A time-resolved multi-omics atlas of transcriptional regulation in response to high-altitude hypoxia across whole-body tissues.

High-altitude hypoxia acclimatization requires whole-body physiological regulation in highland immigrants, but the underlying genetic mechanism has not been clarified. Here we use sheep as an animal model for low-to-high altitude translocation. We generate multi-omics data including whole-genome sequences, time-resolved bulk RNA-Seq, ATAC-Seq and single-cell RNA-Seq from multiple tissues as well as phenotypic data from 20 bio-indicators. We characterize transcriptional changes of all genes in each tissue, and examine multi-tissue temporal dynamics and transcriptional interactions among genes. Particularly, we identify critical functional genes regulating the short response to hypoxia in each tissue (e.g., PARG in the cerebellum and HMOX1 in the colon). We further identify TAD-constrained cis-regulatory elements, which suppress the transcriptional activity of most genes under hypoxia. Phenotypic and transcriptional evidence indicate that antenatal hypoxia could improve hypoxia tolerance in offspring. Furthermore, we provide time-series expression data of candidate genes associated with human mountain sickness (e.g., BMPR2) and high-altitude adaptation (e.g., HIF1A). Our study provides valuable resources and insights for future hypoxia-related studies in mammals.

Multi-omic Analysis of Uterine Leiomyomas in Self-Described Black and White Women: Molecular Insights into Health Disparities.

BACKGROUND: Black women are at an increased risk to develop uterine leiomyomas (ULMs) and to experience worse disease prognosis compared to White women. Epidemiological and molecular factors have been identified as underlying these disparities, but there remains a paucity of deep, multi-omic analysis investigating molecular differences in ULMs from Black and White patients. OBJECTIVE: To identify molecular alterations within ULM tissues correlating with patient race by multi-omic analyses of ULMs collected from cohorts of Black and White women. STUDY DESIGN: We performed multi-omic analysis of ULMs from Black (42) and White (47) women undergoing hysterectomy for symptomatic uterine leiomyomata. Our analysis also included application of orthogonal methods to evaluate fibroid biomechanical properties, such as second harmonic generation microscopy, uniaxial compression testing, as well as sheer wave ultrasonography analyses. RESULTS: We found a greater proportion of mediator complex subunit 12 (MED12) mutant ULMs from Black women (>35% increase, Mann Whitney U p = 7E-4). MED12 mutant tumors exhibited elevated abundance of extracellular matrix proteins, including several collagen isoforms, involved in regulation of the core matrisome. Histological analysis of tissue fibrosis using trichrome staining and secondary harmonic generation microscopy confirmed that MED12 mutant tumors are more fibrotic than MED12 wildtype tumors. Using Sheer Wave ultrasonography in a prospectively collected cohort, Black patients had fibroids that were firmer when compared to White patients, even when similar in size. These analyses also uncovered expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) associated with altered allele frequencies in African and European populations that correlated with differential abundance of several proteins in ULM that are independent of MED12 mutational status, including multiple eQTL mapping to tetratricopeptide repeat protein 38. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that Black women have a higher prevalence of ULMs harboring mutations in MED12 and that this mutational status correlates with increased tissue fibrosis in comparison with wildtype ULMs. Our study provides insights into molecular alterations underlying racial disparities in ULMs and improves our understanding of the molecular etiology underlying ULM development within these populations.

Glycolic acid-induced disruption of epidermal homeostasis in a skin equivalent model: Insights into temporal dynamics and mechanisms.

Glycolic acid (GA) is extensively used in cosmetic formulations and skin peeling treatments but its adverse effects, notably severe disruption of epidermal structure, limit its clinical utility. However, the detailed impact of GA on epidermal homeostasis, including changes in structure and protein expression over time, is not fully understood. This study employed a reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) model to assess the effects of varying GA concentrations on epidermal proliferation, differentiation, and desquamation at different time points. Through histology, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemistry, we observed that 35% GA concentration adversely caused abnormal epidermal homeostasis by affecting epidermal proliferation, differentiation and desquamation. Our findings reveal time-specific responses of key proteins to GA: Filaggrin, Involucrin, Loricrin, and Ki67 showed very early responses; KLK10 an early response; and AQP3 and K10 late responses. This research provides a detailed characterization of GA's effects in an RHE model, mimicking clinical superficial peeling and identifying optimal times for detecting GA-induced changes. Our results offer insights for designing interventions to mitigate GA's adverse effects on skin, enhancing the safety and efficacy of GA peeling treatments.

Protein lipoylation: mitochondria, cuproptosis, and beyond.

Protein lipoylation, a crucial post-translational modification (PTM), plays a pivotal role in mitochondrial function and emerges as a key player in cell death through cuproptosis. This novel copper-driven cell death pathway is activated by excessive copper ions binding to lipoylated mitochondrial proteins, disrupting energy production and causing lethal protein aggregation and cell death. The intricate relationship among protein lipoylation, cellular energy metabolism, and cuproptosis offers a promising avenue for regulating essential cellular functions. This review focuses on the mechanisms of lipoylation and its significant impact on cell metabolism and cuproptosis, emphasizing the key genes involved and their implications for human diseases. It offers valuable insights into targeting dysregulated cellular metabolism for therapeutic purposes.

Temporal dynamics and genomic programming of plasma cell fates.

Affinity-matured plasma cells (PCs) of varying lifespans are generated through a germinal center (GC) response. The developmental dynamics and genomic programs of antigen-specific PC precursors remain to be elucidated. Here, using a model antigen in mice, we demonstrate biphasic generation of PC precursors, with those generating long-lived bone marrow PCs preferentially produced in the late phase of GC response. Clonal tracing using single-cell RNA sequencing and B cell antigen receptor sequencing in spleen and bone marrow compartments, coupled with adoptive transfer experiments, reveals a new PC transition state that gives rise to functionally competent PC precursors. The latter undergo clonal expansion, dependent on inducible expression of TIGIT. We propose a model for the proliferation and programming of precursors of long-lived PCs, based on extended antigen encounters in the GC.

Adherence to a healthy lifestyle including sleep and sedentary behaviors and risk of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease in Chinese adults.

OBJECTIVE: Various lifestyle factors including smoking, alcohol, physical activity, sedentary behavior, diet quality, sleep behavior, and overweight have been related to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD); however, their joint impact on risk of MASLD is not well known. We prospectively investigated the association between a combination of lifestyle factors and risk of MASLD. METHODS: This prospective cohort study included 13,303 participants (mean age: 39.1 ± 11.3 years, female: 60.1%) in China. A novel healthy lifestyle score was created combining seven healthy factors: not smoking, no alcohol intake, regular physical activity, short sedentary time, healthy diet, healthy sleep, and healthy weight. Incident MASLD cases were ascertained annually by liver ultrasound and cardiometabolic risk factors. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate the association of healthy lifestyle score with risk of MASLD. RESULTS: Within 48,036 person-years of follow-up, 2823 participants developed MASLD. After adjusting for age, sex, education, occupation, household income, personal and family history of disease, and total energy intake, compared with participants with 0-2 healthy lifestyle factors, the multivariable hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) of MASLD were 0.81 (0.73, 0.89), 0.67 (0.61, 0.75), and 0.55 (0.49, 0.62) for healthy lifestyle score of 3, 4, and 5-7, respectively (P for trend <0.0001). Such associations were consistent across subgroup and sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that a higher healthy lifestyle score is associated with a lower risk of MASLD.

[Application of antibiotic bone cement-coated plates internal fixation for primary treating Gustilo type â ¢B tibiofibular open fracture].

Objective: To explore the effectiveness of using antibiotic bone cement-coated plates internal fixation technology as a primary treatment for Gustilo type ⅢB tibiofibular open fractures. Methods: The clinical data of 24 patients with Gustilo type ⅢB tibiofibular open fractures who were admitted between January 2018 and December 2021 and met the selection criteria was retrospectively analyzed. Among them, there were 18 males and 6 females, aged from 25 to 65 years with an average age of 45.8 years. There were 3 cases of proximal tibial fracture, 6 cases of middle tibial fracture, 15 cases of distal tibial fracture, and 21 cases of fibular fracture. The time from injury to emergency surgery ranged from 3 to 12 hours, with an average of 5.3 hours. All patients had soft tissue defects ranging from 10 cm×5 cm to 32 cm×15 cm. The time from injury to skin flap transplantation for wound coverage ranged from 1 to 7 days, with an average of 4.1 days, and the size of skin flap ranged from 10 cm×5 cm to 33 cm×15 cm. Ten patients had bone defects with length of 2-12 cm (mean, 7.1 cm). After emergency debridement, the tibial fracture end was fixed with antibiotic bone cement-coated plates, and the bone defect area was filled with antibiotic bone cement. Within 7 days, the wound was covered with a free flap, and the bone cement was replaced while performing definitive internal fixation of the fracture. In 10 patients with bone defect, all the bone cement was removed and the bone defect area was grafted after 7-32 weeks (mean, 11.8 weeks). The flap survival, wound healing of the affected limb, complications, and bone healing were observed after operation, and the quality of life was evaluated according to the short-form 36 health survey scale (SF-36 scale) [including physical component summary (PCS) and mental component summary (MCS) scores] at 1 month, 6 months after operation, and at last follow-up. Results: All 24 patients were followed up 14-38 months (mean, 21.6 months). All the affected limbs were successfully salvaged and all the transplanted flaps survived. One case had scar hyperplasia in the flap donor site, and 1 case had hypoesthesia (grade S3) of the skin around the scar. There were 2 cases of infection in the recipient area of the leg, one of which was superficial infection after primary flap transplantation and healed after debridement, and the other was sinus formation after secondary bone grafting and was debrided again 3 months later and treated with Ilizarov osteotomy, and healed 8 months later. The bone healing time of the remaining 23 patients ranged from 4 to 9 months, with an average of 6.1 months. The scores of PCS were 44.4±6.5, 68.3±8.3, 80.4±6.9, and the scores of MCS were 59.2±8.2, 79.5±7.8, 90.0±6.6 at 1 month, 6 months after operation, and at last follow-up, respectively. The differences were significant between different time points ( P<0.05). Conclusion: Antibiotic bone cement-coated plates internal fixation can be used in the primary treatment of Gustilo type ⅢB tibiofibular open fractures, and has the advantages of reduce the risk of infection in fracture fixation, reducing complications, and accelerating the functional recovery of patients.

Validation of Core Ingredients and Molecular Mechanism of Cinobufotalin Injection Against Liver Cancer.

Purpose: Cinobufotalin injection has obvious curative effects on liver cancer patients with less toxicity and fewer side effects than other therapeutic approaches. However, the core ingredients and mechanism underlying these anti-liver cancer effects have not been fully clarified due to its complex composition. Methods: Multidimensional network analysis was used to screen the core ingredients, key targets and pathways underlying the therapeutic effects of cinobufotalin injection on liver cancer, and in vitro and in vivo experiments were performed to confirm the findings. Results: By construction of ingredient networks and integrated analysis, eight core ingredients and ten key targets were finally identified in cinobufotalin injection, and all of the core ingredients are tightly linked with the key targets, and these key targets are highly associated with the cell cycle-related pathways, supporting that both cinobufotalin injection and its core ingredients exert anti-liver cancer roles by blocking cell cycle-related pathways. Moreover, in vitro and in vivo experiments confirmed that either cinobufotalin injection or one of its core ingredients, cinobufagin, significantly inhibited cell proliferation, colony formation, cell cycle progression and xenograft tumor growth, and the key target molecules involved in the cell cycle pathway such as CDK1, CDK4, CCNB1, CHEK1 and CCNE1, exhibit consistent changes in expression after treatment with cinobufotalin injection or cinobufagin. Interestingly, some key targets CDK1, CDK4, PLK1, CHEK1, TTK were predicted to bind with multiple of core ingredients of cinobufotalin injection, and the affinity between one of the critical ingredients cinobufagin and key target CDK1 was further confirmed by SPR assay. Conclusion: Cinobufotalin injection was confirmed to includes eight core ingredients, and they play therapeutic effects in liver cancer by blocking cell cycle-related pathways, which provides important insights for the mechanism of cinobufotalin injection antagonizing liver cancer and the development of novel small molecule anti-cancer drugs.

CircCDYL2 bolsters radiotherapy resistance in nasopharyngeal carcinoma by promoting RAD51 translation initiation for enhanced homologous recombination repair.

BACKGROUND: Radiation therapy stands to be one of the primary approaches in the clinical treatment of malignant tumors. Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, a malignancy predominantly treated with radiation therapy, provides an invaluable model for investigating the mechanisms underlying radiation therapy resistance in cancer. While some reports have suggested the involvement of circRNAs in modulating resistance to radiation therapy, the underpinning mechanisms remain unclear. METHODS: RT-qPCR and in situ hybridization were used to detect the expression level of circCDYL2 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma tissue samples. The effect of circCDYL2 on radiotherapy resistance in nasopharyngeal carcinoma was demonstrated by in vitro and in vivo functional experiments. The HR-GFP reporter assay determined that circCDYL2 affected homologous recombination repair. RNA pull down, RIP, western blotting, IF, and polysome profiling assays were used to verify that circCDYL2 promoted the translation of RAD51 by binding to EIF3D protein. RESULTS: We have identified circCDYL2 as highly expressed in nasopharyngeal carcinoma tissues, and it was closely associated with poor prognosis. In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrate that circCDYL2 plays a pivotal role in promoting radiotherapy resistance in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Our investigation unveils a specific mechanism by which circCDYL2, acting as a scaffold molecule, recruits eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit D protein (EIF3D) to the 5'-UTR of RAD51 mRNA, a crucial component of the DNA damage repair pathway to facilitate the initiation of RAD51 translation and enhance homologous recombination repair capability, and ultimately leads to radiotherapy resistance in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: These findings establish a novel role of the circCDYL2/EIF3D/RAD51 axis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma radiotherapy resistance. Our work not only sheds light on the underlying molecular mechanism but also highlights the potential of circCDYL2 as a therapeutic sensitization target and a promising prognostic molecular marker for nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

Bone marrow CD8+ Trm cells induced by IL-15 and CD16+ monocytes contribute to HSPC destruction in human severe aplastic anemia.

Idiopathic severe aplastic anemia (SAA) is a disease of bone marrow failure caused by T-cell-induced destruction of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs), however the mechanism remains unclear. We performed single-cell RNA sequencing of PBMCs and BMMCs from SAA patients and healthy donors and identified a CD8+ T cell subset with a tissue residency phenotype (Trm) in bone marrow that exhibit high IFN-γ and FasL expression and have a higher ability to induce apoptosis in HSPCs in vitro through FasL expression. CD8+ Trm cells were induced by IL-15 presented by IL-15Rα on monocytes, especially CD16+ monocytes, which were increased in SAA patients. CD16+ monocytes contributed to IL-15-induced CD38+CXCR6+ pre-Trm differentiation into CD8+ Trm cells, which can be inhibited by the CD38 inhibitor 78c. Our results demonstrate that IL-15-induced CD8+ Trm cells are pathogenic cells that mediate HSPC destruction in SAA patients and are therapeutic targets for future treatments.

Palladium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Decarboxylation of 5-Vinyloxazolidine-2,4-Diones Triggering the Dearomatization of Electron-Deficient Indoles for the Synthesis of Chiral Highly Functionalized Pyrroloindolines.

A catalyst system consisting of a chiral phosphoramidite ligand and Pd2(dba)3·CHCl3 causes the decarboxylation of 5-vinyloxazolidine-2,4-diones to generate amide-containing aza-π-allylpalladium 1,3-dipole intermediates, which are capable of triggering the dearomatization of 3-nitroindoles for diastereo- and enantioselective [3+2] cycloaddition, leading to the formation of a series of highly functionalized pyrroloindolines containing three contiguous stereogenic centers with excellent results (up to 99% yield, 88:12 dr, and 96% ee).

Clinical translation of a novel FAPI dimer [68Ga]Ga-LNC1013.

Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) has emerged as a highly promising target for cancer diagnostic imaging and targeted radionuclide therapy. To exploit the therapeutic potential of suitably radiolabeled FAP inhibitors (FAPIs), this study presents the design and synthesis of a series of FAPI dimers to increase tumor uptake and retention. Preclinical evaluation and a pilot clinical PET imaging study were conducted to screen the lead compound with the potential for radionuclide therapy. METHODS: Three new FAPI dimers were synthesized by linking two quinoline-based FAPIs with different spacers. The in vitro binding affinity and preclinical small animal PET imaging of the compounds were compared with their monomeric counterparts, FAPI-04 and FAPI-46. The lead compound, [68Ga]Ga -LNC1013, was then evaluated in a pilot clinical PET imaging study involving seven patients with gastrointestinal cancer. RESULTS: The three newly synthesized FAPI homodimers had high binding affinity and specificity in vitro and in vivo. Small animal PET imaging and biodistribution studies showed that [68Ga]Ga-LNC1013 had persistent tumor retention for at least 4 h, also higher uptake than the other two dimers and the monomer counterparts, making it the lead compound to enter clinical investigation. In the pilot clinical PET imaging study, seven patients were enrolled. The effective dose of [68Ga]Ga-LNC1013 was 8.24E-03 mSv/MBq. The human biodistribution of [68Ga]Ga-LNC1013 demonstrated prominent tumor uptake and good tumor-to-background contrast. [68Ga]Ga-LNC1013 PET imaging showed potential in capturing primary and metastatic lesions and outperforming 18F-FDG PET in detecting pancreatic and esophageal cancers. The SUVmax for lesions with [68Ga]Ga-FAPI-46 decreased over time, whereas [68Ga]Ga-LNC1013 exhibited persistently high tumor uptake from 1 to 4 h post-injection. CONCLUSION: Dimerization is an effective strategy to produce FAPI derivatives with favorable tumor uptake, long tumor retention, and imaging contrast over its monomeric counterpart. We demonstrated that [68Ga]Ga-LNC1013, the lead compound without any piperazine moiety, had superior diagnostic potential over [68Ga]Ga-FAPI-46 and 18F-FDG, suggesting the future potential of LNC1013 for radioligand therapy of FAP-positive cancers.

CircPHGDH downregulation decreases papillary thyroid cancer progression through miR-122-5p/PKM2 axis.

BACKGROUND: Although papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) has a favorable prognosis, it could affect patient life quality and become a serious threat because of invasion and metastasis. Many investigations have suggested that circular RNAs (circRNAs) are involved in different cancer regulations. Nevertheless, circRNAs role in invasive PTC remains unclear. METHODS: In the present investigation, next-generation sequencing was applied to explore abnormal circRNA expression. The expression of circRNA phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (circPHGDH) in PTC cell lines and tissues were examined. Then, we investigated regulatory mechanism and circPHGDH downstream targets using bioinformatics analysis and luciferase reporting analysis. Then transwell migration, Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8) and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) assays were used for cells migration and proliferation analysis. In vivo metastasis and tumorigenesis assays were also employed to evaluate the circPHGDH role in PTC. RESULTS: The data showcased that circPHGDH expression increased in both PTC cell lines and tissues, which suggested that circPHGDH functions in PTC progression. circPHGDH downregulation suppressed PTC invasion and proliferation in both in vivo and in vitro experiments. Bioinformatics and luciferase reporter results confirmed that both microRNA (miR)-122-5p and pyruvate kinase M2 subtype (PKM2) were downstream targets of circPHGDH. PKM2 overexpression or miR-122-5p suppression reversed PTC cell invasion and proliferation post silencing circPHGDH by restoring aerobic glycolysis. CONCLUSION: Taken together, our research found that circPHGDH downregulation reduced PTC progression via miR-122-5p/PKM2 axis regulation mediated by aerobic glycolysis.

The matrix protein of lyssavirus hijacks autophagosome for efficient egress by recruiting NEDD4 through its PPxY motif.

Lyssaviruses are well-known worldwide and often cause fatal encephalitis. Previous studies have shown that autophagy is beneficial for the replication of rabies virus (RABV), the representative lyssavirus, but the detailed mechanism remains obscure. In this study, we showed that the rabies virus matrix protein (RABV-M) used its PPxY motif to interact with the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase NEDD4. NEDD4 then recruited MAP1LC3/LC3 via its LC3-interacting region (LIR). Interestingly, after binding to the ubiquitinated RABV-M, NEDD4 could bind more LC3 and enhance autophagosome accumulation, while NEDD4 knockdown significantly reduced M-induced autophagosome accumulation. Further study revealed that RABV-M prevented autophagosome-lysosome fusion and facilitated viral budding. Inhibition of RABV-M-induced autophagosome accumulation reduced the production of extracellular virus-like particles. We also found that M proteins of most lyssaviruses share the same mechanism to accumulate autophagosome by hijacking NEDD4. Collectively, this study revealed a novel strategy for lyssaviruses to achieve efficient viral replication by exploiting the host autophagy system.Abbreviations: ABLV: Australian bat lyssavirus; ATG5: autophagy related 5; Baf A1:bafilomycin A1;co-IP: co-immunoprecipitation; CQ: chloroquine; DAPI:4',6-diamidino-2'-phenylindole; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; EBLV:European bat lyssavirus; GFP: green fluorescent protein; GST:glutathione S-transferase; hpi: hours post-infection; hpt: hourspost-transfection; LIR: LC3-interactingregion;MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; mCherry:red fluorescent protein; MOI: multiplicity of infection; NC: negativecontrol; MVB: multivesicular body; NEDD4: neural precursorcell-expressed developmentally down-regulated 4; RABV: rabies virus;SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; VLP: virus-like particle; VPS4B: vacuolarprotein sorting 4B; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; WB:western blotting; WT: wild-type; µm: micrometer; µM: micromole.

Longitudinal association between soft drink consumption and handgrip strength in adults: a prospective analysis from the Tianjin Chronic Low-Grade Systemic Inflammation and Health (TCLSIH) cohort study.

Soft drink consumption has become a highly controversial public health issue. Given the pattern of consumption in China, sugar-sweetened beverage is the main type of soft drink consumed. Due to containing high levels of fructose, a soft drink may have a deleterious effect on handgrip strength (HGS) due to oxidative stress, inflammation and insulin resistance. However, few studies show an association between soft drink consumption and HGS in adults. We aimed to investigate the association between soft drink consumption and longitudinal changes in HGS among a Chinese adult population. A longitudinal population-based cohort study (5-year follow-up, median: 3·66 years) was conducted in Tianjin, China. A total of 11 125 participants (56·7 % men) were enrolled. HGS was measured using a handheld digital dynamometer. Soft drink consumption (mainly sugar-containing carbonated beverages) was measured at baseline using a validated FFQ. ANCOVA was used to evaluate the association between soft drink consumption and annual change in HGS or weight-adjusted HGS. After adjusting for multiple confounding factors, the least square means (95 % CI) of annual change in HGS across soft drink consumption frequencies were -0·70 (-2·49, 1·09) for rarely drinks, -0·82 (-2·62, 0·97) for < 1 cup/week and -0·86 (-2·66, 0·93) for ≥ 1 cup/week (Pfor trend < 0·05). Likewise, a similar association was observed between soft drink consumption and annual change in weight-adjusted HGS. The results indicate that higher soft drink consumption was associated with faster HGS decline in Chinese adults.

Class IIa HDAC4 and HDAC7 cooperatively regulate gene transcription in Th17 cell differentiation.

Class II histone deacetylases (HDACs) are important in regulation of gene transcription during T cell development. However, our understanding of their cell-specific functions is limited. In this study, we reveal that class IIa Hdac4 and Hdac7 (Hdac4/7) are selectively induced in transcription, guiding the lineage-specific differentiation of mouse T-helper 17 (Th17) cells from naive CD4+ T cells. Importantly, Hdac4/7 are functionally dispensable in other Th subtypes. Mechanistically, Hdac4 interacts with the transcription factor (TF) JunB, facilitating the transcriptional activation of Th17 signature genes such as Il17a/f. Conversely, Hdac7 collaborates with the TF Aiolos and Smrt/Ncor1-Hdac3 corepressors to repress transcription of Th17 negative regulators, including Il2, in Th17 cell differentiation. Inhibiting Hdac4/7 through pharmacological or genetic methods effectively mitigates Th17 cell-mediated intestinal inflammation in a colitis mouse model. Our study uncovers molecular mechanisms where HDAC4 and HDAC7 function distinctively yet cooperatively in regulating ordered gene transcription during Th17 cell differentiation. These findings suggest a potential therapeutic strategy of targeting HDAC4/7 for treating Th17-related inflammatory diseases, such as ulcerative colitis.

Photoreversible Aggregation of the Biliprotein Containing the First and Second GAF Domains of a Cyanobacteriochrome All2699 in Nostoc sp. PCC7120.

As plant photoreceptors, phytochromes are capable of detecting red light and far-red light, thereby governing plant growth. All2699 is a photoreceptor found in Nostoc sp. PCC7120 that specifically responds to red light and far-red light. All2699g1g2 is a truncated protein carrying the first and second GAF (cGMP phosphodiesterase/adenylyl cyclase/FhlA) domains of All2699. In this study, we found that, upon exposure to red light, the protein underwent aggregation, resulting in the formation of protein aggregates. Conversely, under far-red light irradiation, these protein aggregates dissociated. We delved into the factors that impact the aggregation of All2699g1g2, focusing on the protein structure. Our findings showed that the GAF2 domain contains a low-complexity (LC) loop region, which plays a crucial role in mediating protein aggregation. Specifically, phenylalanine at position 239 within the LC loop region was identified as a key site for the aggregation process. Furthermore, our research revealed that various factors, including irradiation time, temperature, concentration, NaCl concentration, and pH value, can impact the aggregation of All2699g1g2. The aggregation led to variations in Pfr concentration depending on temperature, NaCl concentration, and pH value. In contrast, ΔLC did not aggregate and therefore lacked responses to these factors. Consequently, the LC loop region of All2699g1g2 extended and enhanced sensory properties.

Fibromodulin facilitates the osteogenic effect of Masquelet's induced membrane by inhibiting the TGF-ß/SMAD signaling pathway.

Masquelet's induced membrane (IM) technique is a promising treatment strategy for the repair of substantial bone defects. The formation of an IM around polymethylmethacrylate bone cement plays a crucial role in this technique. Several studies have indicated that IMs have bioactivity because they contain abundant blood vessels, a variety of cells, and biological factors. The bioactivity of an IM increases during the initial stages of formation, thereby facilitating bone regeneration and remodeling. Nevertheless, the precise mechanisms underlying the enhancement of IM bioactivity and the promotion of bone regeneration necessitate further investigation. In this study, we successfully developed a Masquelet IM model of critical femur defects in rats. By employing proteomics analysis and biological detection techniques, we identified fibromodulin (FMOD) as a pivotal factor contributing to angiogenesis and the enhanced bioactivity of the IM. A significant increase in angiogenesis and the expression of bioactive factors in the IM was also observed with the upregulation of FMOD expression. Furthermore, this effect is mediated through the inhibition of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-ß)/SMAD signaling pathway. We also demonstrated that administering recombinant human FMOD enhanced osteogenesis in rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and angiogenesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells in vitro. Furthermore, the negative regulatory effect of the TGF-ß signaling pathway was verified. In conclusion, this study provides a novel theoretical basis for the application of IMs in bone-defect reconstruction and explores possible new mechanisms that may play an important role in promoting the bioactivity and osteogenic potential of IMs.

Neuroinvasive virus facilitates viral replication by employing lipid droplets to reduce arachidonic acid-induced ferroptosis.

Lipids have been previously implicated in the lifecycle of neuroinvasive viruses. However, the role of lipids in programmed cell death and the relationship between programmed cell death and lipid droplets (LDs) in neuroinvasive virus infection remains unclear. Here, we found that the infection of neuroinvasive virus, such as rabies virus and encephalomyocarditis virus could enhance the LD formation in N2a cells, and decreasing LDs production by targeting diacylglycerol acyltransferase could suppress viral replication. The lipidomics analysis revealed that arachidonic acid (AA) was significantly increased after reducing LD formation by restricting diacylglycerol acyltransferase, and AA was further demonstrated to induce ferroptosis to inhibit neuroinvasive virus replication. Moreover, lipid peroxidation and viral replication inhibition could be significantly alleviated by a ferroptosis inhibitor, ferrostatin-1, indicating that AA affected neuroinvasive virus replication mainly through inducing ferroptosis. Furthermore, AA was demonstrated to activate the acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4-lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 3-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase axis to induce ferroptosis. Our findings highlight novel cross-talks among viral infection, LDs, and ferroptosis for the first time, providing a potential target for antiviral drug development.