SUNCT syndrome secondary to multiple sclerosis: Not only trigeminal neuralgia.

BACKGROUND: Facial pain in multiple sclerosis is often due to trigeminal neuralgia but atypical pictures can be observed. CASE PRESENTATION: A man with primary progressive multiple sclerosis developed severe unilateral facial pain in the right orbital region. Spontaneous and triggered attacks were associated with ipsilateral conjunctival injection and lacrimation. A diagnosis of short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks with conjunctival injection and tearing was made, and symptoms significantly improved with lamotrigine. CONCLUSION: Pain is poorly investigated in multiple sclerosis, with a dramatic impact on patients' life quality. In this light, standardized evaluation of pain is needed to improve patient management.

Assessing 'no evidence of disease activity' status in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a long-term follow-up.

Introduction: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the CNS with an autoimmune pathogenesis. Over the years, numerous disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) have proven effective in disease control; to date, there is a need to identify a personalized treatment effective in ensuring disease-free status or no evidence of disease activity (NEDA). Objective: identify clinical, demographic and treatment approach characteristics that affect the maintenance of NEDA-3 and the occurrence of clinical relapses during a 6-years follow-up. Materials and method: a retrospective study was conducted on a cohort of MS patients followed up with six-year period. All participants were treated with first- or second-line MS drugs.Clinical relapse, NEDA-3 at 6 years and sustained EDSS were assessed as disease activity outcomes. Patients with follow-up of less than 6 years and insufficient clinical and radiological data were excluded from the study. Results: Two-hundred-eighty naive patients (mean age was 49.8 years, SD ± 11.35 years, 23-76, F/M 182/98), with MS were followed up for 6 years.The mean age at diagnosis was 34.3 years (SD ±11.5, 14-62 years), the mean EDSS score at the onset was 1.9 (±1.3), 76.8% of patients had an EDSS below or equal to 2.5 at diagnosis.In the cohort 37 (13.2%) directly received second-line treatment, 243 (86.8%) received first-line drugs.The analysis showed that second-line treatment from beginning had a protective effect for the achievement of NEDA-3 (p = 0.029), on the prevention of clinical relapse (p = 0.018) and on number of relapses (p = 0.010); this finding was confirmed by logistic regression analysis (p = 0.04) and Kaplan-Meier analysis (p = 0.034). Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrate the efficacy of targeted and early intervention so as to act in the right time window, ensuring a favorable outcome in both clinical and radiological terms; this could be decisive in reducing clinical relapse, disease progression and related disability. Therefore, prescribing highly effective drug in the early stages of the disease represents a leading strategy with the most favorable cost-benefit ratio.

Chronic kidney disease is associated with increased risk of venous thromboembolism recurrence.

INTRODUCTION: It is currently unclear whether chronic kidney disease (CKD) and the decrease in renal function can influence the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) recurrence. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed an ambispective observational study on 409 patients with a previous episode of VTE. All the patients were included in the retrospective analysis whereas a subgroup of 260 individuals, without history of recurrence and that stopped oral anticoagulation, were then followed-up for a mean of 52.3±20.7months. RESULTS: At the enrollment, subjects with history of recurrent VTE were prevalently male with higher blood pressure and lower eGFR. Prevalence of CKD (defined as eGFR<60ml/min/1.73m2) was higher in patients with previous VTE recurrence with an adjusted OR of 5.69 (IC95% 2.17-14.90, p<0.001) compared to patients with normal eGFR. Similar findings were obtained from the prospective study where an adjusted 5.32 HR for VTE recurrence was seen in patients with CKD compared to subjects with normal renal function (IC95% 1.49-18.95, p=0.010). An increase in the risk of recurrent VTE was also observed in patients with mild decrease in renal function (eGFR 60-90 vs ≥90ml/min/1.73m2 adjusted HR 2.84, IC95% 1.13-7.11, p=0.025). Moreover, a multivariate Cox regression analysis including eGFR as continuous variable showed that renal function decrease was independently associated with the risk of VTE recurrence (p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: CKD and mild decrease in renal function are associated with a significant increase in the risk of recurrent VTE.

Incidence and predictors of venous thromboembolism in post-acute care patients. A prospective cohort study.

Few studies have addressed the topic of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients hospitalised in rehabilitation facilities. This patient population is rapidly growing, and data aimed to better define VTE risk in this setting are needed. Primary aim of this prospective observational study was to evaluate the frequency of symptomatic, objectively confirmed VTE in a cohort of unselected consecutive patients admitted to rehabilitation facilities, after medical diseases or surgery. Further objectives were to assess overall mortality, to identify risk factors for VTE and mortality, and to assess the attitude of physicians towards thromboprophylaxis. A total of 3,039 patients were included in the study, and the median duration of hospitalisation was 26 days. Seventy-two patients (2.4%) had symptomatic VTE. The median time to VTE from admission to the long-term care unit was 13 days. According to multivariable analysis, previous VTE (hazard ratio 5.67, 95% confidence interval 3.30-9.77) and cancer (hazard ratio 2.26, 95% confidence interval 1.36-3.75) were significantly associated to the occurrence of VTE. Overall in-hospital mortality was 15.1%. Age over 75 years, male gender, disability, cancer, and the absence of thromboprophylaxis were significantly associated to an increased risk of death (multivariable analysis). In-hospital antithrombotic prophylaxis was administered to 75.1% of patients, and low-molecular-weight heparin was the most widely used agent. According to our study, patients admitted to rehabilitation facilities remain at substantially increased risk for VTE. Because this applies to the majority of these patients, there is a great need for clinical trials assessing optimal prophylactic strategies.

Modulation of immune response by the acute and chronic exposure to high altitude.

PURPOSE: The chronic exposure at high altitude (HA) represents an ideal model for evaluating the in vivo effects of hypobaric hypoxia. Taking advantage of the EV-K2-CNR Pyramid, this study was designed to evaluate whether acute and chronic hypoxia differently modulates the in vivo immune responses. METHODS: The study includes 13 healthy female moderately active volunteers participating to the Italian HA project EV-K2-CNR. Peripheral blood lymphocytes, collected at sea level and at HA in the Pyramid Laboratory of CNR, Nepal (5050 m), were immunologically characterized by flow cytometry and a series of molecular and functional analyses. RESULTS: Flow cytometric analyses showed that: a) CD3+ T lymphocytes significantly decreased during both acute and chronic exposure to HA, b) T-cell fall was totally due to CD4+ T-cell reduction, c) B lymphocytes were not influenced by the exposure to HA, and d) natural killer (NK) cells significantly increased during acute and chronic exposure. The evaluation of the Th1/Th2 pattern demonstrated a significant decrease of the expression of the Th1 cytokine interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) by circulating T cells during acute and chronic exposure to HA. The expression by T cells of CXCR3, a chemokine receptor typically expressed by Th1/Tc1 cells, paralleled the decrease of IFN-gamma. On the contrary, the expression of IL-4 was not conditioned by the exposure to HA. Finally, functional studies showed a significant reduction of the proliferative activity in response to mitogen (PHA) both in acute and chronic HA exposure. Despite the increased number of NK cells, NK cytotoxic activity was not influenced by the HA exposure. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that the in vivo exposure to HA leads to an impairment of the homeostatic regulation of Th1/Th2 immune balance that potentially could favor long-term immunological alterations and increase the risk of infections.