Evaluation of Changes in Cariogenic Bacteria in a Young Moroccan Population with Fixed Orthodontic Appliances.

Fixed orthodontic appliances hinder the maintenance of proper oral hygiene and result in dental plaque accumulation. Many studies report that qualitative changes in the dental flora occur after initiating the orthodontic treatment, but there is a paucity of literature on the same topic among Moroccan orthodontic patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes of the oral microbial flora during the orthodontic treatment period of a young Moroccan population. Materials and Methods. Dental plaque samples of 18 patients, who were randomly selected before the placement of orthodontic appliances, were collected to isolate and identify the bacterial species involved using classical bacteriological methods for species' culture and identification. The reading was recorded at T0 before placement of the device. New samples were taken again one month later and then three months afterwards, where the readings were recorded as T1 and T2, respectively. The culture was made via Columbia Agar with 5% sheep blood, Todd Hewitt Broth, and Schaedler medium containing vitamin K3. Bacterial species were identified using API-20 Strep for Streptococci and API-20 A for anaerobic bacteria. The phoenix system was used for identification. Results. After three months of orthodontic treatment, the increase in the frequency of Streptococcus sobrinus and Streptococcus mitis were significant (0.01 and 0.02, respectively) as well as for Lactobacillus (0.03). No significant difference was recorded for other bacterial species. Conclusion. There is a significant qualitative change in oral microorganisms after three months of orthodontic treatment, especially for bacteria that are incriminated in caries formation.

Epidemiology and prevention of Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage in hemodialyzed patients.

UNLABELLED: Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus may be responsible for some serious infections among hemodialyzed patients. Its pathogenic potential and commensal nature allows for an easy transmission both in and out of hospital environment. PURPOSE: This study was to assess the prevalence of S. aureus nasal carriage, to determine its frequency and nature in hemodialyzed patients of the Rabat Ibn Sina University hospital, in Morocco. PATIENT AND METHOD: The study began in March 2008 according to the following protocol: screening of nasal carriage with five samplings, performed once a month three times, then once a month two times again after an interruption period of three months. Screening was performed weekly during the first month in hemodialyzed patients treated with mupirocin (Bactroban(®) 2%), and then monthly, to monitor the kinetics of S. aureus eradication. RESULTS: The study included 54 hemodialyzed patients with a mean 44.16±14 years of age, sex ratio of 0.54, and mean hemodialysis duration of 118.7±67 months. Permanent and intermittent S. aureus carriage was found in respectively 18.52% and 25.92% of patients. Eighty-one strains of S. aureus were identified, 14.81% of which were methicillin resistant. Eradication was sustained beyond 20 months in patients treated with mupirocin. CONCLUSION: This investigation allowed us to identify hemodialyzed patients at risk, so as to implement the rules of individual and collective hygiene, and to extend mupirocin antibiotic prophylaxis in our hemodialysis unit.

[Complications of infected aneurysm due to Salmonella enteritidis: a case report]. / Complications d'un anévrisme infecté à Salmonella enteritidis: à propos d'un cas.

Salmonelloses are becoming more frequented. To date, very few cases of aneurisms or vascular grafts infections have been described. We report the rare case of an extradigestive manifestation, due to Salmonella enteritidis affecting a patient with Behçet disease. The biological diagnosis is based on microorganism isolation from the site of infection but also from blood cultures. The initial treatment combined antibiotherapy and surgical procedure and replacement of the arteriovenous graft.

[Prevalence of Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates resistant to imipenem by production of metallo-beta-lactamase]. / Prévalence des souches d'Acinetobacter baumannii et de Pseudomonas aeruginosa résistantes à l'imipénème par production de métallo-beta-lactamases.

UNLABELLED: Metallo-beta-lactamases (MBL) are enzymes produced by Gram-negative bacilli such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii. These enzymes make these isolates resistant to imipenem. AIM: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of this resistance mechanism in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii strains identified in the bacteriology laboratory of the Rabat Ibn Sina teaching hospital, Morocco. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Screening for MBL was systematic in all resistant strains and/or strains with decreased sensitivity to imipenem, according to Dongeun Yong et al.'s method, using a sterilized solution of EDTA 0.5 M pH 8. RESULTS: Eighty-five bacterial strains (48 P. aeruginosa and 37 A. baumannii) were identified 23% (11) and 57% (21) of which were respectively resistant to the imipenem. The prevalence of MbetaL producing strains was 27% for P. aeruginosa and 38% for A. baumannii. CONCLUSION: These results show that the frequency of these strains is increases in our hospital and that their emergence represents a serious therapeutic and epidemiological problem. This means that we need to implement the supervision of hospital microbial environment and strictly apply hygiene measures.

Relationship of Staphylococcal isolates in a Moroccan hospital by comparing phenotypical and genotypical tests.

The relationship of Staphylococcus isolates was determined among a collection of 26 clinical strains at the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rabat. These isolates originated principally from blood culture and wounds. In order to affirm the clonal origins of these isolates, six phenotype (biotype, anti-biotype, serotype, phage type), and genotype (random amplified polymorphic DNA, pulsed field gel electrophoresis) methods were used. Biotyping, anti-biotyping, phage and serotyping were generally not sufficient while many isolates remained non-phage typeable. Random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis used in epidemiological typing seemed suitable for S. epidermidis and S. haemolyticus. However, rigorous standardization will be needed to assure reliable results. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis discriminated more efficiently than random amplification polymorphic DNA analysis. This study attests to the suitability of two or more methods in combination for typing Staphylococcus isolates.

Antibiotic resistance of Moroccan strains of Salmonella enteritidis isolated between 1996 and 1997.

Antimicrobial resistance is a worldwide problem. The antibiotic resistance of Moroccan strains of Salmonella enteritidis was investigated from 1996 to 1997. A total of 51 strains were collected within this period, 31 derived from human sources and 20 from food. Of the 31 human strains, 10 were resistant to antibiotics; 4 were resistant to two or more antibiotics. Of the 20 food strains, 11 were resistant to antibiotics; 6 were resistant to two or more antibiotics. The results are similar to those obtained from strains isolated from other Mediterranean countries.

Mycobacterium resistance to antimycobacterial reagent.

This study was carried out in the tuberculosis laboratory of the Institut National d'Hygiène in Rabat, Morocco, in 1997. The aim was to determine the percentages of drug-resistant strains by using 150 antibiograms. Six antimycobacterial medications were used as tuberculosis treatment: isoniazid (INH), streptomycin (STM), rifampicin (RIF), ethambutol (EMB), kanamycin (KAN) and p-amino-salicylic acid (PAS). The cultures were plated onto a simple agar (Lowenstein-Jensen) plate containing different concentrations of drugs. This test demonstrated the presence of major antimycobacterial (INH, RIF, STM)-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the following percentages respectively: 34.6 per cent, 33.1 per cent and 26.1 per cent and 80 per cent, 70 per cent and 40 per cent in the case of atypical mycobacteria. The association of INH/RIF showed the highest percentage (27.6 per cent) for Mycobacterium tuberculosis and 70 per cent for atypical strains, whereas, when we associate INH/RIF/STM, the resistance rate becomes 17.69 per cent for Mycobacterium tuberculosis and 25 per cent for atypical mycobacteria. The resistance in question was a secondary or acquired resistance because the tested strains were isolated from patients who had not responded to standard tuberculosis treatment.

Etudes chimiques et microbiologiques des huiles essentielles de quelques especes d'eucalyptus marocaines

15 huiles essentielles d'eucalyptus ont ete analysees par chromatographie en phase gazeuse et testees vis-a-vis de 9 souches bacteriennes. La composition et la proportion relative des composes des huiles essentielles analysees varient d'une espece a une autre. Les essais antimicrobiens ont permis de remarquer d'interessantes proprietes antimicrobiennes