Internet appointment has more advantages than traditional appointment in the nursing service of dry eye patients.

Dry eye disease is one of the most common eye diseases. Clinical studies have found that meibomian gland expression can effectively improve the function of meibomian glands in patients with meibomian gland dysfunction. Compared with traditional appointments, Internet appointment has advantages in treating dry eye disease. A cross-sectional study was conducted to collect 300 patients with dry eye disease through an online questionnaire. Using Pearson chi-squared test, associations between the clinical parameters and appointment mode were analyzed. Spearman-rho test was executed to compare clinical data and appointment mode for correlation analysis and relationship between score of advantages of Internet booking (SOAIB), evaluation of the effectiveness of the Internet booking (EEIB), waiting in line for medical treatment (WMT). Univariate logistic regression analysis calculated the odds ratio (OR) of appointment mode for potential correlation factors. By using Pearson chi-squared test, SOAIB (P = .005), EEIB (P = .029) and WMT (P = .041) was significantly correlated with the appointment mode. Spearman correlation coefficient displayed that appointment mode was significantly correlated with EEIB (ρ = -0.126, P = .029) and WMT (ρ = 0.118, P = .041). Univariate logistic regression and concludes that EEIB (OR = 0.183, 95%CI: 0.033-1.004, P = .05), WMT (OR = 2.543, 95%CI: 1.013-6.384, P = .047) have a clear correlation with appointment mode. Spearman correlation coefficient displayed that SOAIB was significantly correlated with EEIB (ρ = -0.247, P < .001) and WMT (ρ = 0.157, P = .006). Internet appointment can effectively reduce the waiting time for dry eye disease treatment by meibomian gland expression. Effectiveness evaluation of Internet appointments is significantly higher than traditional appointments.

Taurodeoxycholate ameliorates DSS-induced colitis in mice.

BACKGROUND: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is typically managed using medications such as 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA), glucocorticoids, anti-TNFα Ab, or anti-IL-12/23 Ab. However, some patients do not respond well to these treatments or frequently experience relapses. Therefore, alternative therapeutic options are needed. Since the activation of the inflammasome is crucial to the pathogenesis of IBD, inhibiting the inflammasome may be beneficial for patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We tested the efficacy of taurodeoxycholate (TDCA), which is a known G-protein coupled receptor 19 (GPCR19) agonist, in a mouse colitis model induced by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). RESULTS: In the mouse colitis model, TDCA prevented loss of body weight, shortening of the colon, production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, infiltration of pro-inflammatory cells, and mucosal ulceration in the colon. In vitro, TDCA inhibited the activation of NF-κB in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) by activating the cAMP-PKA axis. TDCA downregulated the expression of purinergic receptor P2X7 (P2X7R) and enhanced the colocalization of P2X7R with GPCR19, and inhibited the Ca2+ mobilization of BMDMs when stimulated with ATP or BzATP, which plays a pivotal role in activating the NLRP3 inflammasome (N3I) via P2X7R. TDCA inhibited the oligomerization of NLRP3-ASC and downregulated the expression of NLRP3 and ASC, as well as suppressed the maturation of pro-caspase-1 and pro-IL-1ß. TDCA also increased the percentage of M2 macrophages while decreasing the number of M1 macrophages, Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells in the colon. CONCLUSION: TDCA ameliorated DSS-induced colitis in mice, possibly by inhibiting both the priming phase (via the GPCR19-cAMP-PKA-NF-κB axis) and the activation phase (via the GPCR19-P2X7R-NLRP3-Caspase 1-IL-1ß axis) of N3I signaling.

CD115- monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells are precursors of OLFM4high polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells.

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) consist of monocytic (M-) MDSCs and polymorphonuclear (PMN-) MDSCs that contribute to an immunosuppressive environment in tumor-bearing hosts. However, research on the phenotypic and functional heterogeneity of MDSCs in tumor-bearing hosts and across different disease stage is limited. Here we subdivide M-MDSCs based on CD115 expression and report that CD115- M-MDSCs are functionally distinct from CD115+ M-MDSCs. CD115- M-MDSCs increased in bone marrow and blood as tumors progressed. Transcriptome analysis revealed that CD115- M-MDSCs expressed higher levels of neutrophil-related genes. Moreover, isolated CD115- M-MDSCs had higher potential to be differentiated into PMN-MDSCs compared with CD115+ M-MDSCs. Of note, CD115- M-MDSCs were able to differentiate into both olfactomedin 4 (OLFM4)hi and OLFM4lo PMN-MDSCs, whereas CD115+ M-MDSCs differentiated into a smaller proportion of OLFM4lo PMN-MDSCs. In vivo, M-MDSC to PMN-MDSC differentiation occurred most frequently in bone marrow while M-MDSCs preferentially differentiated into tumor-associated macrophages in the tumor mass. Our study reveals the presence of previously unrecognized subtypes of CD115- M-MDSCs in tumor-bearing hosts and demonstrates their cellular plasticity during tumorigenesis.

Taurodeoxycholate, a GPCR19 agonist, ameliorates atopic dermatitis in Balb/c mice.

Keratinocytes are pivotal cells in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD) as much as Th2 cells. In this sense, regulation of pro-inflammatory features of keratinocytes might be useful for AD patients. P2X7R-mediated activation of NLRP3 inflammasome (N3I) in keratinocytes and myeloid cells plays crucial roles in AD. Nonetheless, inhibition of P2X7R has not been feasible because of polymorphisms and ubiquitous expression of P2X7R. Here, we report that GPCR19 colocalizes with P2X7R, and a GPCR19 agonist (taurodeoxycholate [TDCA]) inhibits the activation of P2X7R. Noncistronically, TDCA inhibits NF-kB activation via the adenylate cyclase-PKA pathway and BzATP-mediated Ca++ mobilization. Cistronically, TDCA suppresses the expression of P2X7R and N3I components in keratinocytes. NLRP3 oligomerization and the production of mature IL-1ß and IL-18 was suppressed by TDCA treatment in keratinocytes. Topical TDCA treatment ameliorates proinflammatory features of AD in mice induced by DNCB, MC903, or oxazolone. Taken together, a GPCR19 agonist such as TDCA might inhibit P2X7R-mediated N3I activation of keratinocytes, which is crucial for the pathogenesis of AD.

Neuroprotective effect of alpha-kinase 1 knockdown against cerebral ischemia through inhibition of the NF-κB pathway and neuroinflammation.

BACKGROUND: Activation of the nuclear factor B (NF-κB) signaling pathway by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is regarded as a crucial mechanism of neuroinflammation and brain injury after acute ischemic stroke. The stimulation of alpha-kinase 1 (ALPK1), a newly identified PRR, triggers NF-κB activation and an inflammatory response. Longitudinal population-based genetic epidemiological studies suggest that the ALPK1 gene is a susceptible site to ischemic stroke. However, the function of ALPK1 in the central nervous system remains unclear. The present study explored the role of ALPK1 in acute ischemic stroke. METHODS: BV2 microglial cells were stimulated with conditioned medium (CM) that was collected from oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD)-treated HT22 neurons, and a murine brain ischemia model was established to detect the changes of ALPK1 expression. We used lentivirus to knockdown ALPK1 to explore the effects of ALPK1 in cerebral ischemia models in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS: We observed a significant increase of ALPK1 expression in BV2 cells that were stimulated with OGD CM. The knockdown of ALPK1 inhibited the phosphorylation of tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor-interacting protein with a forkhead-associated domain (TIFA), the expression of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), the activation of NF-κB, and the levels of proinflammatory factors in the BV2 cells. We also verified a neuroprotective effect of ALPK1 knockdown against ischemic brain injury through inhibition of the TIFA/TRAF6/NF-κB pathway and neuroinflammation in mice. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that ALPK1 is implicated in sterile inflammatory injury after acute brain ischemia, which provides first evidence for the therapeutic potential of ALPK1 inhibition in ischemic stroke.

Surgical membranectomy with modified incision and capsulotomy microscissors for persistent pupillary membrane.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the visual outcome and complications of surgical membranectomy with modified incision and capsulotomy microscissors in patients with persistent pupillary membrane (PPM). METHODS: We enrolled eight eyes with PPM in six patients and performed surgical membranectomy with modified incision located near the limbus and corresponding to the middle of the densest membrane strands. Strands near the collarette of the iris were then cut using capsulotomy microscissors and thick strands were removed with capculorhexis forceps. Complications during or after surgery were evaluated, and uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) and best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) were compared pre- and post-surgery. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients at surgery was 9.5±3.4 years (range, 5.3 to 13.8 years). Bilateral PPMs were found in two patients, small anterior capsular cataracts not locating on the visual axis in three eyes, and deprivational amblyopia in four eyes. There were no traumatic cataracts, endophthalmitis, corneal opacities, or other complications in patients during or after modified surgical membranectomy. After a mean follow-up period of 5.8±0.4 (range, 5.0 to 6.0) months, UCVA was significantly improved from 0.23±0.14 to 0.36±0.20(P=0.026), and BCVA was also significantly improved from 0.32±0.22 pre-operatively to 0.56±0.25 post-operatively (P=0.006). CONCLUSIONS: Surgical membranectomy with modified incision and capsulotomy microscissors may be a safe approach to clear the visual axis of patients with PPM. However further treatments were needed in amblyopic eyes after surgery.

Retrograde fluorogold labeling of retinal ganglion cells in neonatal mice.

BACKGROUND: The neonatal period, especially postnatal day 10 (P10), is important for mouse retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) development, and an effective labeling technique to track neonatal RGCs is needed. Retrograde fluorogold (FG) labeling is widely used for adult mouse RGCs, but its applicability for the neonatal mouse is still unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficiency of retrograde FG labeling in P10 mice. METHODS: The anatomic location of the superior colliculus (SC) of P10 wild-type C57/BL6J mice was clarified by histological brain section and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Three doses of 3% FG were injected into the SC of 30 mice, and 3 days post-surgery, labeling efficiency was quantified by retinal flat-mounts, and labeling safety was evaluated by mice mortality. RESULTS: Samples of brain tissue from 2-3.5 mm posterior to the bregma, and from 0.5-2.0 mm lateral to the midline showed major SC-related structures. The FG-positive RGC density in the 0.3 µL group was 3,563.9±311.9 cells/mm2, significantly more than in the 0.6 µL group (1,718.6±177.1 cells/mm2) or 1.0 µL group (2,496.8±342.2 cells/mm2). The mortality rate was 10% in both the 0.3 and 0.6 µL groups, but 40% in the 1.0 µL group. CONCLUSIONS: The appropriate labeling site in P10 mice was confirmed and 0.3 µL FG is an appropriate dose for retrograde labeling of RGCs.

Identification of biomarkers in macrophages of atherosclerosis by microarray analysis.

BACKGROUND: Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) refers to a series of diseases caused by atherosclerosis (AS). It is one of the most important causes of death worldwide. According to the inflammatory response theory, macrophages play a critical role in AS. However, the potential targets associated with macrophages in the development of AS are still obscure. This study aimed to use bioinformatics tools for screening and identifying molecular targets in AS macrophages. METHODS: Two expression profiling datasets (GSE7074 and GSE9874) were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus dataset, and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between non-AS macrophages and AS macrophages were identified. Functional annotation of the DEGs was performed by analyzing the Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes databases. STRING and Cytoscape were employed for constructing a protein-protein interaction network and analyzing hub genes. RESULTS: A total of 98 DEGs were distinguished between non-AS macrophages and AS macrophages. The functional variations in DEGs were mainly enriched in response to hypoxia, respiratory gaseous exchange, protein binding, and intracellular, ciliary tip, early endosome membrane, and Lys63-specific deubiquitinase activities. Three genes were identified as hub genes, including KDELR3, CD55, and DYNC2H1. CONCLUSION: Hub genes and DEGs identified by using microarray techniques can be used as diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers for AS.

Real-Time Monitoring of Cancer Cells in Live Mouse Bone Marrow.

Disseminated tumor cells in the bone marrow environment are the main cause of systemic metastasis after curative treatment for major solid tumors. However, the detailed biological processes of tumor biology in bone marrow have not been well defined in a real-time manner, because of a lack of a proper in vivo experimental model thereof. In this study, we established intravital imaging models of the bone marrow environment to enable real-time observation of cancer cells in the bone marrow. Using these novel imaging models of intact bone marrow and transplanted bone marrow of mice, respectively, via two-photon microscopy, we could first successfully track and analyze both the distribution and the phenotype of cancer cells in bone marrow of live mouse. Therefore, these novel in vivo imaging models for the bone marrow would provide a valuable tool to identify the biologic processes of cancer cells in a real-time manner in a live animal model.

Direct Detection of Supramolecular Reaction Centers in the Methanol-to-Olefins Conversion over Zeolite H-ZSM-5 by (13)C-(27)Al Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy.

Hydrocarbon-pool chemistry is important in methanol to olefins (MTO) conversion on acidic zeolite catalysts. The hydrocarbon-pool (HP) species, such as methylbenzenes and cyclic carbocations, confined in zeolite channels during the reaction are essential in determining the reaction pathway. Herein, we experimentally demonstrate the formation of supramolecular reaction centers composed of organic hydrocarbon species and the inorganic zeolite framework in H-ZSM-5 zeolite by advanced (13)C-(27)Al double-resonance solid-state NMR spectroscopy. Methylbenzenes and cyclic carbocations located near Brønsted acid/base sites form the supramolecular reaction centers in the zeolite channel. The internuclear spatial interaction/proximity between the (13)C nuclei (associated with HP species) and the (27) Al nuclei (associated with Brønsted acid/base sites) determines the reactivity of the HP species. The closer the HP species are to the zeolite framework Al, the higher their reactivity in the MTO reaction.

Synergistic effect of xylitol and ursolic acid combination on oral biofilms.

OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to evaluate the synergistic antibacterial effect of xylitol and ursolic acid (UA) against oral biofilms in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS: S. mutans UA 159 (wild type), S. mutans KCOM 1207, KCOM 1128 and S. sobrinus ATCC 33478 were used. The susceptibility of S. mutans to UA and xylitol was evaluated using a broth microdilution method. Based on the results, combined susceptibility was evaluated using optimal inhibitory combinations (OIC), optimal bactericidal combinations (OBC), and fractional inhibitory concentrations (FIC). The anti-biofilm activity of xylitol and UA on Streptococcus spp. was evaluated by growing cells in 24-well polystyrene microtiter plates for the biofilm assay. Significant mean differences among experimental groups were determined by Fisher's Least Significant Difference (p < 0.05). RESULTS: The synergistic interactions between xylitol and UA were observed against all tested strains, showing the FICs < 1. The combined treatment of xylitol and UA inhibited the biofilm formation significantly and also prevented pH decline to critical value of 5.5 effectively. The biofilm disassembly was substantially influenced by different age of biofilm when exposed to the combined treatment of xylitol and UA. Comparing to the single strain, relatively higher concentration of xylitol and UA was needed for inhibiting and disassembling biofilm formed by a mixed culture of S. mutans 159 and S. sobrinus 33478. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that xylitol and UA, synergistic inhibitors, can be a potential agent for enhancing the antimicrobial and anti-biofilm efficacy against S. mutans and S. sobrinus in the oral environment.

Effects of bile salt deconjugation by probiotic strains on the survival of antibiotic-resistant foodborne pathogens under simulated gastric conditions.

This study was designed to evaluate the effects of bile acid deconjugation by probiotic strains on the antibiotic susceptibility of antibiotic-sensitive and multiple antibiotic-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus. Eight probiotic strains, Bifidobacterium longum B6, Lactobacillus acidophilus ADH, Lactobacillus brevis KACC 10553, Lactobacillus casei KACC 12413, Lactobacillus paracasei ATCC 25598, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, Leuconostoc mesenteroides KACC 12312, and Pediococcus acidilactici KACC 12307, were used to examine bile acid tolerance. The ability to deconjugate bile acids was evaluated using both thin-layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. The antibiotic susceptibility testing was carried out to determine the synergistic inhibitory activity of deconjugated bile acids. L. acidophilus, L. brevis, and P. acidilactici showed the most tolerance to the conjugated bile acids. P. acidilactici deconjugated glycocholic acid and glycodeoxycholate from 3.18 and 3.09 mM to the detection limits, respectively. The antibiotic susceptibility of selected foodborne pathogens was increased by increasing the concentration of deconjugated bile acids. The study results are useful for understanding the relationship between bile acid deconjugation by probiotic strains and antibiotic susceptibility in the presence of deconjugated bile acids, and they may be useful for designing new probiotic-antibiotic combination therapy based on bile acid deconjugation.

Protocol for an electrospray ionization tandem mass spectral product ion library: development and application for identification of 240 pesticides in foods.

Modern determination techniques for pesticides must yield identification quickly with high confidence for timely enforcement of tolerances. A protocol for the collection of liquid chromatography (LC) electrospray ionization (ESI)-quadruple linear ion trap (Q-LIT) mass spectrometry (MS) library spectra was developed. Following the protocol, an enhanced product ion (EPI) library of 240 pesticides was developed by use of spectra collected from two laboratories. A LC-Q-LIT-MS workflow using scheduled multiple reaction monitoring (sMRM) survey scan, information-dependent acquisition (IDA) triggered collection of EPI spectra, and library search was developed and tested to identify the 240 target pesticides in one single LC-Q-LIT MS analysis. By use of LC retention time, one sMRM survey scan transition, and a library search, 75-87% of the 240 pesticides were identified in a single LC/MS analysis at fortified concentrations of 10 ng/g in 18 different foods. A conventional approach with LC-MS/MS using two MRM transitions produced the same identifications and comparable quantitative results with the same incurred foods as the LC-Q-LIT using EPI library search, finding 1.2-49 ng/g of either carbaryl, carbendazim, fenbuconazole, propiconazole, or pyridaben in peaches; carbendazim, imazalil, terbutryn, and thiabendazole in oranges; terbutryn in salmon; and azoxystrobin in ginseng. Incurred broccoli, cabbage, and kale were screened with the same EPI library using three LC-Q-LIT and a LC-quadruple time-of-flight (Q-TOF) instruments. The library search identified azoxystrobin, cyprodinil, fludioxinil, imidacloprid, metalaxyl, spinosyn A, D, and J, amd spirotetramat with each instrument. The approach has a broad application in LC-MS/MS type targeted screening in food analysis.

Enhanced antimicrobial activity of nisin-loaded liposomal nanoparticles against foodborne pathogens.

This study was designed to evaluate the prolonged antimicrobial stability of nisin-loaded liposome (LipoN) nanoparticles against Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus. The sizes of bare liposomes and LipoN were uniformly distributed between 114 and 125 nm. The nanoparticles were homogeneously dispersed in water with less than 0.2 of polydispersity index. The zeta potential value of LipoN was +17.1 mV due to the positive charged nisin, attaining 70% of loading efficiency. The minimum inhibitory concentration of LipoN against L. monocytogenes and S. aureus was 320 international unit/mL. The LipoN significantly enhanced the antimicrobial stability in brain heart infusion agar compared to free nisin. The numbers of L. monocytogenes and S. aureus exposed to LipoN were effectively reduced by more than 6 log colony-forming unit/mL after 48 and 72 h of incubation, respectively. These results provide useful information for the development of antimicrobial delivery system to improve food safety.

Effects of probiotic fermentation on the enhancement of biological and pharmacological activities of Codonopsis lanceolata extracted by high pressure treatment.

This study was designed to evaluate the enhancement of antioxidant, antimicrobial, enzymatic, cytotoxic, and cognitive activities of Codonopsis lanceolata extracted by high pressure treatment followed by probiotic fermentation. Dried C. lanceolata samples were subjected to 400 MPa for 20 min and then fermented with Bifidobacterium longum B6 (HPE-BLF) and Lactobacillus rhamnosus (HPE-LRF) at 37 °C for 7 days. Compared to conventional extraction (CE-NF, 6.69 mg GAE/g), the phenol amounts of HPE-BLF and HPE-LRF were significantly increased to more than 8 mg GAE/g, while the lowest flavonoid contents were observed for HPE-BLF (0.44 mg RE/mL) and HPE-LRF (0.45 mg RE/mL) (p<0.05). Cinnamic acid was the most abundant phenolic acid in the fermented C. lanceolata. The highest DPPH scavenging activities were observed for HPE-BLF and HPE-LRF, with minimum EC(50) values of 1.26 and 1.18 mg/mL, respectively. The HPE-BLF and HPE-LRF samples exhibited the most noticeable antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Shigella boydii (MICs<15 mg/mL). The fermented C. lanceolata samples effectively inhibited α-glucosidase and tyrosinase activities and potentially improved a scopolamine-induced memory deficit in mice. The application of a fermentation process can effectively improve the biological and pharmacological activities of high-pressure-extracted C. lanceolata by increasing the extraction efficacy and inducing probiotic conversion. The results suggest that the combined treatment of HPE and a fermentation process could be used as alternative extraction method over CE.

Enhancement of pheochromocytoma nerve cell growth by consecutive fractionization of Angelica gigas Nakai extracts.

This work was to investigate the effect of flavonoids from Angelica gigas Nakai on the proliferation and differentiation of PC12 cells. Several solvents including hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol and water consecutively partitioned. We determined the ethanol crude extract of Angelica gigas Nakai. The hexane fraction was shown to contain the highest number of flavonoids as follows; 21.48 mg/g and the composition of the flavonoids was as follows: 12.24 mg/g of quercetin, 4.39 mg/g of myricetin and 2.58 mg/g of catechin. In addition, this hexane fraction greatly increased both cell growth and outgrowth of the neurite, and whose effects were three times higher than those of the other fractions. The length of the neurites was measured as ca. 110 µm in adding 50 µg/mL of the hexane fraction, which was about the same as the case of adding 50 ng/mL of NGF as a positive control. This result indicates that the differentiation of PC12 cells by the addition of the hexane fraction was comparable to the case of adding NGF. The hexane fraction was also determined to prevent apoptosis of PC12 cells by suppressing DNA fragmentation. It is interesting that the mixture of three major flavonoids, quercetin, myricetin and catechin showed stronger activity on, both PC12 cell growth and neuritis outgrowth, than when adding each flavonoid alone. We believe this was due to the synergistic effects of the three flavonoids. The activities of these flavonoids from Angelica gigas Nakai are reported for the first time in this study.

Effect of NaCl on the biofilm formation by foodborne pathogens.

This study was designed to evaluate the effect of NaCl on the biofilm formation of Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella boydii, and Salmonella Typhimurium. The biofilm cells were cultured in media containing different NaCl concentrations (0% to 10%) for 10 d of incubation at 37 °C using a 24-well polystyrene microtiter plate, collected by swabbing methods, and enumerated using plate count method. The attachment and detachment kinetic patterns were estimated according to the modified Gompertz model. The cell surface hydrophobicity and auto-aggregation were observed at different NaCl concentrations. Most strains showed 2 distinctive phases at lower than 6% NaCl, while the numbers of adhered cells gradually increased throughout the incubation period at 4% to 10% NaCl. At 0% NaCl, the numbers of adhered L. monocytogenes, S. aureus, S. boydii, and S. Typhimurium cells rapidly increased up to 7.04, 6.47, 6.39, and 7.27 log CFU/cm(2), respectively, within 4 d of incubation. The maximum growth rate (k(A)) and specific growth rate (µ(A)) of adherent pathogenic cells were decreased with increasing NaCl concentration. Noticeable decline in the numbers of adherent cells was observed at low concentration levels of NaCl (<2%). The adherence abilities of foodborne pathogens were influenced by the physicochemical surface properties. The hydrophobicity and auto-aggregation enhanced the biofilm formation during the incubation periods. Therefore, this study could provide useful information to better understand the adhesion and detachment capability of foodborne pathogens on food contact surfaces.