The global burden of lower respiratory infections attributable to respiratory syncytial virus in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.

AIMS: The purpose of this study is to investigate the global epidemiological characteristics of lower respiratory infections (LRI) burden attributable to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) from 1990 to 2019. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used the recent Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2019 to systematically evaluate the current burden and temporal trend of LRI burden attributable to RSV by global, age, sex, geographic location, and socio-economic status. RESULTS: Globally, the disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) cases of LRI attributable to RSV dropped from an estimated 39,964,488 [95% uncertainty interval (UI): 16,825, 572 to 68,800,553] in 1990 to 14,956,514 (95%UI: 6,271,751 to 25,910,753) in 2019 and estimated death cases droped from 541,172 (95%UI:226,614 to 958,596) to 338,495 (95%UI:126,555 to 667,109) from1990 to 2019. Similarly, age-standardized DALYs rate of LRI attributable to RSV decreased from an estimated 646.2 (95%UI: 276.9 to 1121.5) in 1990 to 218.3 (95%UI:92.1 to 376.8) in 2019 and estimated age-standardized deaths rate decreased from 10.3 (95%UI:4.1 to 18.5) to 4.8 (95%UI:1.8 to 9.3) between 1990 and 2019. In 2019, the highest age-standardized DALYs and death rates of LRI attributable to RSV were seen in the lower SDI regions, children and old people. From 1990 to 2019, age-standardized DALYs and death rates of LRI attributable to RSV decreased with increasing SDI. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we found that the LRI burden attributable to RSV decreased significantly from 1990 to 2019. However, the lower SDI regions, children and old people urgently require cost-effective interventions to prevent and reduce the LRI burden attributable to RSV.

[Pollution Characteristics and Source Analysis of Carbon and Nitrogen Components in Ambient PM2.5 in Huangshi City].

Based on stable isotope technology and a PMF model, the pollution characteristics and sources of carbon and nitrogen components in ambient PM2.5 in Huangshi City were explored. The results showed that the total carbon concentration[ρ(TC)] and the total carbon isotopic composition (δ13CTC) in ambient PM2.5 in Huangshi City both showed seasonal variation characteristics of being high in winter and low in summer, with values of (4.4±1.2) µg·m-3 and (-26.3±0.5)‰ in summer and (9.9±3.5) µg·m-3 and (-25.5±0.5)‰ in winter, respectively. The total nitrogen concentration[ρ(TN)]was significantly lower in summer[(9.1±9.1) µg·m-3]than that in winter[(62.4±26.4) µg·m-3], whereas the total nitrogen isotopic composition (δ15NTN) was obviously enriched in summer[(12.8±1.9)‰]compared with that in winter[(2.9±4.0)‰]. In addition to the contribution from local sources, the carbon and nitrogen components were mainly affected by the short-range regional emission in northern Hunan and the long-distance transport in the northwest. The MixSIAR model and the PMF model indicated that the vehicle emission source was the main source of carbon components in PM2.5, with contribution rates of 38.9% and 39.3%, respectively. MixSIAR results showed that NOx emission sources had a greater impact on nitrogen components in PM2.5 of different seasons than NH3 emission sources, and their contribution was higher in summer (80%) than that in winter (66.8%), among which the NOx emissions from coal combustion (summer:36.1%; winter:20.2%) had the largest contribution. By contrast, the PMF model indicated that the main source of nitrogen components was vehicle emissions (59.8%). Combining multiple models to overcome the uncertainty and subjectivity of single-model analysis can provide a theoretical basis for actively controlling and reducing fine particulate matter emissions and effectively dealing with urban aerosol pollution.

Association of uric acid levels with cardiac syndrome X: A meta-analysis.

Objective: The pathogenesis of elevated uric acid (UA) levels in patients with cardiac syndrome X (CSX) is unclear, and the results presented in recent papers on UA levels in patients with CSX are controversial. Therefore, we conducted a meta- analysis to assess the relationship between UA levels and CSX. Methods: Three databases, including the Web of Science, EMBASE and PubMed, were systematically searched until January 2022. Fixed-effect and random-effects models were used to analyze the relationship between UA levels and CSX. Subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis were also performed. Results: Six studies involving 406 CSX patients and 267 non-CSX were included. Our results showed a significant relationship between UA levels and CSX, with a pooled SMD of 0.68 (95% CI 0.37 to 1.00; p < 0.0001). We also found a close relationship between UA levels and CSX for patients ≥ 55 years old (SMD:0.70, 95% CI: 0.41 to 0.99, p < 0.00001), for patients < 55 years old (SMD: 0.68, 95% CI: 0.25 to 1.12, p =0 .002), for women ≥ 60% (SMD: 0.77, 95% CI: 0.33 to 1.14, p =0 .0004), for women < 60% (SMD: 0.61, 95% CI:0.23 to 0.98, p =0 .001), for BMI ≥ 28 Kg/m2 (SMD :0.61, 95% CI: 0.23 to 0.98, p =0 .001), for BMI < 28 Kg/m2 (SMD:0.75, 95% CI: 0.31 to 1.19, p =0 .0009), for publication years ≥ 2012 (SMD :0.69, 95% CI: 0.23 to 1.15, p = 0.003), for publication years < 2012 (SMD:0.73, 95% CI:0.41 to 1.05, p < 0.00001), and for Turkey (SMD:0.75, 95% CI:0.38 to 1.11, p <.0001). Sensitivity analysis showed that the pooled results remained consistent after removing any one study or converting the random-effects model to fixed-effects model. Conclusion: Our results indicated a strong association between high UA levels and CSX. However, more well-designed studies are needed to investigate whether early treatment of hyperuricemia can reduce the incidence of CSX.

[Effect of WESP on Emission Characteristics of Condensable Particulate Matter from Ultra-low Emission Coal-fired Power Plants].

In order to study the effect of wet electrostatic precipitators(WESP) on emission characteristics of condensable particulate matter (CPM) from ultra-low emission coal-fired power plants that are under different capacity conditions, a set of CPM sampling devices was built based on US EPA Method 202, and an ultra-low emission coal-fired power plant was detected. This study evaluated the emission level of the CPM from the flue gas of coal-fired power plants, the effects of different unit capacity conditions on the CPM emission concentrations, and the removal efficiency of WESP for different components of the CPM. The results suggested that the emission concentrations of the CPM from ultra-low emission power plants were 27.27 mg·m-3 and 28.71 mg·m-3under the conditions of 75% and 100% capacity, respectively. The removal efficiencies of WESP for the CPM were 35.59% and 27.59%, respectively. SO42- was the main component of water-soluble ions of the CPM. The proportion of SO42- in inorganic components of the CPM reached more than 65% under different capacity conditions. In addition, the removal efficiency of WESP for Cl-, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and other inorganic ions reached 30%-50%, but the mass concentrations of SO42- and NO3- increased.

Efforts to eliminate schistosomiasis in Hubei province, China: 2005-2018.

BACKGROUND: The Hubei province is one of the most schistosomiasis-epidemic-prone provinces in China. A series of strategies were adopted by the government to curb the rebound schistosomiasis endemic status that has prevailed since the early 2000s. This study aimed to elucidate the trends of schistosomiasis transmission and to appraise the effectiveness of the integrated control strategy in lake and marshland areas. METHODS: Surveillance data of schistosomiasis in the Hubei province between 2005 and 2018 were analyzed, including conventional health control measures, integrated strategies, and measures that focused on the infection source. According to the local annual plan for schistosomiasis control in endemic counties, previous measures were human and snail control and surveillance. Residents aged 6-65 years were screened by an immunological detection method called indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA) after the transmission season each year. All residents who tested positive were then asked to provide a fecal sample for examination by the miracidium hatching technique (MHT) to detect the presence of schistosomes. Moreover, systematic snail surveys were conducted as a part of the combined environmental sampling method. The latter included integrated strategies and measures that focused on the infection source. Bovine stool samples were also collected and concurrently assessed using the MHT by the agriculture department, river-hardening slope protection was constructed by the water conservancy department, and forestation promotion was conducted by the forest department. The effectiveness of the integrated control strategy was assessed using two indicators of resident and livestock infection rates and three indicators of snail epidemics across all endemic areas. RESULTS: From 2005 to 2018, a total of 28. 46 million and 2. 05 million residents were assessed by immunological (IHA) and etiological (MHT) detection techniques, respectively. Snail surveys and molluscicide application were performed in 2. 26 hectares and 0. 37 hectares, respectively. Moreover, 2. 60 million bovines were assessed by etiological detection techniques (MHT). The river-hardening slope protection project was implemented in 503 places, and 46 thousand hectares in endemic areas underwent environmental modification. Forestation was implemented at an area of 0. 15 million hectares. Between 2005 and 2018, the epidemic indicators, including resident and livestock infection rates and the infested areas and infection rate of snails, all presented downward trends. The resident infection rate decreased from 3. 78% in 2005 to 0% in 2016, which persisted through 2018. The livestock infection rate decreased from 5. 63% in 2005 to 0% in 2013, which also persisted through 2018. From 2005 to 2018, the snail-inhabited area was slightly reduced, but the area of infected snails decreased to 0 in 2012; this persisted through 2018. All counties met the goal for schistosomiasis infection control, transmission control, and disruption of schistosomiasis activity in 2008, 2013, and 2018 separately. That means the goal has been achieved in each stage. CONCLUSIONS: The decline of the schistosomiasis epidemic rate demonstrates that the Chinese government was successful in meeting its public health goal in Hubei province. In the next decade, precision interventions must be implemented in endemic counties with a relatively low epidemic status to achieve the goals of the Outline of the Healthy China 2030 Plan. A similar strategy can be applied in other countries to eliminate schistosomiasis globally.

Mutations in foregut SOX2 cells induce efficient proliferation via CXCR2 pathway

Identification of the precise molecular pathways involved in oncogene-induced transformation may help us gain a better understanding of tumor initiation and promotion. Here, we demonstrate that SOX2 foregut epithelial cells are prone to oncogenic transformation upon mutagenic insults, such as Kras and p53 deletion. GFP-based lineage-tracing experiments indicate that SOX2 cells are the cells-of-origin of esophagus and stomach hyperplasia. Our observations indicate distinct roles for oncogenic KRAS mutation and P53 deletion. p53 homozygous deletion is required for the acquisition of an invasive potential, and Kras expression, but not p53 deletion, suffices for tumor formation. Global gene expression analysis reveals secreting factors upregulated in the hyperplasia induced by oncogenic KRAS and highlights a crucial role for the CXCR2 pathway in driving hyperplasia. Collectively, the array of genetic models presented here demonstrate that stratified epithelial cells are susceptible to oncogenic insults, which may lead to a better understanding of tumor initiation and aid in the design of new cancer therapeutics.

[Epidemiologic features and space-time clustering analysis of human schistosomiasis in Hubei Province from 2015 to 2016].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the space-time patterns of schistosomiasis after the stage of transmission controlled in Hubei Province, so as to provide the reference for precise controlling. METHODS: The data of human schistosomiasis cases in Hubei Province from 2015 to 2016 and basic information of human schistosomiasis cases and serum antibody titer of human schistosomiasis cases in 2016 were collected and analyzed. The spatial clustering of human schistosomiasis was detected by the Flexible spatial scan statistics and Kulldorff circular scan statistic, respectively. RESULTS: Totally 64 819 serological positive cases from 51 counties and 1 504 stool hatching positive cases from 17 endemic counties were reported in Hubei Province in 2015, and 39 365 serological positive cases were reported from 48 counties in 2016. All of them were identified as the research objects. No stool hatching positive cases were reported from the routine work in the whole province in 2016. There were 1 603 cases of the highest antibody titer (1∶80 or more), with the proportion of 4.07%. According to the results of Kulldorff spatial clustering analysis, there were eight and six spatial clustering areas in the distribution of serological positive cases and stool hatching positive cases in 2015, respectively. The numbers of spatial clustering areas in the distribution of serological positive cases and the cases of the highest antibody titer (1∶80 or more) were eight and five in 2016, respectively. According to the results of Flexible spatial clustering analysis, there were three and two spatial clustering areas in the distribution of serological positive cases and stool hatching positive cases in 2015, respectively. The numbers of spatial clustering areas in the distribution of serological positive cases and the cases of highest antibody titer (1∶80 or more) were two and one in 2016, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The distribution of human schistosomiasis cases is not balanced, and there is spatial clustering in Hubei Province. So the key area for prevention and control is on the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in the future.

[Preparation of freeze - drying control materials of IgG antibody against Schistosoma japonicum for immunodetection kits].

OBJECTIVE: To prepare freeze-drying control materials of IgG antibody against Schistosoma japonicum for detection kits. METHODS: The serum samples of schistosomiasis patients from endemic areas and normal people without history of schistosome infection or contact with infested water in Hubei Province were collected. All the sera were detected by the method approved by China Food and Drug Administration and selected for preparation of quality control samples. RESULTS: Totally twelve positive quality control materials, ten negative quality control materials, and one sensitive and one precision quality control materials were screened. According to the positive serum level, the positive degrees of quality control materials were divided into strong, medium and weak levels. The stability could be valid for one year. CONCLUSIONS: The freeze-drying quality control materials of IgG antibody against S. japonicum for detection kits are prepared. They are easy to use and have good stability, and therefore, they may meet the requirement of quality control for the detection of schistosomiasis diagnostics kits.

Epidemiologic features and space-time clustering analysis of human schistosomiasis in Hubei Province from 2015 to 2016 / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

To investigate the space-time patterns of schistosomiasis after the stage of transmission controlled in Hubei Province, so as to provide the reference for precise controlling.The data of human schistosomiasis cases in Hubei Province from 2015 to 2016 and basic information of human schistosomiasis cases and serum antibody titer of human schistosomiasis cases in 2016 were collected and analyzed. The spatial clustering of human schistosomiasis was detected by the Flexible spatial scan statistics and Kulldorff circular scan statistic, respectively.Totally 64 819 serological positive cases from 51 counties and 1 504 stool hatching positive cases from 17 endemic counties were reported in Hubei Province in 2015, and 39 365 serological positive cases were reported from 48 counties in 2016. All of them were identified as the research objects. No stool hatching positive cases were reported from the routine work in the whole province in 2016. There were 1 603 cases of the highest antibody titer (1∶80 or more), with the proportion of 4.07%. According to the results of Kulldorff spatial clustering analysis, there were eight and six spatial clustering areas in the distribution of serological positive cases and stool hatching positive cases in 2015, respectively. The numbers of spatial clustering areas in the distribution of serological positive cases and the cases of the highest antibody titer (1∶80 or more) were eight and five in 2016, respectively. According to the results of Flexible spatial clustering analysis, there were three and two spatial clustering areas in the distribution of serological positive cases and stool hatching positive cases in 2015, respectively. The numbers of spatial clustering areas in the distribution of serological positive cases and the cases of highest antibody titer (1∶80 or more) were two and one in 2016, respectively.The distribution of human schistosomiasis cases is not balanced, and there is spatial clustering in Hubei Province. So the key area for prevention and control is on the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in the future.

Preparation of freeze-drying control materials of IgG antibody against Schistosoma japonicum for immunodetection kits / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To prepare freeze-drying control materials of IgG antibody against Schistosoma japonicum for detec-tion kits. Methods The serum samples of schistosomiasis patients from endemic areas and normal people without history of schistosome infection or contact with infested water in Hubei Province were collected.All the sera were detected by the method approved by China Food and Drug Administration and selected for preparation of quality control samples. Results Totally twelve positive quality control materials,ten negative quality control materials,and one sensitive and one precision quality con-trol materials were screened.According to the positive serum level,the positive degrees of quality control materials were divided into strong,medium and weak levels.The stability could be valid for one year.Conclusions The freeze-drying quality control materials of IgG antibody against S.japonicum for detection kits are prepared.They are easy to use and have good stability,and therefore,they may meet the requirement of quality control for the detection of schistosomiasis diagnostics kits.

Correlation of visfatin and endothelin with subclinical hypothyroidism in patients with cerebral infarction / 医学研究生学报

Objective Few studies are reported on the relationship of subclinical hypothyroidism ( SCHT ) with visfatin and endothelin .This study aimed to investigate their relationship in patients with cerebral infarction . Methods A total of 200 cerebral in-farction patients treated in The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University from January 2011 to July 2017 were divided in-to a control ( with normal thyroid function , n=40 ) , a mild SCHT ( with thyroid-stimulating hormone TSH <10 mIU/L, normal free triiodothyronine FT3 and normal free thyroxine FT4, n=60), a se-vere SCHT (with TSH≥10 mIU/L, normal FT3 and normal FT4, n=60) , and a clinical hypothyroidism ( CHT ) group ( with TSH ≥4 mIU/L, decreased FT3 and decreased FT4, n=40).The mild SCHT patients were subdivided into medication group A and non-medication group A, and the severe SCHT patients into medication group B and non-medication group B, 30 in each group, those in the medica-tion groups A and B treated by routine therapy plus oral levothyrocine , and those in the non-medication groups A and B by routine ther-apy only.We recorded the age, gender, body mass index, blood pressure, blood glucose, blood lipid, and thyroid function of the pa-tients, and compared the levels of visfatin and endothelin among different groups . Results The level of visfatin was significantly ele-vated in the severe SCHT and CHT groups as compared with the controls ([46.3±10.1] and [49.5±13.6] vs [40.2±9.7] ng/mL, P<0.05), and so was it in medication group B as compared with non-medication group B at 6 months after treatment ([42.9±6.4] vs [39.3±5.5] ng/mL, P<0.05). Conclusion Visfatin is closely related with thyroid hormone in cerebral infarction patients with se -vere subclinical hypothyroidism .Examination of thyroid function is necessary for cerebral infarction patients for the sake of early detec -tion of severe subclinical hypothyroidism and timely intervention .

Correlation of visfatin and endothelin with subclinical hypothyroidism in patients with cerebral infarction / 医学研究生学报

Objective Few studies are reported on the relationship of subclinical hypothyroidism ( SCHT ) with visfatin and endothelin .This study aimed to investigate their relationship in patients with cerebral infarction . Methods A total of 200 cerebral in-farction patients treated in The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University from January 2011 to July 2017 were divided in-to a control ( with normal thyroid function , n=40 ) , a mild SCHT ( with thyroid-stimulating hormone TSH <10 mIU/L, normal free triiodothyronine FT3 and normal free thyroxine FT4, n=60), a se-vere SCHT (with TSH≥10 mIU/L, normal FT3 and normal FT4, n=60) , and a clinical hypothyroidism ( CHT ) group ( with TSH ≥4 mIU/L, decreased FT3 and decreased FT4, n=40).The mild SCHT patients were subdivided into medication group A and non-medication group A, and the severe SCHT patients into medication group B and non-medication group B, 30 in each group, those in the medica-tion groups A and B treated by routine therapy plus oral levothyrocine , and those in the non-medication groups A and B by routine ther-apy only.We recorded the age, gender, body mass index, blood pressure, blood glucose, blood lipid, and thyroid function of the pa-tients, and compared the levels of visfatin and endothelin among different groups . Results The level of visfatin was significantly ele-vated in the severe SCHT and CHT groups as compared with the controls ([46.3±10.1] and [49.5±13.6] vs [40.2±9.7] ng/mL, P<0.05), and so was it in medication group B as compared with non-medication group B at 6 months after treatment ([42.9±6.4] vs [39.3±5.5] ng/mL, P<0.05). Conclusion Visfatin is closely related with thyroid hormone in cerebral infarction patients with se -vere subclinical hypothyroidism .Examination of thyroid function is necessary for cerebral infarction patients for the sake of early detec -tion of severe subclinical hypothyroidism and timely intervention .

A 3D CFD Simulation and Analysis of Flow-Induced Forces on Polymer Piezoelectric Sensors in a Chinese Liquors Identification E-Nose.

Chinese liquors can be classified according to their flavor types. Accurate identification of Chinese liquor flavors is not always possible through professional sommeliers' subjective assessment. A novel polymer piezoelectric sensor electric nose (e-nose) can be applied to distinguish Chinese liquors because of its excellent ability in imitating human senses by using sensor arrays and pattern recognition systems. The sensor, based on the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) principle is comprised of a quartz piezoelectric crystal plate sandwiched between two specific gas-sensitive polymer coatings. Chinese liquors are identified by obtaining the resonance frequency value changes of each sensor using the e-nose. However, the QCM principle failed to completely account for a particular phenomenon: we found that the resonance frequency values fluctuated in the stable state. For better understanding the phenomenon, a 3D Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation using the finite volume method is employed to study the influence of the flow-induced forces to the resonance frequency fluctuation of each sensor in the sensor box. A dedicated procedure was developed for modeling the flow of volatile gas from Chinese liquors in a realistic scenario to give reasonably good results with fair accuracy. The flow-induced forces on the sensors are displayed from the perspective of their spatial-temporal and probability density distributions. To evaluate the influence of the fluctuation of the flow-induced forces on each sensor and ensure the serviceability of the e-nose, the standard deviation of resonance frequency value (SDF) and the standard deviation of resultant forces (SDFy) in y-direction (Fy) are compared. Results show that the fluctuations of Fy are bound up with the resonance frequency values fluctuations. To ensure that the sensor's resonance frequency values are steady and only fluctuate slightly, in order to improve the identification accuracy of Chinese liquors using the e-nose, the sensors in the sensor box should be in the proper place, i.e., where the fluctuations of the flow-induced forces is relatively small. This plays a significant reference role in determining the optimum design of the e-nose for accurately identifying Chinese liquors.

A spatial analysis of human Schistosoma japonicum infections in Hubei, China, during 2009-2014.

BACKGROUND: The province of Hubei is located in the middle of China, near the middle and lower reaches of the River Yangtze, and is an area where schistosomiasis is endemic. It is challenging to control this disease in this environment, and it would be useful to identify clusters of infection and transmission, as well as their distributions during recent years. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the spatial distribution of schistosomiasis in Hubei, in order to facilitate the effective control and elimination of this disease. METHODS: We collected schistosomiasis surveillance data from all endemic counties in Hubei during 2009-2014. A geographical information system (ArcGIS, version 10.1) was used to link the counties' geographical data with the epidemiological data, and the spatial scanning method (FleXScan v3.1.2) was used to identify spatial clusters of human infections with Schistosoma japonicum. RESULTS: In Hubei, patients who exhibited stool test results that were positive for S. japonicum accounted for > 50 % of all cases in China during 2009-2014. However, each endemic county in Hubei exhibited a declining trend in the number of human S. japonicum infections during the study period. The ArcGIS analyses revealed that the middle reaches of the River Yangtze were highly endemic for S. japonicum infections. Spatial scan analyses revealed the following infection clusters: two clusters in ten counties during 2009, two clusters in nine counties during 2010, three clusters in 12 counties during 2011, two clusters in 12 counties during both 2012 and 2013 and two clusters in ten counties during 2014. Most of the cluster regions were located in the lake and marshland regions along the basins of the River Yangtze. CONCLUSION: We successfully identified schistosomiasis clusters at the county level in Hubei during 2009-2014, and our results revealed that the clusters were typically located in lake and marshland regions. These data may be useful for controlling and eliminating schistosomiasis in other high-risk areas.

[Competition Results of Parasitic Disease Control Techniques among Technician in Hubei Province in 2015].

Objective: Objective To understand the qualification of technicians in parasitic disease control in Hubei Province by analyzing the rusults of technique competition in 2015. Methods: Provincial competitions on basic knowledge and on skills were conducted among 68 technicians in 17 cities （prefectures） in May 2015. The results were collected and analyzed with SPSS18.0 software. Scores were descriptively analyzed, and group comparisons were made by t-test and ANOVA. Results: The average score of the 68 competitors was 77.6, with a passing rate of 76.5%. In detail, the average scores of blood slide-making, Plasmodium detection, Kato-Katz slide-making and helminth egg detection were 9.3（passing rate, 98.5%）, 14.2 （32.4%）, 8.6 （98.53%） and 22.6 （27.9%） respectively. The average scores on theoretical knowledge and blood slide-making of female competitors were （84.5±17.3） and （9.4±0.4）, respectively, significantly higher than those of the males （70.7±21.1, 9.1±0.9 respectively） （P<0.05）. The scores of Plasmodium microscopy and egg microscopy were higher in competitors from counties［（16.3±8.0）, （25.8±12.0）］ than in those from cities/prefectures ［（12.5±6.5）, （20.0±10.8）］ （P<0.05）. In addition, the average scores on theoretical knowledge and egg dection were higher in competitors from districts with schistosomiasis control task ［（84.4±18.4）, （25.4±11.0）］ than in those from areas without schistosomiasis control task［（61.1±14.7）, （16.0±10.8）］（P<0.05）. There were no statistically significant differences in scores of various items among competitors of different ages and with professional ranks (P>0.05). Conclusion: There is a good overall performance among the professionals but an imbalance in detecting capability in different areas. The microscopic examination skill also needs to be improved.

[Establishment of surveillance and forecast platform of schistosomiasis in key water regions in Hubei Province].

OBJECTIVE: To establish an expression platform of surveillance and forecast for schistosomiasis in key water regions of Hubei Province. METHODS: The platform of surveillance and forecast for schistosomiasis was established based on Google Earth, GIS Office software, network albums and network video stations. The results of the field surveillance and laboratory testing, and figures and videos were inputted into the established platform, and an information management file was set up to express the information of forecasting. RESULTS: The operation and expression platform based on Google Earth in key water regions of Hubei Province was successfully established. It was able to provide the forecasting data timely, to achieve off-site and real-time query and sharing. CONCLUSIONS: The platform based on Google Earth has preferable prospective on field application in Hubei Province.

[Construction and operation status of management system of laboratories of schistosomiasis control institutions in Hubei Province].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the construction and operation status of management system of laboratories of schistosomiasis control institutions in Hubei Province, so as to provide the reference for the standardized detection and management of schistosomiasis laboratories. METHODS: According to the laboratory standard of schistosomiasis at provincial, municipal and county levels, the management system construction and operation status of 60 schistosomiasis control institutions was assessed by the acceptance examination method from 2013 to 2015. RESULTS: The management system was already occupied over all the laboratories of schistosomiasis control institutions and was officially running. There were 588 non-conformities and the inconsistency rate was 19.60%. The non-conformity rate of the management system of laboratory quality control was 38.10% (224 cases) and the non-conformity rate of requirements of instrument and equipment was 23.81% (140 cases). CONCLUSIONS: The management system has played an important role in the standardized management of schistosomiasis laboratories.

[Effect of wild feces detection in Oncomelania hupensis environments on surveillance of infection source of schistosomiasis].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of wild feces detection in Oncomelania hupensis environments on the surveillance of infection source of schistosomiasis, and find the weakness in schistosomiasis control in Hubei Province, so as to put forward the targeted strategies and measures. METHODS: Four environments with O. hupensis snails in endemic areas of Hubei Provinces, where human and livestock often haunted, were selected according to the river systems, namely the Juzhanghe River beach in Jingzhou City, Changjiang River beach in Jiayu County, Hanbei River beach in Tianmen City, and Changshou River beach in Zhongxiang City, then the snail survey and wild feces detection were implemented in the selected environments. RESULTS: There were O. hupensis snails, livestock, wild feces of cattle or sheep as well as positive cattle feces found in all the 4 environments, and the positive rate of schistosome miracidium incubation was 47.62%. CONCLUSIONS: The schistosome miracidium positive rate of wild feces of cattle is high in the environments with snails in endemic areas of Hubei Province, which has high risk for schistosomiasis transmission.

[Surveillance of endemic situation of schistosomiasis in a national surveillance site in Honghu City from 2005 to 2013].

OBJECTIVE: To understand the dynamics of schistosomiasis japonica in a national surveillance site in Honghu City, Hubei Province, China, so as to provide the evidence for formulating the intervention strategy of schistosomiasis control in the whole city. METHODS: The surveillance was performed in the surveillance village according to The National Surveillance Scheme of Schistosomiasis Japonica, and the results were analyzed statistically from 2005 to 2013. RESULTS: The schistosome infection rates in residents and cattle decreased from 1.76% and 20.93% in 2005 to 0 in 2013, respectively. The density of living Oncomelania snails decreased from 4.20/0.1m2 to 0.17/0.1m2, respectively. No infected snails were found during the period of 9 years in succession. The total area of snail control with molluscicidal drugs was 68.38 hm2 in the monitoring sites during the period of 9 years, and the expanded chemotherapy was performed for 634 person-times. Sixteen (person-time) advanced schistosomiasis patients received the treatment and salvation. The health education was carried out in 3 836 (person-times) students. Totally 5 685 leaflets of health education were distributed, and 17 bulletin boards of health education were performed. Five warning boards were set up at the environments with snails. CONCLUSIONS: The transmission of schistosomiasis in the surveillance site in Honghu City shows a gradually decreasing trend year by year. However, the surveillance and control of snails still should be strengthened.

[Effect of standardized construction of laboratories of schistosomiasis control institutions in Hubei Province in 2013].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect and current situation of the standardized construction of laboratories of schis- tosomiasis control institutions in Hubei Province, so as to provide the evidence for establishing and improving the quality control system of diagnosis of schistosomiasis after the transmission of schistosomiasis was under control. METHODS: According to the procedures of self-examination, field operation, and laboratory on-site, five laboratories were assessed, and all the results were analyzed comparatively. RESULTS: The average number of staffs were (7.00±1.58) persons, and the staffs of the laboratories of the schistosomiasis control institutions with senior professional titles in the city level were more than that in the county level (t = 5.563, P < 0.05). The average space was (3.20±1.64) rooms, and the average area was (117.00±88.29) m2. The average score of field operation was (96.40±4.49) points. The average score of laboratory on-site assessment was (106.6±6.15) points. The highest and lowest of the laboratory on-site assessment scores were environment and facilities (19.60 ± 0.55) points and management system of laboratory quality control (15.70±2.39) points (F = 2.869, P < 0.05), respectively. CONCLUSION: The cultivation of laboratory staff should be strengthened, and the diagnostic capacity should be maintained and improved. The laboratory quality control system should be paid more attention to, and the construction and management of schistosomiasis laboratories should be standardized.