Phytochemical Profile and Bioactivity of Bound Polyphenols Released from Rosa roxburghii Fruit Pomace Dietary Fiber by Solid-State Fermentation with Aspergillus niger.

This study aimed to investigate the phytochemical profile, bioactivity, and release mechanism of bound polyphenols (BPs) released from Rosa roxburghii fruit pomace insoluble dietary fiber (RPDF) through solid-state fermentation (SSF) with Aspergillus niger. The results indicated that the amount of BPs released from RPDF through SSF was 17.22 mg GAE/g DW, which was significantly higher than that achieved through alkaline hydrolysis extraction (5.33 mg GAE/g DW). The BPs released through SSF exhibited superior antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities compared to that released through alkaline hydrolysis. Chemical composition analysis revealed that SSF released several main compounds, including ellagic acid, epigallocatechin, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, quercetin, and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylpropionic acid. Mechanism analysis indicated that the disruption of tight structure, chemical bonds, and hemicellulose was crucial for the release of BPs from RPDF. This study provides valuable information on the potential application of SSF for the efficient release of BPs from RPDF, contributing to the utilization of RPDF as a functional food ingredient.

Growth Reduction of Vibrionaceae and Microflora Diversity in Ice-Stored Pacific White Shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) Treated with a Low-Frequency Electric Field.

A novel storage technique that combines the low-frequency electric field (LFEF) and ice temperature was used to extend the shelf life of Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei). The study investigated the effect of LFEF treatment on the quality and microbial composition of Penaeus vannamei during storage at ice temperature. The results showed that the LFEF treatment significantly extended the shelf life of shrimp during storage at ice temperature. The total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N) and pH of samples increased over time, while the total viable count (TVC) showed a trend of first decreasing and then increasing. Obviously, shrimp samples treated with LFEF had a lower pH, TVB-N and TVC values than the untreated samples (p < 0.05) at the middle and late stages of storage. LFEF treatment increased the diversity and altered the composition of the microbial communities in Penaeus vannamei. Additionally, the treatment led to a decrease in the relative abundance of dominant spoilage bacteria, including Aliivibrio, Photobacterium and Moritella, in Penaeus vannamei stored at ice temperature for 11 days. Furthermore, correlation analysis indicated that TVB-N and pH had a significant and positive correlation with Pseudoalteromonas, suggesting that Pseudoalteromonas had a greater impact on shrimp quality. This study supports the practical application of accelerated low-frequency electric field-assisted shrimp preservation as an effective means of maintaining shrimp meat quality.

Pulsed electric field-assisted extraction of hesperidin from tangerine peel and its technological optimization through response surface methodology.

BACKGROUND: Tangerine peel is rich in flavonoids, particularly hesperidin, which has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anticancer biological activities. However, it is often wasted during citrus processing. The current common extraction method for hesperidin is solvent extraction, which has the characteristics of low extraction rate and high contamination. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of pulsed electric field-assisted alkali dissolution extraction, followed by an acidification precipitation method, on the extraction rate and structure of hesperidin from tangerine peel. RESULTS: The results showed that the selected factors (material/liquid ratio, electric field intensity and pulse number) had a significant effect on the extraction yield. An optimum condition of 66.00 mL g-1, 4.00 kV cm-1 and 35.00 pulses gave the maximum amount (669.38 µg mL-1), which was consistent with the theoretically predicted value by software (672.10 µg mL-1), indicating that the extraction process was feasible. In addition, the purified extract was further identified as hesperidin from UV and NMR spectra. CONCLUSION: An appropriate strength of pulsed electric field-assisted alkali dissolution extraction followed by an acidification precipitation method can effectively improve the extraction rate of orange peel, and the purity of the extracted orange peel is higher. Compared with the traditional extraction, the pulsed electric field-assisted extraction method may be a potential technology for hesperidin extraction, which is beneficial for the high-value utilization of citrus resources. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Role of long non-coding RNA DLY6E in regulating TMUV infection.

Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) is a type of RNA with a length greater than 200 nt and lacking coding ability. In recent years, a considerable number of lncRNAs have been found to have important functions. The lncRNA plays an important role in growth and development, body metabolism, immune function, and regulation of viral replication. A lncRNA, MSTRG8505.2, was screened and named lncRNA DLY6E, which was a new duck-derived lncRNA. The lncRNADLY6E in this study has a complex secondary structure, specifically distributed in the heart, liver and other organs. The expression of lncRNA DLY6E was significantly up-regulated after TMUV infection, which was time-dependent and non-dose-dependent. Overexpression of three structural proteins and seven non-structural proteins of TMUV in DEF cells showed no significant difference in the expression of lncRNADLY6E. Meanwhile, using lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and poly (I:C) to stimulate DEF cells, the results showed that the induced expression of lncRNA DLY6E was associated with the dsRNA-related TLR3/RIG-I/MDA5 pathway rather than the LPS activated signaling pathway. To further explore the function of lncRNA DLY6E, an eukaryotic expression vector was constructed. Overexpression of lncRNA DLY6E in DEF cells can increase the replication of TMUV. After overexpression of lncRNADLY6E, the transcriptional level of its target gene LY6E was detected, and the results showed that lncRNADLY6E did not act through its target gene. Overexpression of lncRNA DLY6E significantly inhibited the mRNA levels of OAS, Mx and PKR, suggesting that lncRNA DLY6E may promote the virus by inhibiting the transcription of antiviral proteins in innate immunity. This phenomenon provides new ideas for the prevention and control of TMUV, which is worth further thinking and exploration.

Pathogenicity of duck circovirus 1 in experimentally infected specific pathogen-free ducks.

Ducks infected with duck circovirus (DuCV) show symptoms such as feather loss, growth retardation and low body weight in the flock. The virus induces immunosuppression and increases the prevalence of infection with other pathogens. However, most studies on duck circovirus were focused on coinfection, and fewer studies had been conducted on the pathogenicity of duck circovirus alone. The aim of the present study was to investigate the pathogenesis of DuCV-1 in experimentally infected specific pathogen-free ducks. In this study, we sequenced the whole genome of a strain of duck circovirus and identified the virus genotype as DuCV-1b. This strain of duck circovirus was named SDLH(OR567883). Animal pathogenicity experiments were then conducted, wherein specific pathogen-free ducks were infected by mucosal injection and abdominal injection. Infected ducks were sampled for 4 consecutive weeks after infection and showed symptoms of dwarfism. We further examined the replication of DuCV-1 in the ducks. The highest virus titers in the 2 infection groups were found in the liver and spleen, with different results for the different routes of infection. Pathological sections of duck organs were made and it was found that organs such as the liver and spleen were damaged by DuCV-1. In conclusion, our experimental results indicate that DuCV-1 can infect ducks individually and cause widespread organ damage in infected ducks.

Current Advances in the Regulatory Effects of Bioactive Compounds from Dietary Resources on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Role of Autophagy.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent chronic liver disease characterized by lipid metabolic disorder primarily due to sedentary lifestyles and excessive food consumption. However, there are currently no approved and effective drugs available to treat NAFLD. In recent years, research has shown that dietary bioactive compounds, such as polysaccharides, polyphenols, flavones, and alkaloids, have the potential to improve NAFLD by regulating autophagy. However, there is no up-to-date review of research progress in this field. This review aims to systematically summarize and discuss the regulatory effects and molecular mechanisms of dietary bioactive compounds on NAFLD through the modulation of autophagy. The existing research has demonstrated that some dietary bioactive compounds can effectively improve various aspects of NAFLD progression, such as lipid metabolism, insulin resistance (IR), endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, oxidative stress, mitochondrial homeostasis, and inflammation. Molecular mechanism studies have revealed that they exert their beneficial effects on NAFLD through autophagy-mediated signaling pathways, predominantly involving transcription factor EB (TFEB), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), SIRT, and PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1)/parkin. Furthermore, the challenges and prospects of current research in this field are highlighted. Overall, this review provides valuable insights into the potential treatment of NAFLD using dietary bioactive compounds that can modulate autophagy.

Development and biochemical characteristics of a monoclonal antibody against prM protein of Tembusu virus.

Tembusu virus (TMUV), a pathogenic member of the Flavivirus family, is an infectious diseases that seriously jeopardize duck health in 2010 in China. TMUV disease causes significant economic losses to the duck industry. This study aimed to prepare monoclonal antibodies against TMUV prM protein and to identify their epitopes. The 501bp prM gene was amplified to the pET-32a prokaryotic expression vector and expressed as a recombinant protein of size 38 KD in Escherichia coli. The purified recombinant proteins were inoculated into BALB/c mice to generate splenic lymphocytes capable of secreting anti-prM antibodies, and hybridoma cells were obtained after fusion with SP2/0 cells. A new hybridoma cell line named B27, which stably secreted IgG1-antibody against TMUV prM with high antibody titers up to 1:1:3,276,800 was screened. This monoclonal antibody (mAb) is well specific and can be used for ELISA/Western-blot (WB)/indirect fluorescence assay (IFA) etc. The mAb B27 has poor neutralization ability and concentration dependence, with a maximum neutralization degree of 23.87% at antibody dilution 10-6. Next, we truncated prM gene and expressed the truncated protein to screen antigen epitopes. The mAb's linear antigen epitope of the TMUV prM protein was first identified and was accurate to 6 consecutive amino acids 59GYEPED64, which located in the pr protein. Bioinformatic analysis showed that this antigenic epitope was located on the surface of the antigen, which was conducive to the direct contact of antigen antibody and conformed to the properties of antigenic epitopes. In addition, its 6 amino acids are highly homologous among 27 published TMUV strains, indicating that its epitope is stable. This study will help to further understand the protein structure and the function of prM, and lay the foundation for establishing specific prM detection methods and the mechanistic study of TMUV prM protein.

Application of Machine Learning Algorithms to Predict New-Onset Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation and Identify Risk Factors Following Isolated Valve Surgery.

BACKGROUND: New-onset postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) is the most common complication after valvular surgery, but its etiology and risk factors are incompletely understood. This study investigates the benefits of machine learning methods in risk prediction and in identifying relative perioperative variables for POAF after valve surgery. METHODS: This retrospective study involved 847 patients, who underwent isolated valve surgery from January 2018 to September 2021 in our institution. We used machine learning algorithms to predict new-onset postoperative atrial fibrillation and to select relatively important variables from a set of 123 preoperative characteristics and intraoperative information. RESULTS: The support vector machine (SVM) model demonstrated the best area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUC) value of 0.786, followed by logistic regression (AUC = 0.745) and the Complement Naive Bayes (CNB) model (AUC = 0.672). Left atrium diameter, age, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), duration of cardiopulmonary bypass, New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III-IV, and preoperative hemoglobin were high-ranked variables. CONCLUSIONS: Risk models based on machine learning algorithms may be superior to traditional models, which were primarily based on logistic algorithms to predict the occurrence of POAF after valve surgery. Further prospective multicenter studies are needed to confirm the performance of SVM in predicting POAF.

Fractionation of depectinated sugar beet pulp into cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin with NaOH/urea/H2O and ionic liquid.

This study proposes a novel and feasible dissolution and fractionation method of depectinated sugar beet pulp (SBP) in NaOH/Urea/H2O, ionic liquid (IL) and alkaline treatment processes. Interestingly, the complicated structure of SBP can be treated with 30 % H2SO4 to increase the dissolution rate. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis confirmed that the appearance of cellulose and hemicellulose obtained by two methods were different. At the same time, two lignin fractions showed irregular high-density clusters, which were composed of a large number of submicron particles. The crystal structure of two cellulose fractions changed from cellulose I to cellulose II. The thermal stability of cellulose and lignin obtained by ionic liquid was slightly better than that obtained by NaOH/urea/H2O. Results of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and 13C NMR showed that the chemical structures of SBP cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin regenerated from NaOH/urea/H2O and ionic liquid were similar.

Prediction of new onset postoperative atrial fibrillation using a simple Nomogram.

BACKGROUND: New onset postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) is the most common complication of cardiac surgery, with an incidence ranging from 15 to 50%. This study aimed to develop a new nomogram to predict POAF using preoperative and intraoperative risk factors. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the data of 2108 consecutive adult patients (> 18 years old) who underwent cardiac surgery at our medical institution. The types of surgery included isolated coronary artery bypass grafting, valve surgery, combined valve and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), or aortic surgery. Logistic regression or machine learning methods were applied to predict POAF incidence from a subset of 123 parameters. We also developed a simple nomogram based on the strength of the results and compared its predictive ability with that of the CHA2DS2-VASc and POAF scores currently used in clinical practice. RESULTS: POAF was observed in 414 hospitalized patients. Logistic regression provided the highest area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) in the validation cohort. A simple bedside tool comprising three variables (age, left atrial diameter, and surgery type) was established, which had a discriminative ability with a ROC of 0.726 (95% CI 0.693-0.759) and 0.727 (95% CI 0.676-0.778) in derivation and validation subsets respectively. The calibration curve of the new model was relatively well-fit (p = 0.502). CONCLUSIONS: Logistic regression performed better than machine learning in predicting POAF. We developed a nomogram that may assist clinicians in identifying individuals who are prone to POAF.

Effects of glycation with chitooligosaccharide on digestion and fermentation processes of lactoferrin in vitro.

This study aimed to investigate the digestion and fermentation processes of lactoferrin (LF) glycated with chitooligosaccharide (COS) under a controlled Maillard reaction, utilizing the in vitro digestion and fermentation model, and to compare the results of these processes to LF undertaken without glycation. After gastrointestinal digestion, the products of the LF-COS conjugate were found to have more fragments with lower molecular weight than LF, and the antioxidant capabilities (via ABTS and ORAC assay) of the LF-COS conjugate digesta also increased. In addition, the undigested fractions could be further fermented by the intestinal microbiota. Compared with LF, more short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were generated (from 2397.40 to 2623.10 µg/g), and more species of microbiota (from 451.78 to 568.10) were observed in LF-COS conjugate treatment. Furthermore, the relative abundance of Bacteroides and Faecalibacterium that could utilize carbohydrates and metabolic intermediates to produce SCFAs also increased in LF-COS conjugate than that of LF. Our results demonstrated that glycation with COS under the controlled wet-heat treatment Maillard reaction could modify the digestion of LF and have a potentially positive influence on the intestinal microbiota community.

Development of a HPLC-UV Method for the Separation and Quantification of Hesperidin, Neohesperidin, Neohesperidin Dihydrochalcone and Hesperetin.

An analysis method was developed for the separation and quantification of hesperidin, neohesperidin, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone and hesperetin by using HPLC-UV. Single factor experiments and Box-Behnken Designs were used to optimize separation of four flavonoids, in which a gradient elution method was adopted with 99% acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid as mobile phases at a flow rate of 0.9 mL/min. A C18 column was used with a column temperature of 35 °C. LODs and LOQs were below 0.84 µg/mL and 2.84 µg/mL, respectively. Linearity with good correlation coefficients (r > 0.99, n = 5) was attained, recovery rate of four flavonoids ranged from 88% to 130%, the RSD indicating results precision for analyzing hesperidin, neohesperidin, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone and hesperetin ranged from 1.2% to 4.6%. Finally, the present method could be successfully applied to identify and quantify hesperidin, neohesperidin and hesperetin in Fructus Aurantii Immaturus and Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae.

Interaction between pH-shifted ovalbumin and insoluble neohesperidin: Experimental and binding mechanism studies.

In this study, ovalbumin (OVA) formed a complex with neohesperidin (NH) via a pH-shifting method. The NH-OVA complex self-assembled into NH-OVA nano-particles, which were then characterized and whose binding mechanism was evaluated by using multi-spectroscopic, thermodynamics, and molecular docking simulation methods. Fluorescence intensity decreased after OVA was complexed with NH. The binding constant of the OVA-NH complex was in the order of 6.32 × 105 M-1 suggesting that the complex is stable. Circular dichroism (CD) analysis showed that α -helix content increased, ß-folding, ß -turning, and irregular crimp content decreased after OVA and NH binding. Isothermal titration calorimetry results showed that hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds made an important impact in the complex formation. The molecular docking results revealed that Van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonds contributed to the free binding energy of the complex. There were multiple possible surface binding sites between OVA with NH. The obtained results provide new insights into the interaction mechanism of OVA and NH, and as a vehicle for NH, the OVA has shown promising applications in functional foods.

Development of machine learning models for mortality risk prediction after cardiac surgery.

Background: We developed machine learning models that combine preoperative and intraoperative risk factors to predict mortality after cardiac surgery. Methods: Machine learning involving random forest, neural network, support vector machine, and gradient boosting machine was developed and compared with the risk scores of EuroSCORE I and II, Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS), as well as a logistic regression model. Clinical data were collected from patients undergoing adult cardiac surgery at the First Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital between December 2008 and December 2017. The primary outcome was post-operative mortality. Model performance was estimated using several metrics, including sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). The visualization algorithm was implemented using Shapley's additive explanations. Results: A total of 5,443 patients were enrolled during the study period. The mean EuroSCORE II score was 3.7%, and the actual in-hospital mortality rate was 2.7%. For predicting operative mortality after cardiac surgery, the AUC scores were 0.87, 0.79, 0.81, and 0.82 for random forest, neural network, support vector machine, and gradient boosting machine, compared with 0.70, 0.73, 0.71, and 0.74 for EuroSCORE I and II, STS, and logistic regression model. Shapley's additive explanations analysis of random forest yielded the top-20 predictors and individual-level explanations for each prediction. Conclusions: Machine learning models based on available clinical data may be superior to clinical scoring tools in predicting postoperative mortality in patients following cardiac surgery. Explanatory models show the potential to provide personalized risk profiles for individuals by accounting for the contribution of influencing factors. Additional prospective multicenter studies are warranted to confirm the clinical benefit of these machine learning-driven models.

Fabrication and characterization of an economical active packaging film based on chitosan incorporated with pomegranate peel.

Antioxidant and antimicrobial chitosan (CS) films incorporated with different concentrations (0, 3, 6 and 9% w/w based on chitosan) of pomegranate peel powder (PPP) were prepared through a simple and low-cost process and characterized. The physicochemical property, antioxidant and antibacterial properties of the films were investigated. Results showed that incorporation with PPP increased the thickness, water solubility (WS), water vapor permeability (WVP), opacity and total phenolic content (TPC) of chitosan films, but decreased the moisture content (MC) and mechanical property. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy indicated the formation of hydrogen bonds between chitosan and PPP. In addition, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis presented that microstructural attributes of chitosan film changed by enriching with pomegranate peel. The films with concentrations of PPP at 6 and 9% presented great ultraviolet-visible light barrier properties. Moreover, the antioxidant ability of films with PPP was significantly increased compared to the chitosan film. The addition of PPP also promoted the antibacterial capacity of the control film. These results revealed that incorporation of PPP in chitosan film could fabricate an economical active film with antioxidant and antibacterial properties, and which had the potential for developing food-grade packaging material.

Selective capture of toxic anionic dyes of a novel prepared DMDAAC-grafted chitosan/genipin/cellulose hydrogel beads with antibacterial activity.

Novel eco-friendly and green dimethyldiallylammonium chloride (DMDAAC) grafted chitosan/genipin/cellulose hydrogel beads (CCBG-g-PDMDAAC), were fabricated as selective adsorbents for anionic dyes. The physical and chemical structural changes of the prepared hydrogels were evaluated by FTIR, XRD, SEM and TG-DSC analysis. Results showed CCBG-g-PDMDAAC efficiently and selectively adsorb anionic dyes (Reactive Red 195-RR195 and Methyl orange-MO) from mixture of dye solutions. Endowed chitosan-based hydrogels the advantage of acid insolubility and good adsorption. RR195 and MO adsorption process were described better with pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm model with a maximum adsorption capacity of 1333.52 and 190.48 mg/g, respectively, indicating that monolayer chemisorption controlled the sorption process. Moreover, the hydrogels exhibited nice reusability and against S. aureus and E. coli. The hydrogels are promising for the potential application in wastewater treatment and antibacterial simultaneously.

Selective biosorption mechanism of methylene blue by a novel and reusable sugar beet pulp cellulose/sodium alginate/iron hydroxide composite hydrogel.

A cellulose-based sodium alginate/iron hydroxide (C/SA/Fe) composite hydrogel was fabricated by using epichlorohydrin as cross-linking agent as an effective adsorbent for dye. The physicochemical structure of the C/SA/Fe hydrogel was characterized by SEM, FTIR, XRD and TG. The adsorption performance for the removal of methylene blue (MB) was investigated. In addition, the selective adsorption of cationic dye was also studied. The FTIR analysis revealed that the Fe(OH)3 colloidal particles were successfully combined in the cellulose/sodium alginate hydrogel. The modified hydrogel had better adsorption performance, and the maximum adsorption capacity of C/SA/Fe0.5 for MB was 105.93 mg/g according to the fitting results of adsorption isotherm. The kinetic study showed that the adsorption of MB onto C/SA/Fe was more consistent with the pseudo-second-order model, and was dominated by chemisorption mechanism such as ion exchange or electron sharing. The adsorption data fits well with the Langmuir model. Thermodynamics analysis showed that the MB adsorption by C/SA/Fe was exothermic, spontaneous, favorable and feasible. After five adsorption-desorption cycles, the adsorption capacity was almost unchanged. So, the C/SA/Fe hydrogel is a potential material in the field of the recovery of agricultural by-products or other bio-based cellulose, or environmental protection, etc.

Discovery of a novel recombinant avian orthoreovirus in China.

In mid-2020, using next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology, we identified a recombinant cluster 2 avian orthoreovirus (ARV) variant named PHC-2020-0545, isolated from tendons of 33-day-old broilers with leg swelling in China. Complete genomic sequencing and analyses demonstrated that the isolate was genetically significantly distinct from known ARV strains in M1 and M3 genes and its σC coding gene had an extremely high variability, compared with the identified ARV strains grouped into other genotyping cluster. Further analysis showed that many base substitutions were silent and non-silent substitutions are most likely to occur in the first positions of codons. Multiple segmental recombination, intra-segmental recombination and accumulation of point mutations might contribute to the emergence of this isolate. The PHC-2020-0545 strain had a strong replication ability in 1-day-old broilers, and mainly affected the movement, digestion and metabolism of broilers. In addition, the infection route of the isolate is related to its pathogenicity to broilers. Therefore, combined with its unique genetic characteristics and potential origin, we determined that the PHC-2020-0545 field strain is a novel recombinant ARV strain, which has certain reference value for the preparation and evaluation of new vaccines.

Synergistic pathogenicity in sequential coinfection with fowl adenovirus type 4 and avian orthoreovirus.

Hydropericardium hepatitis syndrome (HHS) is a fatal disease caused by fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4). Avian viral arthritis is an infectious disease characterized by movement disorders caused by avian orthoreovirus (ARV). In the early 2019, our epidemiologic survey on poultry diseases in eight commercial broiler farms in China showed that FAdV-4 and ARV have a high coinfection rate, accounting for 63 % of all ARV-positive samples. We designed chicken embryo and animal models to investigate the synergistic pathogenicity of FAdV-4 and ARV. Weakness and inappetence were observed in all specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens of the experimental group. FAdV-4 and ARV coinfection caused severe embryonic body and hepatic hemorrhage in SPF chicken embryos. Compared with the singular ARV-infected group, joint swelling was more severe in all coinfected groups. Compared with single virus infection, the coinfection of the two viruses increased the mortality of SPF chicken embryos and chickens. FAdV-4 and ARV coinfection resulted in significantly severe macroscopic and microscopic lesions of the liver, spleen, and kidney of SPF chickens. The detection results of viral load in allantoic fluid, liver, and cloacal swabs indicated that ARV enhanced FAdV-4 replication in SPF chicken embryos and chickens. Cytokine detection showed a significant change in interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, and interferon-α (IFN-α) levels in coinfected groups compared with those in the single-infected groups. Additionally, FAdV-4 and ARV coinfection caused severe damage to the SPF chicken's immune system. In summary, these findings provide insights into the pathology, prevention, and treatment of FAdV-4 and ARV coinfection.

Synthesis of Hydrophobic Propionyl Neohesperidin Ester Using an Immobilied Enzyme and Description of Its Anti-proliferative and Pro-apoptotic Effects on MCF-7 Human Breast Cancer Cells.

Neohesperidin (NH) is a natural flavonoid glycoside compound with considerable physiological and pharmacological activities. However, its bioavailability is limited due to poor solubility, and few studies have so far attempted improve the solubility and bioavailability of NH. In this study, we structurally modified NH using an immobilized lipase to improve lipophilicity and therefore expand its applicability in lipophilic media as well as enhance its bioavailability in vivo. In addition, we aimed investigated the pro-apoptoptotic activity of this new compound (propionyl neohesperidin ester, PNHE) in MCF-7 breast cancer cells using a variety of cellular assays, including the MTT (3-(4, 5-dimethyl- 2-thiazolyl)-2, 5-diphenyl-2-h-tetrazolium bromide assay, assessment of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and flow cytometry. We successfully synthesized PNHE using immobilized lipases, and the esterification of NH was confirmed by Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Compared to NH, HNPE showed higher anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic in MCF-7 breast cancer cells, which may be explained by its increased lipophilicity compared to neohesperidin, benefiting to the action of NH on the cancer cell wall. The IC50 of PNHE for inducing apoptosis of MCF-7 cells was 185.52 µg/mL. PNHE increased both the proportion of cells in Sub-G1 phase and the cellular ROS content, indicating a certain therapeutic effect of HNPE on breast cancer.