible-light photoactivity for water reduction to H2 was attained even after 6 cycling photocatalytic experiments. Moreover, the two-dimensional (2D) Ni2P nanosheets act as a high-efficiency cocatalyst integrated with ZnxCd1-xSe semiconductor to boost photocatalytic H2 generation performance. The optimal 8% Ni2P/ZnSe composites displayed excellent cycling stability and superior photocatalytic H2 evolution performance (4336 µmol g-1h-1), which was about 4.1 times that of pure ZnSe under visible light irradiation. Photoelectrochemical (PEC), photoluminescence (PL), and time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) measurements reveal that the improved photoactivity Ni2P/ZnSe photocatalysts were ascribed to the effective separation and migration of photoinduced carriers. The present work paves a pathway to explore the fabrication of ZnxCd1-xSe solid solutions and the hybridization of 2D transition metal phosphides nanosheets toward photocatalytic applications.

NiO Nanosheets Coupled With CdS Nanorods as 2D/1D Heterojunction for Improved Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution.

Designing low-cost, environment friendly, and highly active photocatalysts for water splitting is a promising path toward relieving energy issues. Herein, one-dimensional (1D) cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanorods are uniformly anchored onto two-dimensional (2D) NiO nanosheets to achieve enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. The optimized 2D/1D NiO/CdS photocatalyst exhibits a remarkable boosted hydrogen generation rate of 1,300 µmol h-1 g-1 under visible light, which is more than eight times higher than that of CdS nanorods. Moreover, the resultant 5% NiO/CdS composite displays excellent stability over four cycles for photocatalytic hydrogen production. The significantly enhanced photocatalytic activity of the 2D/1D NiO/CdS heterojunction can be attributed to the efficient separation of photogenerated charge carriers driven from the formation of p-n NiO/CdS heterojunction. This study paves a new way to develop 2D p-type NiO nanosheets-decorated n-type semiconductor photocatalysts for photocatalytic applications.

Metal-organic frameworks-derived hollow dodecahedral carbon combined with FeNx moieties and ruthenium nanoparticles as cathode electrocatalyst for lithium oxygen batteries.

Owing to their high energy density, lithium-oxygen batteries (LOBs) have been drawn great attention as one of the promising electrochemical energy sources. However, the sluggish kinetics of oxygen reduction/evolution reaction (ORR/OER) hamper the widespread application of LOBs. Herein, an elaborate designed catalysts which are constructed by FeNx moieties dispersed on the network-like hollow dodecahedral carbon and then decorated with Ru nanoparticles (FeNx-HDC@Ru). Since the homogeneously dispersed FeNx moieties could promote ORR performance, and the Ru nanoparticles could facilitate OER capability, the FeNx-HDC@Ru nanocomposites used as cathode catalysts can significantly improve LOBs performance. A lower discharge and charge overpotentials of 0.15 V and 0.78 V can be detected in the first cycle, respectively, and an excellent cycle performance of 90 cycles at 200 mA g-1 and 89 cycles at 500 mA g-1 can be demonstrated. Herein, the charge transfer kinetics has been enhanced with the internal network-like hollow structure and a low impedance Li2O2/catalysts contact interface could be earned by the constructed Ru nanoparticles, these factors would lead to an efficient acceleration to the formation and decomposition of Li2O2 during discharge and charge process.

Challenges and Recent Advances in High Capacity Li-Rich Cathode Materials for High Energy Density Lithium-Ion Batteries.

Li-rich cathode materials have attracted increasing attention because of their high reversible discharge capacity (>250 mA h g-1 ), which originates from transition metal (TM) ion redox reactions and unconventional oxygen anion redox reactions. However, many issues need to be addressed before their practical applications, such as their low kinetic properties and inefficient voltage fading. The development of cutting-edge technologies has led to cognitive advances in theory and offer potential solutions to these problems. Herein, a recent in-depth understanding of the mechanisms and the frontier electrochemical research progress of Li-rich cathodes are reviewed. In addition, recent advances associated with various strategies to promote the performance and the development of modification methods are discussed. In particular, excluding Li-rich Mn-based (LRM) cathodes, other branches of the Li-rich cathode materials are also summarized. The consistent pursuit is to obtain energy storage devices with high capacity, reliable practicability, and absolute safety. The recent literature and ongoing efforts in this area are also described, which will create more opportunities and new ideas for the future development of Li-rich cathode materials.

Structure and properties of oxycellulose fabric crosslinked with soy protein.

Cotton is an important renewable biopolymer with extensive applications in various fields including textiles. In the current study a soy protein (SP) crosslinked cotton fabric (SPCCF) was prepared through the reaction of carboxyl cotton fabric with soy protein without using crosslinking agents. FTIR analysis of SPCCF samples indicated that carboxyl groups in oxycellulose fabric have reacted with amino groups of SP to give the corresponding C-N bond, that was also reconfirmed by XPS spectra and TGA/DTG analyses of the grafted fabrics. The resulting SPCCF fabrics acquired under the optimized conditions exhibited the improved tensile strength and capillary effect as compared to the oxidized cotton fabric. The ungrafted and grafted fabrics were further evaluated for dyeing property, as a result, the SPCCF fabrics showed markedly improved colour strength when dyed with acid dyes. The fastness properties of dyeability for the dyed SPCCF fabrics were also good compared with that of ungrafted fabrics by dyeing. Shikonin as a kind of Chinese medicine was found to immobilize on the SPCCF fabric through treatment with shikonin aqueous solution, such fabric displayed effective antibacterial activities against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria with durability of 30 washes. These results suggest that the SPCCF can be suitable for medical protective textiles by immobilizing drugs.

Multiscale Deficiency Integration by Na-Rich Engineering for High-Stability Li-Rich Layered Oxide Cathodes.

Lithium-rich manganese-based (LRM) layered oxides are considered as one of the most promising cathode materials for next-generation high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) because of their high specific capacity (>250 mAh g-1). However, they also go through severe capacity decay, serious voltage fading, and poor rate capability during cycling. Herein, a multiscale deficiency integration, including surface coating, subsurface defect construction, and bulk doping, is realized in a Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2 cathode material by facile Na-rich engineering through a sol-gel method. This multiscale design can significantly improve the bulk and surface structural stability and diffusion rate of Li+ ions of electrode materials. Specifically, an outstanding specific capacity of 201 mAh g-1 is delivered at 1C of the designed cathode material after 400 cycles, relating to a large capacity retention of 89.0%. Meanwhile, the average voltage is retained up to 3.13 V with a large voltage retention of 89.6% and the energy density is maintained at 627.4 Wh kg-1. In situ X-ray diffraction (XRD), ex situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) investigations, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations are conducted to explain the greatly enhanced electrochemical properties of a LRM cathode. We believe that this strategy would be a meaningful reference of LRM cathode materials for the research in the future.

Ideal shape of Fresnel lens for visible solar light concentration.

This paper presents theoretical research based on the optimal transmittance condition of a prism to find an ideal shape for Fresnel lenses to concentrate visible solar light. First, the ideal-shape equation was derived out through a simplified method that uses one refraction on the midline of a prism to replace the two refractions, respectively, on its upper and lower interfaces. It has been assumed that the Fresnel lens is thin enough to consider each prism as a point, then all the simplified points form a curve. The differential equation of this curve was built up, which has been solved and expressed by a parametric formula. The parametric formula is defined as the ideal-shape equation of Fresnel lens. Second, the optimal combination of the total refracted angle θ and refractive index n has been analyzed to determine the maximal transmittance. The quantitative analysis has indicated that only one group of (θ, n) can achieve the optimal Fresnel lens' transmittance. Finally, the maximal geometrical concentration ratio Cg of ideal Fresnel lens has been discussed. When material is defined, there is a unique θ that makes the geometric concentration maximal for visible solar light. Generally, materials with low refractive index can be used to design a Fresnel lens with larger Cg.

MoSe2-Ni3Se4 Hybrid Nanoelectrocatalysts and Their Enhanced Electrocatalytic Activity for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction.

Combining MoSe2 with other transition metal dichalcogenides to form a hybrid nanostructure is an effective route to enhance the electrocatalytic activities for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). In this study, MoSe2-Ni3Se4 hybrid nanoelectrocatalysts with a flower-like morphology are synthesized by a seed-induced solution approach. Instead of independently nucleating to form separate nanocrystals, the Ni3Se4 component tends to nucleate and grow on the surfaces of ultrathin nanoflakes of MoSe2 to form a hybrid nanostructure. MoSe2-Ni3Se4 hybrid nanoelectrocatalysts with different Mo:Ni ratios are prepared and their HER catalytic activities are compared. The results show that the HER activities are affected by the Mo:Ni ratios. In comparison with pure MoSe2, the MoSe2-Ni3Se4 hybrid nanoelectrocatalysts having a Mo:Ni molar ratio of 2:1 exhibit enhanced HER properties with an overpotential of 203 mV at 10 mA/cm2 and a Tafel slope of 57 mV per decade. Improved conductivity and increased turnover frequencies (TOFs) are also observed for the MoSe2-Ni3Se4 hybrid samples.

Cu@Ni core-shell nanoparticles prepared via an injection approach with enhanced oxidation resistance for the fabrication of conductive films.

Building core-shell structures is a valuable method of enhancing the oxidation-resistance performance of Cu nanoparticles for practical applications in the field of printed circuit boards. In this study, Cu@Ni core-shell nanoparticles are synthesized via an injection solution approach utilizing Cu seeds produced during the reactions to induce the epitaxial growth of Ni shells. The thickness of the Ni shell can be controlled by varying the Cu:Ni molar ratios in the injected precursor solution, whereas changing the injection rate of the Cu precursor solution affects the size of the Cu seeds and thus controls the eventual size of the core-shell nanoparticles. Thermogravimetric analysis reveals a superior thermal stability against oxidation for Cu@Ni core-shell nanoparticles, as compared with Cu nanoparticles. The oxidation resistance of Cu@Ni conductive films increases with an increase in the Ni:Cu ratio, while the conductivity increases with a decrease in the Ni:Cu ratio. A relatively low resistivity of 27.4 µΩ cm is achieved for Cu@Ni conductive films. The results demonstrate that coating Cu nanoparticles with Ni shells via epitaxial growth can form closed shells with smooth surfaces which are valuable for Cu nanoparticles in applications where oxidation resistance is a requirement .

Manipulating External Electric Field and Tensile Strain toward High Energy Density Stability in Fast-Charging Li-Rich Cathode Materials.

Li-rich layered oxides (LLOs) are promising cathodes for lithium-ion batteries because of their high energy density provided by anionic redox. Although great improvements have been achieved in electrochemical performance, little attention has been paid to the energy density stability during fast charging. Indeed, LLOs have severe capacity fading and voltage decay especially at a high state of charge (SOC), disabling the application of the frequently used constant-current-constant-voltage mode for fast charging. Herein, we address this problem by manipulating the external electric field and tensile strain induced by lattice expansion effect in nanomaterials under the guidance of theoretical calculations, which indicate that LLOs at high SOC have almost a zero band gap and a low oxygen formation energy. This strategy will weaken polarization, stabilize lattice oxygen, and restrict phase transition simultaneously. Thus, the energy density during fast charging can be highly stabilized. Therefore, it may be of great value for the practical application of layered cathodes.

Rational integration of spatial confinement and polysulfide conversion catalysts for high sulfur loading lithium-sulfur batteries.

Spatial confinement is a desirable successful strategy to trap sulfur within its porous host and has been widely applied in lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries. However, physical confinement alone is currently not enough to reduce the lithium polysulfide (Li2Sn, 4 ≤n≤ 8, LIPSs) shuttle effect with sluggish LIPS-dissolving kinetics. In this work, we have integrated spatial confinement with a polar catalyst, and designed a three-dimensional (3D) interconnected, Co decorated and N doped porous carbon nanofiber (Co/N-PCNF) network. This Co/N-PCNF film serves as a freestanding host for sulfur trapping, which could effectively facilitate the infiltration of electrolyte and electron transport. In addition, the polar Co species possess strong chemisorption with LIPSs, catalyzing their reaction kinetics as well. As a result of this rational design and integration, the Co/N-PCNF@S cathode with a sulfur loading of 2 mg cm-2 exhibits a high initial discharge capacity of 878 mA h g-1 at 1C, and maintains a discharge capacity of 728 mA h g-1 after 200 cycles. Even with high sulfur loading of 9.33 mg cm-2, the cathode still keeps a stable areal capacity of 7.16 mA h cm-2 at 0.2C after 100 cycles, which is much higher than the current areal capacity (4 mA h cm-2) of commercialized lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). This rational design may provide a new approach for future development of high-density Li-S batteries with high sulfur loading.