Indoles Oxidative Ring-Opening/Cyclization Cascade with the 1,2-Diaminoarenes: Direct Synthesis of 2-Aryl-3-(2-aminoaryl)quinoxalines.

A mild oxidative sequential tandem reaction was developed to rapidly generate 2-aryl-3-(2-aminoaryl) quinoxalines. This method exploited 2-substituted indoles as substrate to form quinoxalines in a one-pot reaction. The key to this tandem reaction was the formation of 3-iodoindoles, which underwent Kornblum-type oxidation with DMSO to generate active imine 2-substitued 3H-indol-3-ones. The active imines were captured in situ by 1,2-diaminobenzenes to construct diverse quinoxalines. The transformation can be accomplished at room temperature with excellent functional group tolerance.

MicroRNA-31: a pivotal oncogenic factor in oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) continuously constitutes a major challenge for treatment and prognosis due to approximately half of treated OSCC patients dying from locoregional recurrences and distant metastases. MicroRNA-31 (miR-31), an early mammalian miRNA identified, has been gaining importance in the field of OSCC research in recent years. This comprehensive review was conducted for the first time to summarize the current evidence on the association between miR-31 and OSCC. The vast majority of relevant studies (20/21, 95%) demonstrated that miR-31 was an oncogenic factor in the tumorigenesis and progression of OSCC. miR-31 expression is significantly upregulated in plasma, saliva, and tumor tissue of OSCC. miR-31 played an essential role in OSCC development by constituting a complex network with its targeted genes (e.g. RhoA, FIH, ACOX1, VEGF, SIRT3, LATS2, KANK1, and NUMB) and the signaling cascades (e.g. EGF-AKT signaling axis, ERK-MMP9 cascade, Hippo pathway, Wnt signaling, and MCT1/MCT4 regulatory cascade). This review highlights that miR-31 might function as a potential diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarker for OSCC. Further studies are still warranted to better illuminate the clinicopathological features and the molecular mechanisms of miR-31-mediated OSCC development.

In vitro and in vivo evaluation of the antifungal activity of fluoxetine combined with antifungals against Candida albicans biofilms and oral candidiasis.

Candida albicans biofilms are responsible for oral candidiasis. Fluoxetine is a widely used antidepressant, with certain anti-Candida activities. The antifungal activity of fluoxetine combined with various antifungals against C. albicans biofilms and oral candidiasis was evaluated in this study. The morphological change in the inhibition of fluoxetine on C. albicans biofilms was observed using SEM. The interactions between fluoxetine and antifungals against C. albicans biofilms were evaluated using microdilution checkerboard methods, FICI and the ΔE model. The synergistic combination was tested in vivo on the mice model of oral candidiasis. SEM imaging showed fluoxetine inhibited hyphal growth and biofilm formation. Fluoxetine combined with caspofungin exhibited synergistic effects against C. albicans biofilms. Antagonistic effects occurred when fluoxetine was combined with amphotericin B or terbinafine. Further, the fluoxetine combined with caspofungin significantly reduced the lesion score and CFU of C. albicans on the murine tongue (p < 0.05), and relieved oral candidiasis of the infected mice.

Comparison of glide paths created with K-files, PathFiles, and the ProGlider file, and their effects on subsequent WaveOne preparation in curved canals.

BACKGROUND: The root canal glide path has been recommended as the foundation for a safer root canal preparation. The aim of this study was to compare glide paths created with K-files, PathFiles, and the ProGlider file, and their effects on subsequent WaveOne preparation regarding canal transportation, canal volume increase, apical extruded debris, and working time in curved canals. METHODS: Sixty mesial canals of extracted human mandibular first molars were randomly assigned to the K-file (KF), PathFile (PF) and ProGlider file (PG) groups for glide path preparation. Then, canals were prepared using WaveOne files. Specimens were scanned (voxel size: 18 µm) three times using micro-computed tomography: pre-glide path, post-glide path, and post-root canal preparation. Canal transportations were measured at 1, 3, and 5 mm levels from the apical foramen, and canal volume increases were also accounted. Apical extruded debris during preparation was collected for measurement. Meanwhile,working time was recorded. Data were analyzed statistically using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc tests (p < 0.05). RESULTS: After glide path preparation, the PG and PF groups showed significantly less canal transportation than the KF group at all levels (P < 0.05), while the PG group exhibited a significantly larger canal volume increase than the PF and KF groups (P < 0.05). After the subsequent canal preparation with WaveOne, the PG and PF groups showed significantly less canal transportation than the KF group at 3 and 5 mm levels, and the PG group showed significantly less canal transportation than the PF group at 5 mm level (P < 0.05). However, statistically similar canal volume increases occurred among the three groups. Additionally, the PG and PF groups produced less apical extruded debris compared to the KF group (P < 0.05). The working time of the PG group was the shortest, while that of the KF group was the longest. CONCLUSION: Compared with the PathFiles and K-files, the ProGlider file combined with the WaveOne file showed reduced canal transportation and working time.