RESUMO
Scavenger receptors (SRs) are a family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in the immune system. They are required for phagocytosis and act as co-receptors of Toll-like receptors to regulate immune signaling pathways in the fight against pathogens. Little is known about the function of SRs in insects. Here, we reported on a member of the SR family from the parasitic wasp Micropilits mediator (designated MmSR-B1) that is responsive to bacterial infection. The recombinant extracellular CD36 domain of MmSR-B1 produced in Escherichia coli cells is capable of binding to peptidoglycans and bacterial cells, causing agglutination of bacteria. Furthermore, we demonstrated that double-stranded RNA-mediated knockdown of MmSR-B1 impedes hemocyte phagocytosis and downregulates the expression of antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes defensins and hymenoptaecins. Knockdown of MmSR-B1 led to increased death of the wasps when challenged by bacteria. Our study suggests that MmSR-B1 mediates phagocytosis and the production of AMPs in M. mediator wasps.
Assuntos
Peptídeos Antimicrobianos/imunologia , Enterobacter cloacae/imunologia , Proteínas de Insetos/imunologia , Micrococcus luteus/imunologia , Fagocitose/imunologia , Receptores Depuradores Classe B/imunologia , Vespas/imunologia , Imunidade Adaptativa/genética , Imunidade Adaptativa/imunologia , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Peptídeos Antimicrobianos/genética , Peptídeos Antimicrobianos/metabolismo , Antígenos CD36/genética , Antígenos CD36/imunologia , Antígenos CD36/metabolismo , Enterobacter cloacae/fisiologia , Expressão Gênica/imunologia , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno/imunologia , Proteínas de Insetos/genética , Proteínas de Insetos/metabolismo , Micrococcus luteus/fisiologia , Fagocitose/genética , Filogenia , Receptores Depuradores Classe B/classificação , Receptores Depuradores Classe B/genética , Homologia de Sequência de Aminoácidos , Transdução de Sinais/genética , Transdução de Sinais/imunologia , Análise de Sobrevida , Vespas/genética , Vespas/microbiologiaRESUMO
An efficient and straightforward palladium-catalyzed three-component cascade bisthiolation of terminal alkynes and arylhydrazines with sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3) as the sulfur source for the assembly of functionalized (Z)-1,2-bis(arylthio)alkene derivatives is described. Using 0.5 mol% IPr-Pd-Im-Cl2 as the catalyst, a wide range of terminal alkynes and arylhydrazines are well tolerated, thus producing the desired products in good yields with good functional group tolerance and excellent regioselectivity. Moreover, this protocol could be readily scaled up, showing potential applications in organic synthesis and material science.
RESUMO
AIM: To study a new way to prepare high-dosage paclitaxel entrapped magnetic targeted nanoparticles and evaluate its quality. METHODS: Fe3O4 nanoparticles are prepared by co-depositing, at the same time ultrasonic is used to decrease soft agglomerate of nanoparticles and increase disperse level of it. The property of nanoparticles surface is improved to make the integrating of liposome and nanoparticle to be tighter. At last, paclitaxel entrapped magnetic solid liposome nanoparticles have been prepared by microemulsion-curing under low-temperature. The loading efficiency and encapsulating rate were determined by reverse-phase high-perfomance chromatography. RESULTS: The nanoparticles have spherical shape. Diameter of nanoparticle ranged from 150 nm to 170 nm. 98.29% of the drug is entrapped in the particle. CONCLUSION: Magnetic susceptibility of nanoparticles is high, and the nanoparticles meet with the demand of targeted delivery system.