Aleitamento materno e quimiocinas: diferenças entre esquizofrenia e controles / Breastfeeding and chemokines: differences in schizophrenia and controls

Introdução: Avaliar a associação entre níveis plasmáticos da quimiocina CCL11, coeficiente de inteligência e prática da amamentação em homens com esquizofrenia em condições psiquiátricas estáveis sob acompanhamento ambulatorial em um serviço de saúde pública. Métodos: Foi realizado estudo caso-controle com 60 indivíduos: 30 pacientes com esquizofrenia e 30 controles saudáveis, dos quais 15 de cada grupo foram expostos ao aleitamento materno e 15 não foram. Foi aplicado questionário abordando questões socioeconômicas, história ao nascer, dados clínicos e alimentação ao nascer. Foi dosada a quimiocina CCL11 e aplicados testes psicológicos para avaliar quociente de inteligência, funcionalidade, sintomas psiquiátricos, curso da doença e diagnóstico. Para os controles, foi utilizada uma escala para descartar doença psiquiátrica. Resultados: A quimiocina CCL11 apresentou valores significativamente mais altos (> 0,5) em pacientes com esquizofrenia quando comparados aos controles. No grupo de amamentados, os esquizofrênicos apresentaram valores significativamente mais altos a nível intermediário (entre 0.106 e 0.5). Não houve correlação da CCL11 com o número de hospitalizações, idade, tempo de diagnóstico e escolaridade. Não foi evidenciada correlação entre tempo de aleitamento materno em relação aos fatores do Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Houve uma tendência de correlação entre a idade de início da doença e o aleitamento materno. Foi encontrada correlação positiva do CCL11 com o tempo de aleitamento materno. Ao comparar os pacientes esquizofrênicos que foram aleitados com os que não foram, foi encontrada diferença estatisticamente significativa apenas para o quociente de inteligência. Conclusão: O aleitamento materno está associado a níveis mais baixos de CCL11, escores mais altos de quociente de inteligência e a esquizofrenia. A quimiocina CCL11 é mais alta em quem não amamentou, especialmente nos esquizofrênicos. (AU)

Introduction: To evaluate the association between plasma levels of chemokine CCL11, intelligence quotient, and exposure to breastfeeding in men with schizophrenia under stable psychiatric condition and monitored as outpatients in a public health care unit. Methods: A case-control study of 60 individuals, 30 patients with schizophrenia and 30 healthy controls; in each group, 15 were exposed to breastfeeding and 15 were not. A questionnaire addressing socioeconomic issues, history at birth, clinical data, and feeding at birth was administered. Chemokine CCL11 levels were measured, and psychological tests were applied to assess intelligence quotient, functional status, psychiatric symptoms, disease course, and diagnosis. A scale to rule psychiatric illness was used for the controls. Results: Chemokine CCL11 levels were significantly higher (> 0.5) in patients with schizophrenia than in controls. In the breastfed group, patients with schizophrenia also had significantly higher CCL11 levels, but at an intermediate level (between 0.106 and 0.5). There was no correlation between CCL11 and number of hospitalizations, age, time since diagnosis, or level of education, nor between duration of breastfeeding and the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale factors. A trend toward a correlation was observed between age at disease onset and breastfeeding. There was a positive correlation between CCL11 and duration of breastfeeding. The comparison of patients with schizophrenia who were breastfed vs those who were not breastfed showed a statistically significant difference only in intelligence quotient. Conclusion: Breastfeeding is associated with lower CCL11 levels, higher intelligence quotient scores, and schizophrenia. Chemokine CCL11 levels are higher in those not exposed to breastfeeding, especially in patients with schizophrenia. (AU)

Cuidados paliativos oncológicos em um serviço público de atenção domiciliar / Oncology palliative care in a public home-care service / Cuidados paliativos oncologicos en un servicio publico de atención domiciliaria

Objetivo: Identificar o perfil dos pacientes com câncer e em cuidados paliativos e suas demandas referentes ao atendimento multidisciplinar existente em um Serviço de Atenção Domiciliar. Métodos: Estudo transversal com coleta de dados secundários dos pacientes oncológicos em cuidados paliativos atendidos pelo Programa de Atenção Domiciliar do Grupo Hospitalar Conceição, no ano de 2013. Aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética e Pesquisa sob o número 13.203. Resultados: Foram acompanhados 63 pacientes com diagnóstico de neoplasia. Dentre esses, 71,5% (n=45) estavam em cuidados paliativos. As medianas do tempo de acompanhamento dos pacientes foram de 22 (3-146) dias e do número de visitas realizadas pela equipe foi 6 (1-34). Além das visitas semanais realizadas pelas equipes, os pacientes receberam assistência de nutricionista, fisioterapeuta e assistente social. Considerando as 45 internações, os principais cuidados foram controle da dor, curativos em feridas, controle glicêmico, e antibioticoterapia endovenosa. A principal intercorrência clínica foi a repassagem de cateter nasoenteral (n=5). A alta em condições estáveis de saúde ocorreu em 10 pacientes. Conclusão: O presente estudo permitiu a identificação das principais demandas dos pacientes em cuidados paliativos oncológicos atendidos por um serviço de Atenção Domiciliar. Observa-se na prática deste serviço que a maioria dos pacientes apresentou necessidade de cuidados complexos, mas possíveis de serem realizados no domicílio pela equipe de saúde e/ou cuidador capacitado

Objective: To identify the profile of palliative care oncology patients and their multidisciplinary needs in a home-care service. Method: A cross-sectional study with secondary data collection from cancer patients in palliative care, attended by the Home-Care Program of Conceição Hospital Group in 2013. Approved by the Ethics and Research Committee under No. 13,203. Results: There were 63 home-care patients diagnosed with cancer. Among those, 71.5% (n=45) were in palliative care, and 15.5% (n=7) had more than one admission to the Program. The median follow-up time of all patients was 22 (3-146) days, while for the number of home visits it was 6 (1-34). In addition to weekly home visits, patients were assisted by a nutritionist, a physiotherapist, and a social worker. Concerning the 45 hospitalizations, their main demands were pain management, wound dressings, glycemic control and intravenous antibiotic therapy. The main clinical complication was the reintroduction of a nasoenteral catheter (n=5). Discharge in stable health conditions occurred in 10 patients. Clinical complications and outcomes were analyzed. Conclusion: This study allowed us to identify the main demands of oncological palliative care patients attended by one Home-Care Service. We observed that most patients needed complex care, but the healthcare staff and/or trained caregiver were still able to provide it.

Objetivo: Identificar el perfil de los pacientes en cuidados paliativos y sus demandas referentes a la atención multidisciplinaria existente en un Servicio de Atención Domiciliaria. Métodos: Estudio transversal con colecta de datos primarios y secundarios de los pacientes oncológicos en cuidados paliativos atendidos por el Programa de Atención Domiciliaria del Grupo Hospitalar Conceição en el año 2013. Aprobado por el Comité de Ética e Investigación (13.203). Resultados: Fueron realizadas 63 internaciones domiciliarias de pacientes con diagnóstico de neoplasia. Entre ellos, un 71,5% (n=45) estaban en cuidados paliativos, siendo que un 15,5% (n=7) tuvieron más de un acompañamiento con el Programa. El tiempo promedio de acompañamiento de los pacientes fue de 22 (3-146) días y del número de visitas realizadas por el equipo fue 6 (1-34). Además de las visitas semanales realizadas por los equipos, los pacientes recibieron asistencia con nutricionista, fisioterapeuta y asistente social. Considerando las 45 internaciones, los principales cuidados fueron control del dolor, curación de heridas, control de glucemia, antibioticoterapia intravenosa, entre otros. Fueron analizadas las complicaciones clínicas y los resultados del acompañamiento. Conclusión: Este estudio permitió la identificación de las principales demandas de los pacientes oncológicos en cuidados paliativos atendidos por el servicio de atención domiciliaria. Se observa realizando este servicio que la mayoría de los pacientes necesitó necesidad de atención compleja pero capaz de ser realizado en casa por el equipo de salud y/o cuidador cualificado.

Perda significativa de peso em pacientes com esquizofrenia na dieta hipocalórica de longo prazo: estudo piloto / Significant weight loss in patients with schizophrenia in long-term hypocaloric diet: a pilot study

Objetivo: A esquizofrenia está associada ao aumento da obesidade e morbidade por doença cardiovascular. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar alterações no peso e índice de massa corporal (IMC) de pacientes com esquizofrenia após tratamento nutricional de longo prazo. Método: Estudo piloto retrospectivo envolvendo 42 indivíduos com esquizofrenia em tratamento nutricional entre 2004 e 2010. Os prontuários médicos foram revisados após aprovação institucional e coleta de dados para peso, índice de massa corporal (IMC), idade, gênero e dieta. O peso e o IMC foram avaliados no início do tratamento nutricional, após seis meses, após 12 meses e no momento da coleta de dados. Resultados: Houve perda significativa de peso e diminuição significativa do IMC quando comparados a cada grupo com o valor basal (p<0,001). Conclusões: Demonstramos que as intervenções nutricionais podem promover uma significativa perda de peso na esquizofrenia. Estes resultados suportam a importância da intervenção nutricional na esquizofrenia e trazem evidências de que a perda de peso permanece ao longo do tempo.(AU)

Objective: Schizophrenia is associated with increased obesity and morbidity from cardiovascular disease. The aim of the present study was to evaluate changes in weight and body mass index (BMI) of patients with schizophrenia following a long-term nutritional treatment. Methods: Retrospective pilot study involving 42 individuals with schizophrenia on nutritional treatment from 2004 to 2010. Medical charts were reviewed after institutional approval and data collection was conducted for weight, body mass index (BMI), age, gender and diet prescription. Weight and BMI were evaluated at baseline of nutrition treatment, after six months, after 12 months and at the time of data collection. Results: There was a significant weight loss and significant decreased in BMI when compared each group to baseline (p<0.001). Conclusions: We demonstrate that nutritional interventions can promote a significant weight loss in schizophrenia. These results support the importance of nutritional intervention in schizophrenia and bring evidences that weight loss remains along the time.(AU)

Resveratrol Supplementation Did Not Improve Cognition in Patients with Schizophrenia: Results from a Randomized Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND: Schizophrenia (SZ) is associated with psychotic experiences and cognitive deficits. Therefore, cognitive function is one of the most critical determinants of quality of life in this pathology. Resveratrol has been related to neuroprotective action, but there are no studies evaluating resveratrol in SZ. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of resveratrol supplementation on cognition in individuals with SZ. METHODS: This is a 1-month randomized, double-blind, and controlled trial (NCT 02062190), in which 19 men with diagnosis of SZ, aged 18-65 years, were assigned to a resveratrol supplementation group (200 mg) or placebo group (200 mg), with a 1-month follow-up. Applying a series of cognitive tests assessed neuropsychology performance (Hopkins Verbal Learning Test, Stroop Color and Word Test, and Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale) and Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale assessed psychopathology severity. RESULTS: There were no significant improvement in neuropsychology performance (episodic memory, working memory, attention and concentration capacity, inhibitory control, interference measures, selective attention, and mental flexibility) and psychopathology severity after 1 month of resveratrol supplementation (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, we have shown that 1 month of a resveratrol supplementation (200 mg/day) did not improve episodic memory, working memory, attention and concentration capacity, inhibitory control, interference measures, selective attention, and mental flexibility as compared with placebo in patients with SZ.

Resveratrol Supplementation in Schizophrenia Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial Evaluating Serum Glucose and Cardiovascular Risk Factors.

BACKGROUND: Patients with schizophrenia (SZ) are generally overweight or obese and have several metabolic disorders. Additionally, such patients have a lower life expectancy and the main cause of their increased mortality is cardiovascular disease (CVD). The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of resveratrol supplementation on serum glucose and CVD risk factors in individuals with SZ. METHODS AND RESULTS: This is a four-week randomized, double-blind controlled trial (registration No.: NCT 02062190) in which 19 men with a diagnosis of SZ, aged 18 to 65, were assigned to either a resveratrol supplement group (200 mg/day) or a placebo group (200 mg/day). In short, we did not observe significant changes after resveratrol supplementation. In the placebo group, we found a significant increase in total cholesterol levels (p = 0.024) and in LDL-cholesterol (p = 0.002), as well as a decrease in body fat percentage (p = 0.038). The placebo group also showed an increase in triglycerides (9.19%) and a reduction in HDL-cholesterol (4.88%). In the resveratrol group, triglycerides decreased (7.64%). CONCLUSION: In summary, oral resveratrol in reasonably low dosages (200 mg daily) brought no differences to body weight, waist circumference, glucose, and total cholesterol. It was possible to note that the lipid profile in the placebo group worsened and, although no significant differences were found, we can assume that resveratrol might prevent lipid profile damage and that the intervention affected the lipoprotein metabolism at various levels.

Reduced serum non-enzymatic antioxidant defense and increased lipid peroxidation in schizophrenic patients on a hypocaloric diet.

INTRODUCTION: Growing evidence suggests that oxidative stress (OS) may be associated with the pathophysiology underlying schizophrenia (SZ). Some studies indicate that nutritional supplements offer protection from OS, but there is no data about the effect of a hypocaloric diet on OS in this population. Therefore, we aimed to study the effect of a hypocaloric dietary intervention on OS in subjects with SZ. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of 96 participants in outpatient treatment for SZ comprised patients separated into two groups: one group of subjects followed a hypocaloric diet (HD) program (n=42), while the other group followed a regular diet (RD) with no nutritional restrictions (n=54). The serum total radical-trapping antioxidant parameter (TRAP), total antioxidant reactivity (TAR) and thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) levels were assessed. RESULTS: TRAP levels were lower and TBARS levels were higher in the HD group than in the RD group (p=0.022 and p=0.023, respectively). There were no differences in TAR levels between the groups. Additionally, there was a positive correlation between TRAP and TBARS levels after adjusting for BMI and clozapine dose (partial correlation=0.42, p<0.001). There were no correlations among the length of illness or diet and the levels of TRAP, TBARS, and TAR. CONCLUSIONS: Subjects with SZ on a hypocaloric diet displayed different OS parameters than those not following a HD. Serum TRAP levels were lower and TBARS levels were higher among SZ subjects with HD compared to SZ subjects without HD. Lower TRAP levels may reflect decreased oxidative stress, whereas higher TBARS levels most likely reflect a biochemical reaction to the decreased TRAP levels. Additionally, TAR levels were similar between groups, suggesting a similar quality of antioxidant defenses, despite quantitative differences between the two dietary protocols in SZ patients under outpatient care.

Concurrent Validity and Reliability of the Brazilian Version of the Functioning Assessment Short Test in Patients with Schizophrenia.

OBJECTIVE: Many studies have documented the high rates of functional impairment among patients with schizophrenia. The majority of the available instruments used to assess functioning, however, focus on global measures of functional recovery rather than specific domains of psychosocial functioning. Most of these instruments have important limitations regarding use in psychiatry. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the Functioning Assessment Short Test (FAST) in patients with schizophrenia. METHODS: A convenience sample of 107 chronic outpatients with schizophrenia and 108 controls was assessed in a university hospital (Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil). Psychometric properties of FAST (internal consistency, concurrent validity, and test-retest reliability) were analyzed. RESULTS: The internal consistency obtained was high; the Cronbach's alpha was 0.89. FAST total score was higher in patients than in the control group (Z = 11.95; P<0.001). FAST test-retest agreement was excellent (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.93; 95% confidence interval 0.81-0.97). In addition, FAST displayed a positive correlation with the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (ρ = 0.41; P<0.001) and a negative correlation with the Global Assessment of Functioning scale (ρ =-0.71; P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Psychotic symptoms, comorbidity, and functional and cognitive impairment contribute to the decreased quality of life of patients with schizophrenia. It is important to obtain a valid and reliable instrument that is capable of evaluating the functional domains in this pathology. In this context, FAST showed accurate psychometrics properties and was able to detect functional differences between patients with the diagnosis of schizophrenia and healthy subjects.

Estado nutricional de pacientes com esquizofrenia frequentadores do Centro de Atenção Psicossocial (CAPS) do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre / Nutritional status of patients with schizophrenia who attend the Psychosocial Care Center (CAPS), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o estado nutricional de pacientes com esquizofrenia, atendidos por um programa de reabilitação social (CAPS). MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo transversal com 40 pacientes com diagnóstico de esquizofrenia, em uso de antipsicóticos, atendidos no CAPS do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. Foram verificados medidas antropométricas (peso, estatura, circunferência abdominal, percentual de gordura corporal), pressão arterial e tabagismo. RESULTADOS: A amostra constitui-se de 65 por cento de homens. A média de peso encontrada foi de 75,39 ± 15,73 kg. O índice de massa corporal médio apresentou-se dentro dos parâmetros de sobrepeso (26,76 ± 4,78 kg/m²), sendo 55 por cento dos pacientes com sobrepeso ou obesidade segundo a classificação da OMS/1998. A circunferência abdominal e o percentual de gordura corporal apresentaram-se elevados na maioria dos pacientes (62,5 por cento e 92,5 por cento, respectivamente). Adicionalmente, não houve associação significativa entre IMC e a classificação de antipsicóticos (típicos, atípicos, clozapina). Encontrou-se uma correlação entre o tempo de doença com o percentual de gordura (r = 0,39, p = 0,033) e escolaridade com o peso (r = 0,362, p = 0,046) e IMC (r = 0,372, p = 0,039). Na regressão linear, 13 por cento da variabilidade do percentual de gordura foi explicada pelo tempo de doença (r² = 0,131, B = 0,233, p = 0,049); 13 por cento da variação do peso foi explicada pela escolaridade (r² = 0,131, B = 1,415, p = 0,046) e 13,8 por cento da variação do IMC foi explicada pela escolaridade (r² = 0,138, B = 0,411, p = 0,039). CONCLUSÃO: Os pacientes apresentaram níveis aumentados de circunferência abdominal, percentual de gordura corporal e peso. Aparentemente, o ganho de peso ocorre em todos os pacientes expostos a antipsicóticos, independentemente do tipo de medicação e de resposta clínica, e a qualquer momento ao longo da evolução da doença. Sugere-se que, adicionalmente, a avaliação dos hábitos alimentare...

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the nutritional status of patients with schizophrenia attended in a social rehabilitation program (CAPS). METHODS:Cross-sectional study with 40 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia, in antipsychotic use, attended in CAPS of the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. Anthropometric measures were verified (weight, height, waist circumference, body fat percentage), blood pressure and cigarette smoking. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 65 percent of men. Mean of weight was 75,39 ± 15,73 kg and mean body mass index was within the parameters of overweight (26,76 ± 4,78 kg/m²), 55 percent of the patients with overweight or obesity according to the OMS/1998 criteria. Waist circumference and body fat percentage were high in most patients (62.5 percent and 92.5 percent, respectively). In addition, there was no significant association between BMI and antipsychotics drugs (typic and atypic, clozapine). We found a correlation between duration of disease with body fat percentage (r = 0.39, p = 0.033) and education correlated with weight (r = 0.362, p = 0.046) and BMI (r = 0.372, p = 0.039). In linear regression 13 percent of the variability in fat percentage was explained by disease duration (r² = 0.131, B = 0.233, p = 0.049), 13 percent of weight variation was explained by education (r² = 0.131, B = 1.415, p = 0.046) and 13.8 percent of the variation in BMI was explained by education level (r² = 0.138, B = 0.411, p = 0.039). CONCLUSION: Patients showed increased levels of waist circumference, body fat percentage and overweight. Apparently, the weight gain occurs in all patients exposed to antipsychotics, independent from type of drug and clinical response, and at any moment along illness evolution. It is suggested that in addition to food habits an nutritional assessment and follow-up, the clinician should take notes about early changes along the course of illness, changes of type and dose of drugs.