Quality and Accountability of ChatGPT in Health Care in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Simulated Patient Study.

Using simulated patients to mimic 9 established noncommunicable and infectious diseases, we assessed ChatGPT's performance in treatment recommendations for common diseases in low- and middle-income countries. ChatGPT had a high level of accuracy in both correct diagnoses (20/27, 74%) and medication prescriptions (22/27, 82%) but a concerning level of unnecessary or harmful medications (23/27, 85%) even with correct diagnoses. ChatGPT performed better in managing noncommunicable diseases than infectious ones. These results highlight the need for cautious AI integration in health care systems to ensure quality and safety.

Screening of endophytic fungi from Cremastra appendiculata and their potential for plant growth promotion and biological control.

Biocontrol fungi are widely used to promote plant growth and pest control. Four fungi were isolated from Cremastra appendiculata tubers and screened for plant growth-promoting and antagonistic effects. Based on the morphological characterization and ITS, 18S rRNA and 28S rRNA gene sequencing analysis, the fungi were identified to be related to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (DJL-6), Trichoderma tomentosum (DJL-9), Colletotrichum godetiae (DJL-10) and Talaromyces amestolkiae (DJL-15). The growth inhibition tests showed that the four isolates had different inhibitory effects on Colletotrichum fructicola, Alternaria alternata and Alternaria longipes, among which DJL-9 showed the highest inhibitory activity. Their culture filtrates (especially that of DJL-15) can also inhibit pathogens. Four isolates were positive for the production of indole-3-acid (IAA) and ß-1,3-glucanase and possessed proteolytic activity but were negative for the production of iron siderophore complexes. The four fungi showed strong nitrogen fixation and potassium dissolution abilities. In addition to DJL-9 being able to solubilize phosphate, DJL-10 was able to produce chitinase and cellulase. Pot experiments indicated that the four fungi increased the germination rate of C. appendiculata and soybean seeds and increased soybean radicle growth and plant biomass. Among them, DJL-6 had a better growth-promoting effect. Therefore, we successfully screened the biocontrol potential of endophytes from C. appendiculata, with a focus on preventing fungal diseases and promoting plant growth, and selected strains that could provide nutrients and hormones for plant growth.

Buildup dynamics of a pulsating dissipative soliton in an all-normal-dispersion PM Yb-doped fiber laser with a NALM.

A pulsating soliton exists in various passively mode-locked fiber lasers. Versatile categories of pulsating solitons have been investigated in a steady regime. However, the formation dynamics of pulsating solitons have not been fully revealed. Herein, we experimentally captured both single pulsating soliton and two pulsating soliton formation processes in an all-normal-dispersion laser. With the help of the time-stretch dispersion Fourier transform technique, the real-time temporal and spectral evolutions of pulsating solitons, during the buildup process, were investigated. It is found that pulsation directly derives from the background noise. In addition, both types of pulsations experience several characteristic stages, including an unstable Q-switch, spectral shaping, broadening, oscillating, and narrowing, which might be induced by the transient non-balance between the gain and loss of the cavity. We anticipate that the work in this Letter can improve the understanding of pulsating behaviors and bring new insights into the dynamic phenomenon of nonlinear optical systems.