Dopamine promotes osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs by activating DRD1 and DRD2 during orthodontic tooth movement via ERK1/2 signaling pathway.

Introduction: Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) involves complex interactions between mechanical forces and periodontal tissue adaptation, mainly mediated by periodontal ligament cells, including periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs), osteoblasts, and osteoclasts. Dopamine (DA), a neurotransmitter known for its critical role in bone metabolism, is investigated in this study for its potential to enhance osteogenic differentiation in PDLSCs, which are pivotal in OTM. This study examined the potential of DA to facilitate OTM by binding to DA receptors (D1R and D2R) and activating the ERK1/2 signaling pathway. We propose that DA's interaction with these receptors on PDLSCs could enhance osteogenic differentiation, thereby accelerating bone remodeling and reducing the duration of orthodontic treatments, which offering a novel approach to improve clinical outcomes in orthodontic care. Methods: This study utilized a rat OTM model, micro-CT, histological analyses, and in vitro assays to investigate dopamine's effect on osteogenesis. PDLSCs were cultured and treated with DA, and cytotoxicity, osteogenic differentiation, gene and protein expression assessed. Results: Dopamine administration significantly increased trabecular bone density and osteogenic marker expression in an OTM rat model. In vitro, DA at 10 nM optimally promoted human PDLSCs osteogenesis without affecting proliferation. Blocking DA receptors or inhibiting the ERK1/2 pathway attenuated these effects, underscoring the importance of dopaminergic signaling in tension-induced osteogenesis during OTM. Conclusion: Taken together, our study reveals that local dopamine administration at a concentration of 10 nM not only enhances tension-induced osteogenesis in vivo but also significantly promotes osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs in vitro through D1 and D2 receptor-mediated ERK1/2 signaling pathway activation.

Fabrication and characterization of curcumin-loaded nanoparticles using licorice protein isolate from Radix Glycyrrhizae.

Licorice was widely used in food and herbal medicine. In its extract industry, a substantial amount of licorice protein was produced and discarded as waste. Herein, we extracted Licorice Protein Isolate (LPI) and explored its potential as a curcumin nanocarrier. Using a pH-driven method, we fabricated LPI-curcumin nanoparticles with diameters ranging from 129.30 ± 3.21 nm to 75.03 ± 1.19 nm, depending on the LPI/curcumin molar ratio. The formation of LPI-curcumin nanoparticles was primarily driven by hydrophobic interactions, with curcumin entrapped in LPI being in an amorphous form. These nanoparticles significantly enhanced curcumin properties in terms of solubility, photochemical stability, and stability under varying pH, storage, and physiological conditions. Moreover, the loaded curcumin exhibited a 2.58-fold increase in cellular antioxidant activity on RAW 264.7 cells and a 1.86-fold increase in antitumor activity against HepG2 cells compared to its free form. These findings suggested that LPI could potentially serve as a promising novel delivery material.

Icariside II protects dopaminergic neurons from 1­methyl­4­phenylpyridinium­induced neurotoxicity by downregulating HDAC2 to restore mitochondrial function.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer's disease (AD). Icariside II (ICS II) is known to confer notable therapeutic effects against a variety of neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the possible effects of ICS II on 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+)-induced SK-N-SH cell injury, in addition to understanding the underlying mechanism of action. The MPP+-induced SK-N-SH cell model was used to simulate PD in vitro. The viability and mitochondrial membrane potential of SK-N-SH cells were detected by MTT assay and JC-1 staining, respectively. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, ATP levels and complex I activity in treated SK-N-SH cells were measured using LDH activity, ATP and Complex I assay kits, respectively. The protein expression levels of histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) and γ-H2A histone family member X and the copy number of mitochondrial DNA were measured by western blotting or reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, respectively. Autodock 4.2 was used to predict the molecular docking site of ICS II on HDAC2. The results of the present study demonstrated that ICS II mitigated SK-N-SH cytotoxicity induced by MPP+. Specifically, ICS II alleviated DNA damage and restored mitochondrial function in SK-N-SH cells treated with MPP+. In addition, ICS II reduced the HDAC2 protein expression levels in MPP+-induced SK-N-SH cells. However, overexpression of HDAC2 reversed the protective effects of ICS II on DNA damage and mitochondrial dysfunction in MPP+-induced SK-N-SH cells. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggest that ICS II can protect dopaminergic neurons from MPP+-induced neurotoxicity by downregulating HDAC2 expression to restore mitochondrial function.

Icariside II suppresses ferroptosis to protect against MPP+-Induced Parkinson's disease through Keap1/Nrf2/GPX4 signaling.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is recognized as a degenerative and debilitating neurodegenerative disorder. The novel protective role of icariside II (ICS II) as a plant-derived flavonoid compound in neurodegenerative diseases has aroused much attention. Herein, the definite impacts of ICS II on the process of PD and the relevant action mechanism were studied. Human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells were challenged with 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+) to construct the PD cell model. MTT assay and flow cytometry analysis, respectively, appraised cell viability and apoptosis. Caspase 3 Activity Assay examined caspase 3 activity. Corresponding kits examined oxidative stress levels. BODIPY 581/591 C11 assay evaluated lipid reactive oxygen species. Iron Assay Kit assessed iron content. Western blot tested the expression of apoptosis-, ferroptosis- and Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1)/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) signaling-associated proteins. Molecular docking verified the binding of ICS II with Keap1. The existing experimental results unveiled that ICS II elevated the viability whereas reduced the apoptosis, oxidative stress, and ferroptosis in MPP+-treated SK-N-SH cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, ICS II declined Keap1 expression while raised Nrf2, heme oxygenase 1, and GPX4 expression. In addition, ICS II had a strong binding with Keap1 and Nrf2 inhibitor ML385 partially abolished the suppressive role of ICS II in MPP+-triggered apoptosis, oxidative stress, and ferroptosis in SK-N-SH cells. To summarize, ICS II might inhibit apoptosis, oxidative stress, and ferroptosis in the MPP+-stimulated PD cell model, which might be due to the activation of Keap1/Nrf2/GPX4 signaling.

Single-cell transcriptome sequencing reveals tumor heterogeneity in family neuroblastoma.

Neuroblastoma(NB) is the most common extracranial solid tumor in childhood, and it is now believed that some patients with NB have an underlying genetic susceptibility, which may be one of the reasons for the multiplicity of NB patients within a family line. Even within the same family, the samples show great variation and can present as ganglioneuroblastoma or even benign ganglioneuroma. The genomics of NB is still unclear and more in-depth studies are needed to reveal its key components. We first performed single-cell RNA sequencing(sc-RNAseq) analysis on clinical specimens of two family neuroblastoma(FNB) and four sporadic NB cases. A complete transcriptional profile of FNB was constructed from 18,394 cells from FNB, and we found that SDHD may be genetically associated with FNB and identified a prognostic related CAF subtype in FNB: Fib-4. Single-cell flux estimation analysis (scFEA) results showed that malignant cells were associated with arginine spermine, oxaloacetate and hypoxanthine, and that malignant cells metabolize lactate at lower levels than T cells. Our study provides new resources and ideas for the development of the genomics of family NB, and the mechanisms of cell-to-cell interactions and communication and the metabolic landscape will provide new therapeutic targets.

Incidental nanoparticles in black tea alleviate DSS-induced ulcerative colitis in BALB/c mice.

As the dominant herbal drink consumed worldwide, black tea exhibits various health promoting benefits including amelioration of inflammatory bowel diseases. Despite extensive studies on the tea's components, little is known about the bioactivities of nanoparticles (NPs) which were incidentally assembled in the tea infusion and represent the major components. This study investigated the alleviative effects of black tea infusion, the isolated black tea NPs, and a mixture of caffeine, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, gallic acid and epicatechin gallate on dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis. The results showed that both the black tea infusion and the NPs significantly alleviated colitis, suppressed the mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1ß, and suppressed the DSS-induced loss of cell-cell junction proteins (e.g., E-cadherin, ZO-1, and claudin-1) and increase of p-STAT3. The mixture of four tea components, which is the analogue of bioactive payloads carried by the NPs, was much less effective than the tea infusion and NPs. It shows that the NPs elevate the efficiency of polyphenols and caffeine in black tea in restoring the intercellular connection in the intestine, inhibiting mucosal inflammation, and alleviating ulcerative colitis. This work may inspire the development of tea-based therapeutics for treating inflammatory bowel diseases and have wide influences on value-added processing, quality evaluation, functionalization, and innovation of tea and other plant-based beverages.

Dual ultrasound-guided totally implantable venous access ports via the right internal jugular vein in pediatric patients with cancer: a preliminary experience in a single institution.

Objective: To assess the efficacy and safety of dual ultrasound-guided (DUG) totally implantable venous access port (TIVAP) implantation (namely, using ultrasound-guided percutaneous puncture with transesophageal echocardiography-guided catheterization) via the right internal jugular vein (IJV) in pediatric patients with cancer. Methods: Fifty-five children with cancer requiring chemotherapy underwent DUG-TIVAP implantation via the right IJV. Clinical data were recorded, including the procedure success rate, first attempt success rate, and perioperative and postoperative complications. Results: All 55 cases were successfully operated on. The first puncture success rate was 100%. The operation time was 22-41 min, with a mean time of 30.8±5.5 min. The mean TIVAP implantation time was 253±145 days (range 42-520 days). There were no perioperative complications. The postoperative complication rate was 5.4% (3/55), including skin infections around the port in one case, catheter-related infection in one case, and fibrin sheath formation in one case. The ports were all preserved after anti-infection or thrombolytic therapy. No unplanned port withdrawal was recorded in this study. Conclusions: DUG-TIVAP implantation is a technique with a high success rate and a low complication rate; therefore, it provides an alternative for children with cancer. Further randomized controlled studies are needed to confirm the efficacy and safety of DUG-TIVAP via the right IJV in children.

Increased D-dimer level was a poor predictor of neuroblastoma, especially in the high-risk group.

PURPOSE: D-dimer levels are associated with tumor progression and prognosis in various cancers. However, there are few research about the relationship between D-dimer and neuroblastoma (NB). This study assessed the relationships of D-dimer levels with clinical features and overall survival (OS) in patients with NB. METHODS: Information about the clinical features of 365 patients and the prognosis of 301 patients was collected. The relationship between D-dimer levels and clinical features or OS was analyzed. We constructed the risk score based on Cox regression analysis and verified the predictive efficacy of the model through ROC curve and calibration curve. RESULTS: The results showed that D-dimer levels were significantly increased in patients with nonmediastinal tumor, tumor larger than 10 cm, stage 3-4 disease, bone marrow metastasis, unfavorable histology, bone metastasis, NMYC amplification, and the high-risk group (all P < 0.05). The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that there were significant differences in 3- and 5-year OS (87.4% vs. 32.3%, 79.3% vs. 32.3%, P < 0.0001) between the low D-dimer and high D-dimer groups. In the high-risk group, the OS of high D-dimer was significantly lower than that of low D-dimer (P < 0.0001). All cases were divided into the training cohort (N = 211) and the validation cohort (N = 90). Multivariate analysis further suggested that D-dimer level, bone metastasis, and NMYC status were independent prognostic factors for OS (all P < 0.05). Based on the above three factors, we constructed the risk score in the training cohort. Survival analysis showed that compared with the other groups, the group with 11 scores had the worst prognosis (3-year OS 0%, P < 0.0001). The time-dependent ROC analysis and calibration curve indicated that the risk score had good accuracy. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with high D-dimer levels tended to have unfavorable clinical characteristics and poor prognosis.

Fish oil nano-emulsion kills macrophage: Ferroptosis triggered by catalase-catalysed superoxide eruption.

Fish oil is increasingly utilised in the form of nano-emulsion as a nutrient and function fortifier. The nano-emulsions exceptionally high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids and electron donors at the oil/water interface provide an ideal site of the redox reaction. Here we report that a vigorous superoxide production in the fish oil nano-emulsion was catalysed by mammalian catalase in acellular and cellular systems. The resulting superoxide increased cytosolic reactive oxygen species (ROS) and membrane lipid peroxidation of murine macrophage, which eventually causes fatal oxidative damages. Cell death, was significantly inhibited by a catalase-specific inhibitor 3-Amino-1,2,4-triazole (3-AT), was via ferroptosis and not apoptosis. The ferroptosis was independent of free iron or glutathione peroxidase suppression. Our findings discovered a hidden health risk of the widely acclaimed fish oil emulsion, suggesting a novel cellular damage mechanism caused by dietary unsaturated fats on the alimentary tract mucosa.

Prediction to the prognosis of children with neuroblastoma by nomogram based on the first-diagnosed inflammatory markers.

BACKGROUND: Patients with high-risk neuroblastoma (NB) have a poor prognosis. The prognostic significance of inflammatory biomarker-based nomograms for children with NB has not been previously studied. METHODS: Part of patients diagnosed with NB in our center from January 2016 to March 2022 were included in the study. Inflammatory biomarkers were primary outcome measures, including C-reactive protein (CRP), ferritin, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and lymphocyte to monocyte ratio (LMR), platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and systemic immune-inflammation index (SII). Univariate and multivariate survival analyses were performed to assess the prognostic value of these indicators for overall survival (OS) in NB children, showing the Kaplan-Meier survival curves and plotting the nomogram. C-index were used to detect predictability. RESULTS: 93 NB patients were retrospectively analyzed. CRP, ferritin, NLR, PLR, and SII were significantly associated with OS of NB patients, while LMR were found to be not predictive of OS for NB patients. The established nomogram is well-calibrated, and the C-index is 0.731. CONCLUSION: Survival analysis found part of inflammatory biomarkers related to the prognosis of NB. The nomogram could be used as a convenient predictive tool in clinical practice to evaluate the prognosis of NB children at first diagnosis.

Expression of ADRB2 in children with neuroblastoma and its influence on prognosis.

Objective: Neuroblastoma (NB), originating from sympathetic spinal tissue, is a serious threat to the life of children. Especially in the high-risk group, an overall five-year survival rate less than 50% indicates an extremely poor clinical outcome. Here, the expression the of ß-2 adrenergic (ADRB2) receptor gene in tumor tissues of children with NB was detected and the correlation between its expression and clinical characteristics and prognosis was analyzed. Methods: Forty-five tumor tissue samples and forty-eight paraffin sections of NB were obtained from Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from 2015 to 2021. Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was utilized to detect the expression of ADRB2 at the mRNA level and immunohistochemistry (IHC) at the protein level. Results: For the RT-qPCR, the analysis showed that the expression of ADRB2 in the high-risk group was significantly lower (P = 0.0003); in addition, there were also statistically significant differences in Shimada classification (P = 0.0025) and N-MYC amplification (P = 0.0011). Survival prognosis analysis showed that the prognosis was better with high ADRB2 expression (P = 0.0125), and the ROC curve showed that ADRB2 has a certain accuracy in predicting prognosis (AUC = 0.707, CI: 0.530-0.884). Moreover, the expression of ADRB2, N-MYC amplification and bone marrow metastasis were the factors that independently affected prognosis, and at the protein level, the results showed that the differential expression of ADRB2 was conspicuous in risk (P = 0.0041), Shimada classification (P = 0.0220) and N-MYC amplification (P = 0.0166). In addition, Kaplan-Meier curves showed that the prognosis in the group with high expression of ADRB2 was better (P = 0.0287), and the ROC curve showed that the score of ADRB2 had poor accuracy in predicting prognosis (AUC = 0.662, CI: 0.505-0.820). Conclusion: ADRB2 is a protective potential biomarker and is expected to become a new prognostic biomolecular marker of NB.

Single-cell landscape analysis reveals distinct regression trajectories and novel prognostic biomarkers in primary neuroblastoma.

Neuroblastoma (NB), which is the most common pediatric extracranial solid tumor, varies widely in its clinical presentation and outcome. NB has a unique ability to spontaneously differentiate and regress, suggesting a potential direction for therapeutic intervention. However, the underlying mechanisms of regression remain largely unknown, and more reliable prognostic biomarkers are needed for predicting trajectories for NB. We performed scRNA-seq analysis on 17 NB clinical samples and three peritumoral adrenal tissues. Primary NB displayed varied cell constitution, even among tumors of the same pathological subtype. Copy number variation patterns suggested that neuroendocrine cells represent the malignant cell type. Based on the differential expression of sets of related marker genes, a subgroup of neuroendocrine cells was identified and projected to differentiate into a subcluster of benign fibroblasts with highly expressed CCL2 and ZFP36, supporting a progressive pathway of spontaneous NB regression. We also identified prognostic markers (STMN2, TUBA1A, PAGE5, and ETV1) by evaluating intra-tumoral heterogeneity. Lastly, we determined that ITGB1 in M2-like macrophages was associated with favorable prognosis and may serve as a potential diagnostic marker and therapeutic target. In conclusion, our findings reveal novel mechanisms underlying regression and potential prognostic markers and therapeutic targets of NB.

Effects of peroxidase and superoxide dismutase on physicochemical stability of fish oil-in-water emulsion.

How to maintain the physicochemical stability of oil emulsion has been one of the major challenges in food industry. Previously we reported the demulsification effects of catalase in the fish oil emulsion. In comparison, the influences of other two metal ion-containing oxidoreductases, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD), on the emulsion's stability were investigated. Submicron fish oil-in-water emulsion stabilized by polysorbate 80 was prepared by high-speed homogenization. Its physical stability was evaluated by visual and microscopic observation, turbidity and light scattering measurements, while chemical stability by the hydroperoxide content and lipid peroxidation. HRP demulsified the emulsion in a concentration-responsive manner after 3-7 days' incubation, resulting in a decreased turbidity and significant delamination. The enlargement of oil-polysorbate droplets and protein precipitates were confirmed by size distribution and TEM observation. HRP initially elevated the emulsion's hydroperoxide then decreased it while raising TBARS levels during 7-Day incubation. In contrary, SOD stabilized the emulsion physically and chemically. The demulsification was correspondingly attributed to the oxidation catalyzing activity of the peroxidase and the electrostatic and hydrophobic interaction between lipids and proteins. This study adds new insight to the influences of the two oxidoreductases on the stability, lipids and peroxides of food emulsions, proposes an exciting subject of elucidating the underlying mechanism.

Nanoparticles Isolated From Porcine Bone Soup Ameliorated Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis and Regulated Gut Microbiota in Mice.

Daily foods contain a great number of self-assembled nanoparticles (NPs) which were incidentally produced during food processing. These food incidental NPs can directly access the human gastrointestinal tract in high frequency and large quantities. Limited reports were focused on whether and how these food incidental NPs affected the gastrointestinal tissues and gut microbiota. In the present study, bone soup and its NPs both significantly ameliorated colitis symptoms in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced mice and inhibited the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. They also restored intestinal microbiota dysbiosis by improving the diversity and richness of intestinal microbiota and regulating community composition, such as a remarkable increase in Muribaculaceae, Alistipes, and Alloprevotella, and a decrease in Helicobacter. Moreover, the correlation analysis showed that pro-inflammatory cytokines were negatively correlated with Muribaculaceae, Alloprevotella, and Alistipes, but positively correlated with Helicobacter. These findings suggest that the food incidental NPs can influence human health through regulating the inflammation of the gastrointestinal tissues and the gut microbiota.

Food nanoparticles from rice vinegar: isolation, characterization, and antioxidant activities.

Abundant nanostructures have been constantly found in various foods, like vinegar, tea, coffee, and milk. However, these structures largely remain unexplored and even been eliminated for stability reasons in food industry. Here we report the isolation, characterization, and antioxidant activities of food nanoparticles (NPs) carrying polyphenols from Chinese rice vinegar. Using a gel-chromatography-based isolation protocol, the vinegar was separated into three major fractions. They were identified as spherical NPs (P1), lollipop-like NPs (P2) and spherical microparticles (P3) with average hydrodynamic diameter of 210, 245,1643 nm, separately. The former two fractions accounted for the major parts of dry matter in the vinegar. The P1-NPs fraction was composed of proteins, carbohydrates, and a high number of polyphenols (15 wt%), demonstrated potent antioxidant activity as determined by ABTS and ORAC assays. Moreover, they effectively quenched peroxyl free radicals in peritoneal macrophages and promoted cellular growth. The P2 fraction contained majority of organic acids, esters and mineral elements of the vinegar. It demonstrated the NPs are bioactive units of the rice vinegar, inspiring the development of novel functional nanomaterials with nutraceutical and pharmaceutical applications.

Effect of hydroxychloroquine sulfate on the gelation behavior, water mobility and structure of gelatin.

Hydroxychloroquine sulfate (HCQ) is a well-established antimalarial drug that has received considerable attention during the COVID-19 associated pneumonia epidemic. Gelatin is a multifunctional biomacromolecule with pharmaceutical applications and can be used to deliver HCQ. The effect of HCQ on the gelation behaviors, water mobility, and structure of gelatin was investigated to understand the interaction between the drug and its delivery carrier. The gel strength, hardness, gelling (Tg) and melting (Tm) temperatures, gelation rate (kgel), and water mobility of gelatin decreased with increasing amounts of HCQ. The addition of HCQ led to hydrogen bonding that interfered with triple helix formation in gelatin. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffractometer (XRD) analysis further confirmed that the interaction between HCQ and gelatin is primarily through hydrogen bonding. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed that higher content of HCQ resulted in more and larger aggregates in gelatin. These results provide not only an important understanding of gelatin for drug delivery design but also a basis for the studying interactions between a drug and its delivery carrier.

Effects of valerate on intestinal barrier function in cultured Caco-2 epithelial cell monolayers.

BACKGROUND: Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are a group of microbial metabolites of undigested dietary fiber, protein and unabsorbed amino acids in the colon, well-known for their gut health promoting benefits. A relatively high intestinal level of valerate was found in the healthy human subjects. However, the intestinal protection effects and the underlying mechanism of valerate are waiting to be verified and elucidated. METHODS AND RESULTS: In the present study, valerate, a SCFAs mainly converted from proteins or amino acids, was demonstrated to promote intestinal barrier function at its physiological concentrations of 0-4 mM in the Caco-2 cell monolayer model of intestinal barrier using transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) assay and paracellular permeability assay. Valerate achieved the maximum increase in the TEER at 2 mM and reduced the paracellular permeability. Its intestinal barrier function promoting activity is similar to that of butyrate, with a broader range of effective concentrations than the later. Through western blot analysis, this activity is linked to the valerate-induced AMPK activation and tight junctions (TJs) assembly, but not to the reinforced expression of TJs related proteins. CONCLUSIONS: It provides direct experimental evidence supporting valerate's function in intestinal health, implying the once under-valued function of valerate and its amino acid precursors. The valerate's role in regulating intestine homeostasis and its possible synergetic effects with other SCFAs warranted to be further investigated.

Elastic intramedullary nailing combined with methylprednisolone acetate injection for treatment of unicameral bone cysts in children: a retrospective study.

PURPOSE: The aetiology of unicameral bone cysts (UBCs) is unclear. This study aims to evaluate the feasibility of elastic intramedullary nailing (EIN) combined with injections of methylprednisolone acetate (MPA) for the treatment of UBCs in children. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 53 children with UBCs in our hospital between January 2010 and April 2016. A total of 24 patients (Group A) were treated by EIN and MPA, whilst 29 patients (Group B) were treated by curettage, bone grafts and EIN fixation. The radiographs of the UBCs were evaluated following the Capanna criteria. All patients were followed-up on the third, sixth, 12th, 24th and 36th months. Fixation time, hospitalization time and complications were evaluated. RESULTS: In Group A, the mean number of MPA injections was 1.8 (1 to 3). Based on radiographic evaluation, eight patients were healed (Capanna grade I), 14 were healed with residual cysts (Capanna grade II), one showed recurrence (Capanna grade III) and one showed no response to the treatment (Capanna grade IV). In Group B, 11 patients were evaluated as Capanna grade I, 12 as Capanna grade II, three as Capanna grade III and three as Capanna grade IV. There was significant difference in the early postoperative function activity (p < 0.001), hospitalization time (p = 0.028), blood loss during surgery (p < 0.001) and surgery time (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The combination of EIN and MPA for the treatment of UBCs in children is feasible, has little operative trauma, short surgery time, short hospitalization time, less blood loss and a low risk of incision infection. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.

Isolation and Characterization of Bioactive Proteoglycan-Lipid Nanoparticles from Freshwater Clam (Corbicula fluminea Muller) Soup.

Nanoparticles can be prepared by several sophisticated processes but until now, it cannot be prepared by simple home cooking. Here, we report that two incidental food nanoparticles (iFNPs) consisting of proteoglycans and phytosterols were isolated from soup made from freshwater clam (Corbicula fluminea Muller), a renowned folk remedy for liver problems in China and other parts of East Asia. These two bioactive iFNPs were obtained and characterized by anionic exchange chromatography coupled with multi-angle laser light scattering measurement. Their hydrodynamic diameters and ζ-potentials were 50 ± 0.2 nm and -28.0 mV and 67 ± 0.4 nm and -9.96 mV, respectively. FT-IR revealed that the proteoglycans in the particles contained α-type heteropolysaccharides. Both iFNPs were resistant to pH changes and separation by mechanical force but responsive to temperature changes. They effectively inhibited cholesterol uptake in vitro, which resonates with the traditional belief that freshwater clam soup provides hepatoprotective benefits. This study suggests that these two proteoglycan-lipid iFNPs are the active moieties and offers a supramolecular structure-based approach to study the function of such complex matrices derived from food.

Polysaccharide Nanoparticles from Isatis indigotica Fort. Root Decoction: Diversity, Cytotoxicity, and Antiviral Activity.

It has been revealed that numerous nanoparticles are formed during the boiling preparation of traditional Chinese medical decoctions and culinary soups. They may possess physiological effects different from those of constituent components and are worth paying attention to but are barely noticed and investigated as of yet. In this study, six groups of nanoparticles, whose size ranged from 57 to 300 nm, were successfully isolated from the decoction of Isatis indigotica Fort. root, according to their particle size by the means of size-exclusive chromatography. All of the obtained nanoparticles have a high content of polysaccharides, which distinguishes them from the disclosed BLG protein nanoparticles. They also have high similarities in other compositions, surface charge, and stimuli responses. However, four out of these six nanoparticles (F2, F3, F4, and F5) exhibited significant antiviral activity against influenza virus H1N1, and their antiviral activities and cytotoxicity towards MDCK cells varied with their sizes. It suggested that the antiviral efficacy of BLG decoction could also be from its nanoparticles besides its well-known antiviral phytochemicals. It also implied that the biological effects of these polysaccharide nanoparticles, including cytotoxicity and antiviral activity, may be correlative with the physicochemical properties, especially the particle size.