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Panax notoginseng is a famous perennial herb widely used as material for medicine and health-care food. Due to its various therapeutic effects, research work on P. notoginseng has rapidly increased in recent years, urging a comprehensive review of research progress on this important medicinal plant. Here, we summarize the latest studies on the representative bioactive constituents of P. notoginseng and their multiple pharmacological effects, like cardiovascular protection, anti-tumor, and immunomodulatory activities. More importantly, we emphasize the biosynthesis and regulation of ginsenosides, which are the main bioactive ingredients of P. notoginseng. Key enzymes and transcription factors (TFs) involved in the biosynthesis of ginsenosides are reviewed, including diverse CYP450s, UGTs, bHLH, and ERF TFs. We also construct a transcriptional regulatory network based on multi-omics data and predicted candidate TFs mediating the biosynthesis of ginsenosides. Finally, the current three major biotechnological approaches for ginsenoside production are highlighted. This review covers advances in the past decades, providing insights into quality evaluation and perspectives for the rational utilization and development of P. notoginseng resources. Modern omics technologies facilitate the exploration of the molecular mechanisms of ginsenoside biosynthesis, which is crucial to the breeding of novel P. notoginseng varieties. The identification of functional enzymes for biosynthesizing ginsenosides will lead to the formulation of potential strategies for the efficient and large-scale production of specific ginsenosides.
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Phages are a class of viruses that specifically infect host bacteria. Compared to other recognition elements, phages offer several advantages such as high specificity, easy to obtain and good environmental tolerance, etc. These advantages underscore the potential of phages as recognition elements in the construction of biosensors. Therefore, the phage-based biosensors are currently garnering widespread attention for detecting pathogens in recent years. However, the test performance such as detection limit, sensitivity and stability of exicting phage-based biosensors require enhancement. In the design of sensors, the selection of various materials and construction methods significantly influences the test performance of the sensor, and employing appropriate signal amplification strategies and construction methods to devise biosensors based on different principles is an effective strategy to enhance sensor performance. The manuscript primarily focuses on the signal amplification strategies and construction methods employed in phage-based biosensors recent ten years, and summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of different signal amplification strategies and construction methods. Meanwhile, the manuscript discusses the relationship between sensor performance and various materials and construction methods, and reviews the application progress of phage-based electrochemical biosensors in the detection of foodborne bacteria. Furthermore, the manuscript points out the present limitations and the future research direction for the field of phage-based biosensors, so as to provide the reference for developing high-performance phage-based biosensors.
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Bacteriófagos , Técnicas Biossensoriais , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Técnicas Biossensoriais/métodos , Microbiologia de Alimentos/métodos , Bactérias/virologia , Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Técnicas Eletroquímicas/métodosRESUMO
Objective: The objective of this work was to assess the effect of physical therapy in patients with somatosensory tinnitus (ST) and explore the influence of physical therapy on clinical variables obtained before treatment. Methods: A total of 43 patients with ST were randomized to the immediate-start group (n = 20) and delayed-start group (n = 23). All patients received physical therapy for 1 week (seven sessions). Each session lasted 60 min. The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI), and numerical pain rating scale (NPRS) scores were documented at baseline and after treatment (week 1) for all patients. For subjects in the immediate-start group, the THI, VAS, and NPRS scores were measured after therapy (weeks 6, 9, and 12, respectively). Medical history characteristic functional activity scale (HCFA) scores were measured at baseline to assess the association between somatic symptoms and tinnitus. Results: At week 1, VAS, THI, and NPRS scores of patients in the immediate-start group were improved by 1.25 ± 1.59, 11.10 ± 15.10, and 0.95 ± 1.54 points, respectively, and were significantly higher than those in the delayed-start group (p < 0.05). The change in VAS, THI, and NPRS scores in the treatment group was significantly positively correlated with the scores of the HCFA before treatment (r = 0.786, p < 0.001; r = 0.680, p = 0.001; r = 0.796, p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in THI, VAS, and NPRS scores among patients in the immediate-start group between weeks 1, 6, 9, and 12 after treatment (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Although more participants were necessary in the further study, the study implies that physical therapy can reduce physical pain, improve tinnitus symptoms, and quality of life in ST patients without hearing loss, and the short-term curative effect is stable, especially for tinnitus patients with clear somatic symptoms.
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The discarded longan shell-derived porous carbon material (LPC) served as a scaffold for synthesizing bismuth nanoparticle-loaded longan porous carbon nanocomposite (BiNPs@LPC) via a hydrothermal method. Then BiNPs@LPC was utilized to modify screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCE) for simultaneous detection of Pb(II) and Cd(II) by square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV). The material was thoroughly characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectra, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. BiNPs@LPC exhibited abundant porous structures, high surface area, and numerous active sites, which could improve significantly response sensitivity. Under optimal conditions, the peak currents of Pb(II) and Cd(II) exhibited favorable linear relationships with the concentration within a range of 0.1-150 µg L-1, with detection limits (S/N = 3) of 0.02 µg L-1 and 0.03 µg L-1, respectively. BiNPs@LPC/SPCE demonstrated remarkable selectivity, stability and repeatability. The proposed method was successfully applied for the detection of Pb(II) and Cd(II) in seafoods achieving satisfying recovery of 97.8%-108.3% and 96.7%-106.4%. These excellent test properties were coupled with convenience for batch preparation of the modified electrodes, highlighting its potential for practical applications in heavy metal detection of real samples.
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Bismuto , Cádmio , Carbono , Técnicas Eletroquímicas , Contaminação de Alimentos , Chumbo , Alimentos Marinhos , Bismuto/química , Chumbo/análise , Chumbo/química , Cádmio/química , Cádmio/análise , Alimentos Marinhos/análise , Carbono/química , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Porosidade , Animais , Nanopartículas Metálicas/química , Limite de Detecção , EletrodosRESUMO
Transition-metal-catalyzed C-Si/Ge cross-coupling offers promising avenues for the synthesis of organosilanes/organogermanes, yet it is fraught with long-standing challenges. A Ni/Ti-catalyzed strategy is reported here, allowing the use of disubstituted malononitriles as tertiary C(sp3) coupling partners to couple with chlorosilanes and chlorogermanes, respectively. This method enables the catalytic cleavage of the C(sp3)-CN bond of the quaternary carbon followed by the formation of C(sp3)-Si/C(sp3)-Ge bonds from ubiquitously available starting materials. The efficiency and generality are showcased by a broad scope for both of the coupling partners, therefore holding the potential to synthesize structurally diverse quaternary organosilanes and organogermanes that were difficult to access previously.
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The colonization of aquatic to terrestrial habitats by brachyuran crabs requires genetic innovations as well as morphological adaptations to adapt to terrestrial environments. The genetic basis of such adaptive evolution, however, is largely unknown. This study focuses on terrestrialization in Geograpsus (Grapsidae) the only highly terrestrial genus in this family, which represents a notable example of terrestrial adaptive radiation. Here, we sequenced the mitogenomes of two Geograpsus species and used the mitogenomes of 215 representative crabs to construct phylogenetic and time frameworks that we used to infer terrestrial origins and evolution. Using mitochondrial genomic data, we demonstrated that marine crab ancestors began to settle on land during the early Eocene. Ocean acidification, the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), and mangrove expansion at that time may have driven the diversification and ecological expansion of these terrestrial crabs. Evolutionary analyses reveal strong positive selection signals on monophyletic lineages of Grapsidae, especially the terrestrial species of Geograpsus. Positively selected sites in functionally important regions of ND5 and ND4 may imply enhanced energy metabolism in Grapsidae compared to other crabs, and may have played an important role in their terrestrial adaptation. Overall, our work provides valuable resources and opportunities to reveal the adaptation of crabs to complex terrestrial environments.
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Adaptação Fisiológica , Braquiúros , Genoma Mitocondrial , Filogenia , Seleção Genética , Animais , Braquiúros/genética , Braquiúros/fisiologia , Braquiúros/classificação , Adaptação Fisiológica/genética , Evolução Molecular , EcossistemaRESUMO
Complete mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) can provide important information regarding the molecular evolution and phylogenetic relationships of marine invertebrates, especially in Brachyura. Only one Cancroidea species of mitogenomes has been sequenced before; in this research, the mitogenomic characteristics of Metacarcinus magister (Cancridae: Cancroidea) are newly studied. The length of the M. magister mitogenome was 48,820 bp, and it contained the typical 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, and 22 transfer RNA genes. We performed a series of analyses on the characteristics of the mNCR of M. magister. The phylogenetics, life circumstances, and selective pressures were all analyzed to explain the formation of this length, which revealed the length of the M. magister mitogenome to be approximately three times greater than the normal length of Brachyuran mitogenomes. Phylogenetic analyses based on a dataset of 215 Decapodan mitogenomes indicated that all Eriphioidea crabs were clustered together as a group. Moreover, the rearrangement mechanism of the Cancroidea species was predicted to provide stronger evidence for the phylogenetic analysis. In general, the results obtained in this study will contribute to a better understanding of the cause of the unusual length of the M. magister mitogenome and provide new insights into the phylogeny of Brachyura.
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Braquiúros , Genoma Mitocondrial , Filogenia , Animais , Braquiúros/genética , Braquiúros/classificação , RNA de Transferência/genética , Evolução Molecular , RNA Ribossômico/genéticaRESUMO
Intestinal Disease (ID) is often characterized by clinical symptoms such as malabsorption, intestinal dysfunction, and injury. If treatment is not timely, it will increase the risk of cancer. Early diagnosis of ID is the key to cure it. There are certain limitations of the conventional diagnostic methods, such as low sensitivity and specificity. Therefore, development of a highly sensitive, non-invasive diagnostic method for ID is extremely important. Urine samples are easier to collect and more sensitive to changes in biomolecules than other pathological diagnostic samples such as tissue and blood. In this paper, a diagnostic method of ID with urine by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is proposed. A classification model between ID patients and healthy controls (HC) and a classification model between different pathological types of ID (i.e., benign intestinal disease (BID) and colorectal cancer (CRC)) are established. Here, 830 urine samples, including 100 HC, 443 BID, and 287 CRC, were investigated by SERS. The ID/HC classification model was developed by analyzing the SERS spectra of 150 ID and 100 HC, while BID/CRC classification model was built with 300 BID and 150 CRC patients by principal component analysis (PCA)-support vector machines (SVM). The two established models were internally verified by leave-one-out-cross-validation (LOOCV). Finally, the BID/CRC classification model was further evaluated by 143 BID and 137 CRC patients as an external test set. It shows that the accuracy of the classification model validated by the LOOCV for ID/HC and BID/CRC is 86.4% and 85.56%, respectively. And the accuracy of the BID/CRC classification model with external test set is 82.14%. It shows that high accuracy can be achieved with these two established classification models. It indicates that ID patients in the general population can be identified and BID and CRC patients can be further classified with measuring urine by SERS. It shows that the proposed diagnostic method and established classification models provide valuable information for clinicians to early diagnose ID patients and analyze different stages of ID.
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Enteropatias , Análise Espectral Raman , Humanos , Análise Espectral Raman/métodos , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Enteropatias/diagnóstico , Análise de Componente PrincipalRESUMO
Purpose: To compare target area delineation schemes in intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) effect on patients with locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Methods: A total of 88 NPC patients received IMRT and were assigned into control group (n = 44) and observation group (n = 44) based on MRI and CT imaging. In the control group, the treatment range was determined as the clinical target volume (CTV) as the gross tumor volume (GTV) + 5 mm. In the observation group, high-risk target areas CTVp1 was GTVp + 5 mm, lymphatic drainage area CTVn1 was GTVn + 5 mm, medium-risk CTVp2 was CTVp1 + 5 mm margin + the whole nasopharyngeal area, CTVn2 was CTVn1 + 5 mm. Radiotherapy treatment course was 6-8 weeks, four times a week. Results: The observation group had higher total effective rate, with fewer complications. Neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (NLR), interleukin (IL)-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α levels were lower after radiotherapy in both groups compared to before radiotherapy, with the observation group demonstrating lower levels than the control group. The effective group exhibited lower serum NLR, IL-6, and TNF-α compared to the non-effective group. T stage, target location, serum NLR, IL-6, and TNF-α were risk factors for the effect of radiotherapy. Conclusions: Serum NLR, IL-6, and TNF-α have predictive significance for radiotherapy effect.
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The Toll pathway is crucial for innate immune responses in organisms (including Drosophila and mammals). The Spätzle protein outside of cells acts as a ligand for Toll receptors, enabling the transfer of signals from outside the cell to the inside. However, the function of Spätzle in the immune system of mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) remains unclear. This research discovered a novel Spätzle gene (Sp-Spz) in mud crab, which showed extensive expression in all the tissues that were examined. The RNA interference exhibited the correlation between Sp-Spz and the anti-lipopolysaccharide factors (ALFs). Knockdown of Sp-Spz decreased the expression of Sp-Toll2 but not Sp-Toll1. In Drosophila Schneider 2 cells, Sp-Spz was found interacted with Sp-Toll2. Moreover, the depletion of Sp-Spz caused the separation of hepatic lobules from the basement membrane, resulting in the disruption of the structural coherence of hepatopancreatic cells. Additionally, the knockdown of Sp-Spz resulted in changes to the composition of the hemolymph microbiota, specifically affecting the proportions of different phylum and family levels. The findings indicated that Sp-Spz may promote the synthesis of ALFs via Sp-Toll2, thereby influencing the homeostasis of microbiota in the hemolymph. In this study, novel insights into mud crab immunity are provided.
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Braquiúros , Microbiota , Animais , Hemolinfa , Proteínas de Artrópodes , Homeostase , Drosophila/metabolismo , Imunidade Inata/genética , Mamíferos/metabolismoRESUMO
Compared with individuals with hearing loss, tinnitus patients without hearing loss have more psychological or emotional problems. Tinnitus is closely associated to abnormal metabolism and function of the limbic system, a key brain region for emotion experience, but the underlying molecular mechanism remains unknown. Using whole-brain microvasculature dynamics imaging, the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is identified as a key brain region of limbic system involve in the onset of salicylate-induced tinnitus in mice. In the tinnitus group, there is enhanced purine metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, and a distinct pattern of phosphorylation in glutamatergic synaptic pathway according to the metabolome profiles, quantitative proteomic, and phosphoproteomic data of mice ACC tissue. Electroencephalogram in tinnitus patients with normal hearing thresholds show that the functional connectivity between pregenual anterior cingulate cortex and the primary auditory cortex is significantly increased for high-gamma frequency band, which is positively correlated with the serum glutamate level. These findings indicate that ACC plays an important role in the pathophysiology of tinnitus by interacting with the primary auditory cortex and provide potential molecular targets in the ACC for tinnitus treatment.
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Perda Auditiva , Zumbido , Humanos , Camundongos , Animais , Giro do Cíngulo/patologia , Zumbido/patologia , Proteômica , EletroencefalografiaRESUMO
Stretchable polymer semiconductors (PSCs) have seen great advancements alongside the development of soft electronics. But it remains a challenge to simultaneously achieve high charge carrier mobility and stretchability. Herein, we report the finding that stretchable PSC thin films (<100-nm-thick) with high stretchability tend to exhibit multi-modal energy dissipation mechanisms and have a large relative stretchability (rS) defined by the ratio of the entropic energy dissipation to the enthalpic energy dissipation under strain. They effectively recovered the original molecular ordering, as well as electrical performance, after strain was released. The highest rS value with a model polymer (P4) exhibited an average charge carrier mobility of 0.2 cm2V-1s-1 under 100% biaxial strain, while PSCs with low rS values showed irreversible morphology changes and rapid degradation of electrical performance under strain. These results suggest rS can be used as a parameter to compare the reliability and reversibility of stretchable PSC thin films.
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The heterogeneity of functional cardiomyocytes arises during heart development, which is essential to the complex and highly coordinated cardiac physiological function. Yet the biological and physiological identities and the origin of the specialized cardiomyocyte populations have not been fully comprehended. Here we report a previously unrecognised population of cardiomyocytes expressing Dbhgene encoding dopamine beta-hydroxylase in murine heart. We determined how these myocytes are distributed across the heart by utilising advanced single-cell and spatial transcriptomic analyses, genetic fate mapping and molecular imaging with computational reconstruction. We demonstrated that they form the key functional components of the cardiac conduction system by using optogenetic electrophysiology and conditional cardiomyocyte Dbh gene deletion models. We revealed their close relationship with sympathetic innervation during cardiac conduction system formation. Our study thus provides new insights into the development and heterogeneity of the mammalian cardiac conduction system by revealing a new cardiomyocyte population with potential catecholaminergic endocrine function.
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Coração , Miócitos Cardíacos , Camundongos , Animais , Coração/fisiologia , Sistema de Condução Cardíaco , Mamíferos , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Dopamina beta-HidroxilaseRESUMO
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens WH1 produces multiple antibiotics with antimicrobial activity and can control bacterial wilt disease caused by Ralstonia solanacearum. Antibacterial substances produced by WH1 and the regulation mechanism are unknown. In this study, it was found that difficidin, and to a minor extent bacillibactin, exhibited antibacterial activity against R. solanacearum. Lipopeptides, macrolactin, bacillaene, and bacilysin had no antibacterial activity. Ferric iron uptake transcriptional regulator Fur bound the promoter region of the dhb gene cluster of bacillibactin biosynthesis. Mutant Δfur showed a higher bacillibactin production and its antibacterial activity increased by 27% than wild-type WH1. Difficidin inhibited R. solanacearum growth and disrupted the integrity of the cells. Lack of transcription factor Spo0A abolished difficidin biosynthesis. Spo0A bound the promoter region of the dfn gene cluster of difficidin biosynthesis. Changing phosphorylation levels of Spo0A via deletion of phosphatase gene spo0E and histidine kinases genes kinA and kinD affected the biosynthesis of difficidin. Deletion of spo0E increased the phosphorylation level of Spo0A and consequently improved the difficidin production. The antibacterial activity of mutant Δspo0E and ΔkinA increased by 12% and 19%. The antibacterial activity of mutant ΔkinD decreased by 28%. Collectively, WH1 produced difficidin to disrupt the cell of R. solanacearum and secreted siderophore bacillibactin to compete for ferric iron. Spo0A regulated difficidin biosynthesis. Spo0A regulates quorum-sensing responses and controls the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in B. amyloliquefaciens. This study has important findings in the regulation mechanism of antibiotic synthesis and helps to improve antibiotic yield in Bacillus. IMPORTANCE Pathogen R. solanacearum causes bacterial wilt disease in many crops. There is no chemical bactericide that can control bacterial wilt disease. It is vital to find antagonistic microorganisms and antibacterial substances that can efficiently control bacterial wilt disease. B. amyloliquefaciens WH1 could inhibit the growth of R. solanacearum. Via genetic mutation, it was found that difficidin and to a minor extent bacillibactin produced by WH1 acted efficiently against R. solanacearum. The transcription factor Spo0A regulated the synthesis of difficidin. Phosphorylation of Spo0A affected the production of difficidin. Increasing the phosphorylation level of Spo0A improved the difficidin production and antibacterial activity. In-depth analysis of the regulation mechanism of antibiotic difficidin is meaningful for enhancing the control efficiency of WH1. B. amyloliquefaciens WH1 and the antibacterial substances have vast application potential in controlling bacterial wilt disease.
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Bacillus amyloliquefaciens , Bacillus amyloliquefaciens/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Bactérias/metabolismo , Antibacterianos , Ferro/metabolismo , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologiaRESUMO
Since the late 1990s, food safety certification has emerged as a prominent and influential regulatory mechanism in both the private and public spheres of the contemporary agri-food system. Food safety standards protect consumers from foodborne illnesses and help producers avoid the massive economic losses associated with food safety breaches. We empirically examine the relationship between foodborne disease outbreaks and certification adoption by utilizing the data on food safety certification adoption in the United States and Europe from 2015 through 2020. In our regression models, food safety certification along with select economic variables such as gross domestic product are used to explain the number of illnesses caused by foodborne disease outbreaks. For the United States at the state level, we found that certifications to SQF, PrimusGFS, BRC, or FSSC 22000 are negatively associated with the number of foodborne illnesses. For the case of Europe at the country level, certifications to ISO 22000 or FSSC 22000 are negatively associated with the number of foodborne illnesses. We then proceed to use machine learning techniques to examine how well we can use food safety certification data to predict foodborne disease outbreaks. Applying several algorithms (ordinary least squares, multinomial, decision tree, and random forest) to the U.S. data, we found that our models with food safety certification adoption can predict the number of U.S. foodborne illnesses or deaths with a relatively high degree of precision (testing accuracy at around 70% or better). Feature importance analysis allows us to inspect the relative importance of each explanatory variable (or feature) for making accurate predictions of the illness or death numbers. Through ranking the importance of explanatory variables, our study reveals that certification information could be the second most important variable (after gross domestic product) contributing to explain foodborne disease outbreaks.
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Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos , Humanos , Estados Unidos , Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos/epidemiologia , Inocuidade dos Alimentos , Surtos de Doenças , Europa (Continente)RESUMO
BACKGROUND: The phyllosphere mycobiome plays a crucial role in plant fitness and ecosystem functions. The complex microbial ecological networks (MEN) formed by these fungi remain poorly understood, particularly with regard to their organization strategy and their contributions to plant secondary metabolites such as saponin. RESULTS: In this study, we constructed six MENs from leaf epiphytic and endophytic mycobiomes of three Panax species distributed in the northeast and southwest ends of mainland China. Hub nodes were absent in these MENs, which were significantly more complex, robust, and less efficient compared to random graphs (P < 0.05), indicating a hub-independent high-robustness strategy to maintain structural homeostasis. The important roles of specific MEN modules in shaping leaf saponin profiles of each Panax species were proved by multiple machine learning algorithms. Positive regulation modules (PRMs) of total saponin content were further identified, which exhibited more deterministic ecological assembly and comprised of highly connected nodes as well as higher proportion of plant-associated fungal guilds compared to other network members, indicating their tight links with host plant. The significant and direct effects (P < 0.05) of PRMs on total saponin accumulation were validated by well-fitted structural equation models (χ2 < 0.3, P > 0.5). Taxonomic analysis revealed that Pleosporales and Chaetothyriales were significantly overrepresented by positive regulation taxa (PRT) of total saponin content (FDR < 0.05). Across PRT identified in three Panax species, Epicoccum and Coniothyrium were conservatively present, while species-specific taxa such as Agaricales were also found, indicating the conservatism and specificity of plant-fungi interactions associated with leaf saponin accumulation in Panax genus. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide a foundation for understanding mechanisms maintaining the steady state of phyllosphere mycobiome in healthy plant, and offer clues for engineering phyllosphere mycobiome to improve the accumulation of bioactive secondary metabolites on the basis of network modules.
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Tuerkayana is of particular interest because it has been separated, in recent years, from Cardisoma and Discoplax but studies of its taxonomic status, especially from a whole mitochondrial genome perspective, have been lacking. In this study, the mitogenomes of four species (Tuerkayana magnum, Tuerkayana rotundum, Tuerkayana hirtipes, and Tuerkayana celeste) of Tuerkayana are sequenced and contrasted with other species in Brachyura for the first time. The phylogenetic tree of Brachyura, which includes 206 crab species (189 species of Brachyuran and 17 Anomura species) with a complete mitogenome, was constructed to evaluate the phylogenetic position of Tuerkayana and Gecarcinidae within Brachyuran, and explore the monophyly of Gecarcinidae. Furthermore, two single gene trees based on cox1 and 16SrRNA separately within interspecies of Gecarcinidae were reconstructed, providing molecular evidence for Tuerkayana and further clarifying the division of genera in Gecarcinidae. Based on the mitogenome dataset of 206 crabs, the branch-site model was utilized to explore selective pressure in individual codons with CodeML. The strong selective pressure shown in nad6 indicates that it may have played a significant role in the evolution of Gecarcinidae.
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Contamination from external hazardous materials may greatly influence the safety and efficacy of herbal medicines. This paper aimed to evaluate the levels of contamination by mycotoxins and toxigenic fungi in herbal medicines and establish a rapid method for detecting toxin-producing fungi. Herein, 62.92%, 36.25%, and 64.17% of herbal medicines were contaminated by aflatoxins (AFs), ochratoxins, and fumonisins, respectively. Aspergillus (43.77%), Fusarium (5.17%), and Cladosporium (4.46%) were the three predominant genera. Spearman's correlation results showed that Aspergillus and Fusarium were significantly and positively correlated with mycotoxin content (R > 0.5, P < 0.05). In addition, 323 fungal strains were isolated from herbal medicines, and 20 species were identified, mainly belonging to Aspergillus and Penicillium. Analysis of potential mycotoxin-producing fungi showed that Aspergillus flavus can produce AFs, and Aspergillus ochraceus and Aspergillus niger can produce ochratoxin A (OTA). Multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction showed that A. flavus harbored AF synthesis genes (aflR), and A. ochraceus and A. niger harbored OTA synthesis genes (aoksl). With these synthesis genes, 67.07% and 37.20% of 164 herbal medicines were positive for toxigenic genes. Furthermore, an excellent correlation was found between the above gene copies and mycotoxin content (R2 = 0.99). Our results confirmed the high detection rate of mycotoxins in herbal medicines and identified pivotal AF- and OTA-producing fungi. In conclusion, this paper provided the contamination status of fungi and mycotoxins in herbal medicines and established a rapid method for detecting toxigenic fungi.
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Aflatoxinas , Fumonisinas , Micotoxinas , Fungos , Aflatoxinas/análise , Fumonisinas/análise , Extratos Vegetais , Contaminação de Alimentos/análiseRESUMO
Panax notoginseng contains triterpene saponins, flavonoids, amino acids, polysaccharides, volatile oil and other active components, which have the effects of promoting blood circulation, stopping bleeding, removing blood stasis, etc. This study summarized the herbal research, chemical constituents and main pharmacological activities of P. notoginseng, and based on the theory of Q-markers of traditional Chinese medicine, predicted and analyzed the Q-markers of P. notoginseng from the aspects of plant kinship, efficacy, drug properties, measurability of chemical components, etc. It was found that ginsenosides Rg_1, Re, and Rb_1 with specific content ratio, ginsenosides Rb_2, Rb_3, Rc, Rd, Rh_2, and Rg_3, notoginseng R_1, dencichine and quercetin could be used as potential Q-markers of P. notoginseng, which facilitated the formulation of quality standards reflecting the efficacy of P. notoginseng.
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Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas , Ginsenosídeos , Panax notoginseng , Panax , Saponinas , Panax notoginseng/química , Ginsenosídeos/farmacologia , Ginsenosídeos/análise , Saponinas/análise , Medicina Tradicional Chinesa , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/farmacologia , Panax/químicaRESUMO
γ-Lactams are valuable heterocycles in synthetic chemistry and drug development. Here, we report a reductive aza-Pauson-Khand reaction (aza-PKR) of an alkyne, a nitrile, and Co2(CO)8. A wide array of bicyclic α,ß-unsaturated γ-lactams containing two adjacent stereocenters, including an all-carbon quaternary center, from alkyne-tethered malononitriles are efficiently accessed in high diastereoselectivity. Preliminary mechanistic investigations by experiments and DFT calculations reveal that the reaction undergoes an aza-PKR process followed by a in situ reduction. The reducing reagent generated in situ from water also provides a practical tool for deuterium incorporation into the γ-position of lactams using D2O as the deuterium source. This study represents a new mode for [2 + 2 + 1] cycloaddition that enables the direct use of nitrile in aza-heterocycle synthesis.