Nikolay Ivanovich Pirogov (1810-1881): Anatomical research to develop surgery.

The 19th century Russian surgeon Nikolay Ivanovich Pirogov believed passionately in the importance of anatomy for surgeons. His interest in anatomy began as a medical student in Moscow. After graduating in 1828 Pirogov entered the postgraduate German-Baltic University of Dorpat (now Tartu in the Republic of Estonia) where he studied anatomy and surgery. After completing his study, he remained to research the consequences of ligation of the aorta in a series of animal experiments, which formed the core of his doctoral thesis. He wanted to determine the feasibility of aortic ligation as a treatment for patients with an aneurysm of the aorta or iliac artery. He discovered that success was only likely when the aorta was ligated between the two mesenteric arteries and the ligature gradually tightened, an approach surgically difficult in humans. Pirogov then spent 2 years at the Charité Hospital in Berlin before returning to Russia. In 1841, he was appointed Professor of Applied Anatomy and Surgery at the Imperial Medico-Surgical Academy in Saint Petersburg. He instituted the teaching of microscopy and histology to the medical curriculum and in 1846 formed the Institute for Applied Anatomy within the academy, where in addition to teaching medical students future teachers of anatomy in Russia were trained. Pirogov published extensively on anatomy, including several anatomical atlases, the most notable his three-dimensional atlas of topographical anatomy published in four volumes between 1852 and 1859. Today Pirogov's contributions to anatomy are remembered in a number of anatomical structures named after him. Clin. Anat., 33:714-730, 2020. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

[Peculiarities of medical support of Soviet troops during the Battle of Kursk].

Peculiarities of medical support of Soviet troops during the Battle of Kursk. The article analyzes the experience of medical support of the Red Army troops during the Battle of Kursk (July-August 1943). The data characterizing particular forms and methods of work of the medical service of the fionts in the dynamics of the defensive and offensive operations. The basis of the organization of medical evacuation support was a continuous movement of medical institutions for the conduct of the troops and treating the injured on the spot. The succes of the Medical Service was possible thanks to the mobility and manoeuvrability of surgical forces, the formation of emergency medical teams gain and mobile surgical teams, echelonment specialized medical care. Activities carried out to provide various types of medical care - on the battlefield, in the regimental and divisional health centres, hospitals - allowed to return in order to 180 000 wounded and sick. Due to the effective anti- epidemic protection could prevent the spread of the troops of mass infectious diseases.

[The historical experience of medical service in cooperation with state healthcare facilities during the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945].

Cooperation issues between military-medical service and civil healthcare in the field of delivery of medical aid to patients in the rear of country are considered in the artic. The rear is a final stage of the care by echelon and the main medical reserve force for front and army areas. Wide hospital network in the rear consisted mainly of evacuation hospitals of the People's Commissariat of the USSR healthcare. Cooperation between military-medical service and civil healthcare facilities was required. Sometimes necessary cooperation failed and made mutual helming of evacuation hospitals difficult. But despite the problems the main problem - return of maximum wounded soldiers to active duty was solved during the Great Patriotic War.

[First medical museum of Russia (150-anniversary of the Surgical museum of the Imperial Medical-Surgery Academy)].

The opening in 1863 of the Surgical museum of the Imperial Medical-Surgical Academy was the sign of a new age in the development of medical science. It became the first medical museum in our country. It was the period when similar museums appeared in Europe and America. Thus all over the world were formed the first museums that amassed their collections, the later basis of modem medical museums.

[Medical supply of the Russian army during the Patriotic War in 1812].

The article is devoted to the 200th anniversary of the victory of the russian weapon in the Patriotic War in 1812. Russian military medics lended a weighty contribution to destruction of the strongest Napoleonic army. Together with russian soldiers they suffered woes and hardships, accompanied Russian soldiers not only in moments of victories but also in the most hard moment, saving lives of wounded and illed, soldiers and civil population. Structure of medical service of the Russian Army, types of delivery of health care, some epispdes of the work of military medics are described.

[Providing medical care in the Leningrad hospitals during the Soviet-Finnish war of 1939-1940].

Leningrad Health Care was assigned a central role in medical care of wounded and sick during the Soviet-Finnish war during 1939-1940. The outbreak of war in Leningrad and its suburbs, as well as a number of settlements adjacent to the front-line rear areas, was deployed hospital bed net hospital base of the front. Medical institutions of Leningrad, serve the needs of the army and navy, were not uniform in its structure. They had different departmental subordination, as well as the nature and scope of tasks. During the period from December 1, 1939 to September 1, 1940 in Leningrad, has received 167 915 persons. In the City there was a range of institutions, where the wounded and sick have finished a course of treatment, as well as rehabilitated.

[General of the Army N F Vatutin: history of wounding].

The article presents an extended information from different archive channels about falling ill with tularemia in December 1942 and about missile wound in thigh in February 1944 by General of the Army N.F.Vatutin, who was at that time the commander-in-chief of South-West theater of operations, and then of the 1st Ukrainian one. The article presents the story of process of disease and it's result, of circumstances of wound and of delivering of health care on the stages of medical evacuation. The article also presents the analyze of possible courses of loss of the commander.

[Little known pages of the biography of Ia.V.Villie].

On the base of complex study of archival data and available historical literature the stories connected with Yakov Vasilyevich Villie are discussed. The exact date of his death is given, the causes of existing contradictions are presented. Villie's relations with representatives of our medicine are described. The authors also discuss the problem, which was touched in the middle of XX century, i. e. the Villie's charge of espionage. Together with famous works of Russian authors the materials of foreign investigators devoted to this problem are used.

Anomalous cosmic ray carbon and oxygen tracks in CN-Kodak.

For observation of low energy cosmic ray particles we used CN-Kodak nuclear track detectors on Cosmos satellites. In solar quiet periods during solar minima conditions the detectors registered anomalous cosmic rays (ACRs). The ACRs are characterized by flux enhancements of several elements and it is known that the carbon enhancement is small compared with that of oxygen. In all of our quiet-time exposures the relation between carbon and oxygen was extremely small (C/O ~ 0.03). But in two quiet-time periods of 14.03.96-11.06.96 and of 15.12.97-14.04.98 we have identified many tracks as carbon in a L-R diagram. As a result the observed C/O ratio appears to be more than 0.5, whereas other experiments show no evidence of enhanced flux of carbon during these periods. The reason for the unexpected response of CN-Kodak is discussed.