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The complete mitochondrial genome of the Zaomma eriococci (Ferrière, 1955) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) was obtained through next-generation sequencing, making the first reported complete mitochondrial genome of the genus Zaomma. The mitochondrial genome is 15,648 bp in length and includes 37 classical eukaryotic mitochondrial genes along with an A + T rich region. All 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs) initiate with typical ATN codons. Of these, 10 PCG genes terminate with TAA, while three terminate with TAG. Additionally, there are 22 tRNA genes, ranging in size from 62 to 70 bp. The maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree was constructed based on 13 PCGs, indicates that Z. eriococci is closely related to Tassonia gloriae. This mitochondrial genome will serve as a valuable molecular resource for species identification, genetic analysis, and comparative genomic studies of Z. eriococci, contributing to the growing collection of mitochondrial genomes within the family Encyrtidae.
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BACKGROUND: The field of bee genomics has considerably advanced in recent years, however, the most diverse group of honey producers on the planet, the stingless bees, are still largely neglected. In fact, only eleven of the ~ 600 described stingless bee species have been sequenced, and only three using a long-read (LR) sequencing technology. Here, we sequenced the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes of the most common, widespread and broadly reared stingless bee in Brazil and other neotropical countries-Tetragonisca angustula (popularly known in Brazil as jataí). RESULTS: A total of 48.01 Gb of DNA data were generated, including 2.31 Gb of Pacific Bioscience HiFi reads and 45.70 Gb of Illumina short reads (SRs). Our preferred assembly comprised 683 contigs encompassing 284.49 Mb, 62.84 Mb of which (22.09%) corresponded to 445,793 repetitive elements. N50, L50 and complete BUSCOs reached 1.02 Mb, 91 contigs and 97.1%, respectively. We predicted that the genome of T. angustula comprises 17,459 protein-coding genes and 4,108 non-coding RNAs. The mitogenome consisted of 17,410 bp, and all 37 genes were found to be on the positive strand, an unusual feature among bees. A phylogenomic analysis of 26 hymenopteran species revealed that six odorant receptor orthogroups of T. angustula were found to be experiencing rapid evolution, four of them undergoing significant contractions. CONCLUSIONS: Here, we provided the first nuclear and mitochondrial genome assemblies for the ecologically and economically important T. angustula, the fourth stingless bee species to be sequenced with LR technology thus far. We demonstrated that even relatively small amounts of LR data in combination with sufficient SR data can yield high-quality genome assemblies for bees.
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Genoma Mitocondrial , Filogenia , Animais , Abelhas/genética , Núcleo Celular/genética , Anotação de Sequência Molecular , Polinização , Genômica/métodos , Genoma de Inseto , Análise de Sequência de DNARESUMO
Three polysaccharides, PTC, PTH, and PTB, were extracted from Pinellia ternata using three different extraction conditions: room temperature water, hot water, and 2 % Na2CO3 solution. PTC and PTH were composed of rhamnose, glucose, galactose, mannose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, and arabinose, which combine to form complex structures. PTB was composed solely of glucose and rhamnose. Further analysis indicated that PTC and PTB exhibited triple-helix structures. PTC showed the highest scavenging capacity against DPPH, superoxide anion, and hydroxyl radicals, with half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 1004.1, 1584.1, and 1584.1â µg/mL, respectively. Additionally, PTC, PTH, and PTB were subjected to sulfation, phosphorylation, and selenization, resulting in the production of nine derivates. The distinctive absorptive bands of these derivates were determined through infrared spectroscopy. Selenized and sulfated derivates have shown significant antitumor and immunoenhancing properties. Our findings revealed that at 400â µg/mL, the inhibition rate of selenated PTB on HeLa cells was 54.2 % and that on HepG2 cells was 43.1 %. Additionally, selenized PTC displayed significant immunoenhancing activity, with a proliferation rate of 63.7 % at 400â µg/mL in RAW264.7 cells. These results provide valuable evidence supporting the consideration of polysaccharides from Pinellia ternata as a potential candidate for the development of antineoplastic drugs.
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Pinellia , Polissacarídeos , Polissacarídeos/química , Polissacarídeos/farmacologia , Polissacarídeos/isolamento & purificação , Humanos , Pinellia/química , Células Hep G2 , Células HeLa , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos , Animais , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Picratos/antagonistas & inibidores , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/química , Antineoplásicos/isolamento & purificação , Ensaios de Seleção de Medicamentos Antitumorais , Compostos de Bifenilo/antagonistas & inibidores , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
There are many factors known to drive species turnover, although the mechanisms by which these operate are less clear. Based on comprehensive datasets from the largest tree diversity experiment worldwide (BEF-China), we used shared herbivore species (zeta diversity) and multi-site generalized dissimilarity modelling to investigate the patterns and determinants of species turnover of Lepidoptera herbivores among study plots across a gradient in tree species richness. We found that zeta diversity declined sharply with an increasing number of study plots, with complete changes in caterpillar species composition observed even at the fine spatial scale of our study. Plant community characteristics rather than abiotic factors were found to play key roles in driving caterpillar compositional turnover, although these effects varied with an increasing number of study plots considered, due to the varying contributions of rare and common species to compositional turnover. Our study reveals details of the impact of phylogeny- and trait-mediated processes of trees on herbivore compositional turnover, which has implications for forest management and conservation and shows potential avenues for maintenance of heterogeneity in herbivore communities.
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Herbivoria , Árvores , Biodiversidade , Florestas , PlantasRESUMO
Gaining knowledge on bees is of the utmost importance due to the paramount role that they play in angiosperm pollination. Herein, we provide the first genome assembly of Colletes collaris, a pan-Eurasian cellophane bee. We sequenced 50.53â Gbp of long-read data plus 57.36â Gbp of short-read data in Oxford Nanopore Technologies and Illumina platforms, respectively. The genome assembly consisted of 374.75â Mbp distributed across 374 contigs, with L50 and N50 of 9 and 8.96â Mbp, respectively. We predicted the genome to comprise 20,399 protein-coding genes, 467,947 repeats, and 4,315 non-coding RNA genes. The transcriptome and mitochondrial genome of the species were also assembled. Gene family analysis with 15 insect species identified 14,417 families, 9,517 of them found in C. collaris. A dated phylogenomic analysis revealed high numbers of orthogroups experiencing rapid evolution within Colletes.
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Genoma Mitocondrial , Himenópteros , Abelhas/genética , Animais , Himenópteros/genética , Celofane , Genômica , FilogeniaRESUMO
Evolutionary timescales can be inferred by molecular-clock analyses of genetic data and fossil evidence. Bayesian phylogenetic methods such as tip dating provide a powerful framework for inferring evolutionary timescales, but the most widely used priors for tree topologies and node times often assume that present-day taxa have been sampled randomly or exhaustively. In practice, taxon sampling is often carried out so as to include representatives of major lineages, such as orders or families. We examined the impacts of different densities of diversified sampling on Bayesian tip dating on unresolved fossilized birth-death (FBD) trees, in which fossil taxa are topologically constrained but their exact placements are averaged out. We used synthetic data generated by simulations of nucleotide sequence evolution, fossil occurrences, and diversified taxon sampling. Our analyses under the diversified-sampling FBD process show that increasing taxon-sampling density does not necessarily improve divergence-time estimates. However, when informative priors were specified for the root age or when tree topologies were fixed to those used for simulation, the performance of tip dating on unresolved FBD trees maintains its accuracy and precision or improves with taxon-sampling density. By exploring three situations in which models are mismatched, we find that including all relevant fossils, without pruning off those that are incompatible with the diversified-sampling FBD process, can lead to underestimation of divergence times. Our reanalysis of a eutherian mammal data set confirms some of the findings from our simulation study, and reveals the complexity of diversified taxon sampling in phylogenomic data sets. In highlighting the interplay of taxon-sampling density and other factors, the results of our study have practical implications for using Bayesian tip dating to infer evolutionary timescales across the Tree of Life. [Bayesian tip dating; eutherian mammals; fossilized birth-death process; phylogenomics; taxon sampling.].
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Fósseis , Mamíferos , Humanos , Animais , Filogenia , Teorema de Bayes , Tempo , Simulação por ComputadorRESUMO
Human-induced biodiversity loss negatively affects ecosystem function, but the interactive effects of biodiversity change across trophic levels remain insufficiently understood. We sampled arboreal spiders and lepidopteran larvae across seasons in 2 years in a subtropical tree diversity experiment, and then disentangled the links between tree diversity and arthropod predator diversity by deconstructing the pathways among multiple components of diversity (taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional) with structural equation models. We found that herbivores were major mediators of plant species richness effects on abundance, species richness, functional and phylogenetic diversity of predators, while phylogenetic, functional and structural diversity of trees were also important mediators of this process. However, the strength and direction differed between functional, structural and phylogenetic diversity effects, indicating different underlying mechanisms for predator community assembly. Abundance and multiple diversity components of predators were consistently affected by tree functional diversity, indicating that the variation in structure and environment caused by plant functional composition might play key roles in predator community assembly. Our study highlights the importance of an integrated approach based on multiple biodiversity components in understanding the consequences of biodiversity loss in multitrophic communities.
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Artrópodes , Aranhas , Animais , Humanos , Ecossistema , Filogenia , Biodiversidade , PlantasRESUMO
The complete mitochondrial genome of the Cerceris quinquefasciata (Rossi, 1792) (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) was obtained via next-generation sequencing. This mitochondrial genome is 16,188 bp in length with 37 classical eukaryotic mitochondrial genes and two A + T-rich region. All the 13 PCGs begin with typical ATN codons. Among them, eleven PCG genes terminate with TAA, two with T-. All of the 22 tRNA genes, ranging from 58 to 72 bp with typical cloverleaf structure except for trnS1, whose dihydrouridine (DHU) arm forms a simple loop. Phylogenetic analysis highly supported Crabronidae is the sister group of anthophila bees.
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Herbivorous insects acquire microorganisms from host plants or soil, but it remains unclear how the diversity and functional composition of host plants contribute to structuring herbivore microbiomes. Within a controlled tree diversity setting, we used DNA metabarcoding of 16S rRNA to assess the contribution of Lepidoptera species and their local environment (particularly, tree diversity, host tree species, and leaf traits) to the composition of associated bacterial communities. In total, we obtained 7,909 bacterial OTUs from 634 caterpillar individuals comprising 146 species. Tree diversity was found to drive the diversity of caterpillar-associated bacteria both directly and indirectly via effects on caterpillar communities, and tree diversity was a stronger predictor of bacterial diversity than diversity of caterpillars. Leaf toughness and dry matter content were important traits of the host plant determining bacterial species composition, while leaf calcium and potassium concentration influenced bacterial richness. Our study reveals previously unknown linkages between trees and their characteristics, herbivore insects, and their associated microbes, which contributes to developing a more nuanced understanding of functional dependencies between herbivores and their environment, and has implications for the consequences of plant diversity loss for trophic interactions.
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The complete mitochondrial genome of the Cerceris bucculata (A. Costa, 1860) (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) was obtained via next-generation sequencing. This mitochondrial genome is 16178 bp in length with 37 classical eukaryotic mitochondrial genes and an A + T-rich region. All the 13 PCGs begin with typical ATN codons. Among them, eleven PCG genes terminate with TAA, two with T--. All of the 22 tRNA genes, ranging from 58 to 72 bp with typical cloverleaf structure except for trnS1, whose dihydrouridine (DHU) arm forms a simple loop. Phylogenetic analysis highly supported Crabronidae shown as sister group of anthophila bees.
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The complete mitochondrial genome of the Metaphycus eriococci (Timberlake, 1916) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) was obtained via next-generation sequencing. This mitochondrial genome is 15,749 bp in length with 37 classical eukaryotic mitochondrial genes and an A + T-rich region. All the 13 PCGs begin with typical ATN codons. Among them, 12 PCG genes terminate with TAA, only one with TAG. All of the 22 tRNA genes, ranging from 58 to 72 bp with typical cloverleaf structure except for trnS1 and trnE, whose dihydrouridine arm forms a simple loop. A dramatic gene rearrangement with a large inversion of six protein-coding genes (nad3-cox3-atp6-atp8-cox2-cox1) also found in M. eriococci. Phylogenetic analysis highly supported the monophyly of Pteromalidae, Eupelmidae, and Encyrtidae are sister groups. Within Encyrtidae, Metaphycus eriococci and Aenasius arizonensis are close to each other.
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Declining plant diversity alters ecological networks, such as plant-herbivore interactions. However, our knowledge of the potential mechanisms underlying effects of plant species loss on plant-herbivore network structure is still limited. We used DNA barcoding to identify herbivore-host plant associations along declining levels of tree diversity in a large-scale, subtropical biodiversity experiment. We tested for effects of tree species richness, host functional and phylogenetic diversity, and host functional (leaf trait) and phylogenetic composition on species, phylogenetic and network composition of herbivore communities. We found that phylogenetic host composition and related palatability/defence traits but not tree species richness significantly affected herbivore communities and interaction network complexity at both the species and community levels. Our study indicates that evolutionary dependencies and functional traits of host plants determine the composition of higher trophic levels and corresponding interaction networks in species-rich ecosystems. Our findings highlight that characteristics of the species lost have effects on ecosystem structure and functioning across trophic levels that cannot be predicted from mere reductions in species richness.
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Ecossistema , Herbivoria , Filogenia , Plantas/classificação , Biodiversidade , Código de Barras de DNA Taxonômico , Plantas/genética , Árvores/classificação , Árvores/genéticaRESUMO
Despite intense interest in bees, no genomes are available for the bee family Colletidae. Colletes gigas, one of the largest species of the genus Colletes in the world, is an ideal candidate to fill this gap. Endemic to China, C. gigas has been the focus of studies on its nesting biology and pollination of the economically important oil tree Camellia oleifera, which is chemically defended. To enable deeper study of its biology, we sequenced the whole genome of C. gigas using single-molecule real-time sequencing on the Pacific Bioscience Sequel platform. In total, 40.58 G (150×) of long reads were generated and the final assembly of 326 scaffolds was 273.06 Mb with a N50 length of 8.11 Mb, which captured 94.4% complete Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs. We predicted 11,016 protein-coding genes, of which 98.50% and 84.75% were supported by protein- and transcriptome-based evidence, respectively. In addition, we identified 26.27% of repeats and 870 noncoding RNAs. The bee phylogeny with this newly sequenced colletid genome is consistent with available results, supporting Colletidae as sister to Halictidae when Stenotritidae is not included. Gene family evolution analyses identified 9,069 gene families, of which 70 experienced significant expansions (33 families) or contractions (37 families), and it appears that olfactory receptors and carboxylesterase may be involved in specializing on and detoxifying Ca. oleifera pollen. Our high-quality draft genome for C. gigas lays the foundation for insights on the biology and behavior of this species, including its evolutionary history, nesting biology, and interactions with the plant Ca. oleifera.
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Abelhas/genética , Evolução Biológica , Genoma de Inseto , Animais , Feminino , Masculino , Família MultigênicaRESUMO
Sinella curviseta, among the most widespread springtails (Collembola) in Northern Hemisphere, has often been treated as a model organism in soil ecology and environmental toxicology. However, little information on its genetic knowledge severely hinders our understanding of its adaptations to the soil habitat. We present the largest genome assembly within Collembola using â¼44.86 Gb (118X) of single-molecule real-time Pacific Bioscience Sequel sequencing. The final assembly of 599 scaffolds was â¼381.46 Mb with a N50 length of 3.28 Mb, which captured 95.3% complete and 1.5% partial arthropod Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs (n = 1066). Transcripts and circularized mitochondrial genome were also assembled. We predicted 23,943 protein-coding genes, of which 83.88% were supported by transcriptome-based evidence and 82.49% matched protein records in UniProt. In addition, we also identified 222,501 repeats and 881 noncoding RNAs. Phylogenetic reconstructions for Collembola support Tomoceridae sistered to the remaining Entomobryomorpha with the position of Symphypleona not fully resolved. Gene family evolution analyses identified 9,898 gene families, of which 156 experienced significant expansions or contractions. Our high-quality reference genome of S. curviseta provides the genetic basis for future investigations in evolutionary biology, soil ecology, and ecotoxicology.
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Artrópodes/genética , Genoma , Animais , Evolução Molecular , Família Multigênica , FilogeniaRESUMO
The mitochondrial genome of the Platencyrtus parkeri Feriere (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) was obtained via next-generation sequencing. The assembled mitogenome is 13,393 bp in length, which contains 33 classical eukaryotic mitochondrial genes with three tRNA genes and rrnS gene missing. All the 13 PCGs begin with typical ATN codons. The 19 detected tRNAs range from 58 to 70 bp in length with typical cloverleaf structure except for trnS1, whose dihydrouridine (DHU) arm forms a simple loop. Meanwhile, they have six tRNAs inserted between nad2 and nad3 compared with Encyrtus infelix. Phylogenetic analysis highly supported the monophyly of Pteromalidae. Eupelmidae and Encyrtidae have a close relationship. Within Encyrtidae, Platencyrtus parkeri Feriere and Encyrtus infelix are close to each other.
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OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical effect of suprapubic V-Y incision versus that of Sun's coronal sulcus ring incision plus suprapubic liposuction (CSRI+SPLS) for penile elongation. METHODS: From December 2010 to January 2018, 100 adult males with congenital short penis underwent suprapubic V-Y incision (the V-Y group, n = 50) or CSRI+SPLS (n = 50) for penile elongation surgery in our department. We statistically analyzed the clinical data on the two groups of patients, including age, body mass index (BMI), pre- and post-operative penile lengths in flaccid and erectile states, operation time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative use of analgesics, postoperative hospital stay, stage-â wound healing, incidence of postoperative complications, and quality of pre- and post-operative sexual life. RESULTS: The average ages of the patients in the V-Y and CSRI+SPLS groups were 23.5 and 23.0 years, their BMIs (26.59 ± 1.16) and (26.44 ± 0.96) kg/m2, preoperative flaccid penile lengths (5.11 ± 0.30) and (5.12 ± 0.35) cm, preoperative erectile penile lengths (7.57 ± 0.65) and (7.35 ± 0.59) cm, postoperative flaccid penile lengths (7.80 ± 0.40) and (7.79 ± 0.42) cm, postoperative erectile penile lengths (11.59 ± 0.55) and (11.47 ± 0.64) cm, none with statistically significant difference between the two groups (P > 0.05). Compared with the V-Y group, the CSRI+SPLS group showed a markedly shorter operation time (108 ï¼»90ï¼120ï¼½ vs 51 ï¼»45ï¼58ï¼½ min, P < 0.01), less intraoperative blood loss (30 ï¼»15ï¼45ï¼½ vs 15 ï¼»5ï¼25ï¼½ ml, P < 0.01), shorter postoperative hospital stay 8 ï¼»6ï¼11ï¼½ vs 4 ï¼»2ï¼6ï¼½ d, P < 0.01), lower incidence rates of postoperative hematoma (23.33% ï¼»7 casesï¼½ vs 0, P < 0.05) and infection (20.00% ï¼»6 casesï¼½ vs 0, P < 0.05), higher stage-â healing rate (76.67% ï¼»23 casesï¼½ vs 100.00% ï¼»30 casesï¼½, P < 0.05), lower rate of postoperative use of analgesics (26.67% ï¼»8 casesï¼½ vs 3.33% ï¼»1 caseï¼½, P < 0.05), and higher score on the quality of postoperative sexual life (36.73 ± 5.41 vs 42.07 ± 3.64, P < 0.01) though with no statistically significant difference preoperatively (28.70 ± 4.87 vs 28.27 ± 3.40, P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: As a surgical procedure for penile elongation, Sun's coronal sulcus ring incision plus suprapubic liposuction is superior to suprapubic V-Y incision for its advantages of lower invasiveness, shorter operation time, less intraoperative blood loss, and lower incidence of postoperative complications.
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Lipectomia , Pênis/cirurgia , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Urológicos Masculinos/métodos , Perda Sanguínea Cirúrgica , Humanos , Masculino , Duração da Cirurgia , Complicações Pós-Operatórias , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To study the safety, durability and effectiveness of a new medical liquid silicone rubber elastomer (LSRE) compound Urolastic in penile augmentation in beagle dogs. METHODS: A total of 30 beagle dogs were included in the experiment. The diameters of the proximal, middle and distal penis of the animals were measured and the indexes of blood routine, liver and kidney function and electrolytes obtained before and at 1 week and 3 months after penile subcutaneous injection of the LSRE compound. CT scanning and pathological examinations of the liver, kidney and penile tissues were performed at 1 and 3 months after treatment. RESULTS: The diameters of the proximal, middle and distal penis of the dogs were increased by (0.4 ± 0.3) cm, (0.6 ± 0.1) cm and (0.5 ± 0.3) cm at 1 week, and (0.4 ± 0.2) cm, (0.5 ± 0.1) cm and (0.6 ± 0.2) cm at 3 months after injection of the LSRE compound, with statistically significant difference from the baseline (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05) but not between the 1st week and the 3rd month (P > 0.05). The counts of leukocytes and neutrophils were markedly increased compared with the baseline (ï¼»18.16 ± 2.57ï¼½ vs ï¼»15.16 ± 3.17ï¼½ g/L, P < 0.05; ï¼»77.34 ± 9.21ï¼½% vs ï¼»67.18 ± 8.25ï¼½%, P < 0.05), but not the other blood routine indexes. There were no statistically significant differences in the liver and kidney functions or electrolytes before and after the injection. At 1 and 3 months after treatment, Urolastic was clearly visible and the injection points were irregular in shape at CT imaging. The anatomical findings were consistent with the CT manifestations and showed that the material was easily separated from the surrounding tissues. No significant inflammatory cell infiltration was observed in pathological examinations at 1 and 3 months. CONCLUSIONS: The new medical LSRE compound Urolastic has a good clinical application prospect in penile augmentation for its advantages of significant effectiveness and high safety.
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Dimetilpolisiloxanos/administração & dosagem , Pênis/anatomia & histologia , Borracha , Elastômeros de Silicone , Titânio/administração & dosagem , Animais , Cães , Injeções , Masculino , Pênis/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Host specificity of parasitoids may be measured by various specialization indices to assess the variation of interaction strength among species and the structure of the wider interaction network. However, the conclusions from analyses at the species and network levels may differ, which remains poorly explored. In addition, the recovery of cryptic species of hosts and parasitoids with molecular data may affect the structure of inferred interaction links. We quantified host specificity of hymenopteran parasitoids (family Encyrtidae) on armored scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) from a wide geographic sampling range across the Chinese Mainland based on both morphological and molecular species delimitation. Mitochondrial COI and nuclear 28S markers detected high cryptic species diversity in the encyrtids and to a lesser degree in the diaspidids, which divided generalist morphospecies into complexes of specialists and generalists. One-to-one reciprocal host-parasite links were increased in the molecular data set, but different quantitative species-level indices produced contrasting estimates of specificity from various one-to-multiple and multiple-to-multiple host-parasite links. Network indices calculated from DNA-based species, compared to morphology-based species definitions, showed lower connectance and generality, but greater specialization and compartmentalization of the interaction network. We conclude that a high degree of cryptic species in host-parasitoid systems refines the true network structure and may cause us overestimating the stability of these interaction webs.
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OBJECTIVE: To investigate the therapeutic efficacy and safety of Gujing Maisiha Tablets combined with natural vitamin E in the treatment of idiopathic asthenospermia. METHODS: This study included 135 outpatients with idiopathic asthenospermia received in our hospital from February 2015 to January 2016. We randomly divided them into a treatment group (n = 65, aged 22ï¼44 ï¼»mean 32.8ï¼½ yr) and a control group (n = 55, aged 21ï¼43 ï¼»mean 33.7ï¼½ yr) to be treated with Gujing Maisiha Tablets combined with natural vitamin E or natural vitamin E only, both for 90 days. We obtained total sperm motility and the percentage of progressively motile sperm (PMS) from the patients before and after medication and evaluated the clinical effects by comparing the collected parameters and pregnancy rates between the two groups. RESULTS: The baseline total sperm motility and PMS were (25.23 ± 5.57)% and (17.53 ± 5.78)% in the treatment group, with no statistically significant differences from (26.05 ± 6.77)% and (15.11 ± 6.55)% in the control (P >0.05). After 90 days of medication, both the treatment and the control groups showed remarkable increases in total sperm motility (ï¼»48.73 ± 8.66ï¼½% and ï¼»36.54 ± 8.09ï¼½%, P <0.05) and PMS (ï¼»32.77 ± 6.04ï¼½% and ï¼»26.99 ± 6.87ï¼½%, P <0.05). However, both total sperm motility and PMS were significantly higher in the treatment than in the control group after medication (P <0.05), and so was the total rate of clinical effectiveness (73.85% vs 54.55%, P <0.05). No adverse reactions were observed in either of the two groups during the treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Gujing Maisiha Tablets combined with natural vitamin E is safe and effective for the treatment of idiopathic asthenospermia.
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Astenozoospermia/tratamento farmacológico , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/uso terapêutico , Vitamina E/uso terapêutico , Vitaminas/uso terapêutico , Combinação de Medicamentos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Gravidez , Taxa de Gravidez , Motilidade dos Espermatozoides , Comprimidos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
With the recent development of molecular approaches to species delimitation, a growing number of cryptic species have been discovered in what had previously been thought to be single morpho-species. Molecular methods, such as DNA barcoding, have greatly enhanced our knowledge of taxonomy, but taxonomy remains incomplete and needs a formal species nomenclature and description to facilitate its use in other scientific fields. A previous study using DNA barcoding, geometric morphometrics and mating tests revealed at least two cryptic species in the Encyrtus sasakii complex. (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). To describe these two new species formally (Encyrtus eulecaniumiae sp. nov. and Encyrtus rhodococcusiae sp. nov.), a detailed morphometric study of Encyrtus spp. was performed in addition to the molecular analysis and evaluation of biological data. Morphometric analyses, a multivariate ratio analysis (MRA) and a geometric morphometric analysis (GMA) revealed a great number of differences between the species, but reliable characteristics were not observed for diagnosing the cryptic species. We thus diagnosed these three Encyrtus species on the basis of the characteristics that resulted from genetic markers (mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and nuclear 28S rRNA) and biological data. A formal nomenclature and description of cryptic species was provided on the basis of an integrated taxonomy.