Risk factors, survival, and impact of prophylaxis length in cytomegalovirus-seropositive lung transplant recipients: A prospective, observational, multicenter study.

BACKGROUND: The optimal length of cytomegalovirus (CMV) prophylaxis in lung transplantation according to CMV serostatus is not well established. METHODS: We have performed a prospective, observational, multicenter study to determine the incidence of CMV infection and disease in 92 CMV-seropositive lung transplant recipients (LTR), their related outcomes and risk factors, and the impact of prophylaxis length. RESULTS: At 18 months post transplantation, 37 patients (40%) developed CMV infection (23 [25%]) or disease (14 [15.2%]). Overall mortality was higher in patients with CMV disease (64.3% vs 10.2%; P<.001), but only one patient died from CMV disease. In the multivariate analysis, CMV disease was an independent death risk factor (odds ratio [OR] 18.214, 95% confidence interval [CI] 4.120-80.527; P<.001). CMV disease incidence was higher in patients with 90-day prophylaxis than in those with 180-day prophylaxis (31.3% vs 11.8%; P=.049). Prophylaxis length was an independent risk factor for CMV disease (OR 4.974, 95% CI 1.231-20.094; P=.024). Sixteen patients withdrew from prophylaxis because of adverse events. CONCLUSION: CMV infection and disease in CMV-seropositive LTR remain frequent despite current prophylaxis. CMV disease increases mortality, whereas 180-day prophylaxis reduces the incidence of CMV disease.

Isolated pulmonary vasculitis: case report and literature review.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Single-organ vasculitis has been reported to affect the skin, kidneys, central nervous system, peripheral nerves, genitourinary tract, calf muscles, aorta, coronary arteries, retina, or gastrointestinal tract. However, isolated pulmonary vasculitis is a very rare entity. Our aims were to describe a case of localized pulmonary vasculitis affecting medium-sized vessels and review the literature. METHODS: A patient with localized pulmonary vasculitis affecting medium-sized vessels that presented as pulmonary arterial hypertension is described. A MEDLINE database search of cases with localized pulmonary vasculitis was also conducted. RESULTS: A 30-year-old man presented with pulmonary hypertension due to isolated pulmonary medium-sized vessel vasculitis that was confirmed histologically. Initially he responded to corticosteroids and vasodilator treatment, but therapy eventually lost efficacy. Treatment with rituximab was not effective, and as the clinical situation worsened, lung transplant was performed. Isolated large pulmonary vessel disease, often related to Takayasu disease or giant cell arteritis, may present as pulmonary artery hypertension, thus mimicking chronic thromboembolic disease. Medium- and small-vessel pulmonary vasculitis usually develops in the context of a systemic disease. Some cases of isolated small-vessel vasculitis have been reported presenting as diffuse alveolar hemorrhage. In contrast, our case developed pulmonary artery hypertension secondary to medium-sized vessels vasculitis. To our knowledge, this is the first case of lung transplantation in isolated pulmonary vasculitis. CONCLUSIONS: Pulmonary isolated vasculitis is a rare cause of pulmonary hypertension but it must be taken into consideration after more common disorders are excluded.

Increased numbers of circulating CD8 effector memory T cells before transplantation enhance the risk of acute rejection in lung transplant recipients.

The effector and regulatory T cell subpopulations involved in the development of acute rejection episodes in lung transplantation remain to be elucidated. Twenty-seven lung transplant candidates were prospectively monitored before transplantation and within the first year post-transplantation. Regulatory, Th17, memory and naïve T cells were measured in peripheral blood of lung transplant recipients by flow cytometry. No association of acute rejection with number of peripheral regulatory T cells and Th17 cells was found. However, effector memory subsets in acute rejection patients were increased during the first two months post-transplant. Interestingly, patients waiting for lung transplant with levels of CD8(+) effector memory T cells over 185 cells/mm(3) had a significant increased risk of rejection [OR: 5.62 (95% CI: 1.08-29.37), p=0.04]. In multivariate analysis adjusted for age and gender the odds ratio for rejection was: OR: 5.89 (95% CI: 1.08-32.24), p=0.04. These data suggest a correlation between acute rejection and effector memory T cells in lung transplant recipients. The measurement of peripheral blood CD8(+) effector memory T cells prior to lung transplant may define patients at high risk of acute lung rejection.

Registro Español de Trasplante Pulmonar: primer informe de resultados (2006-2010) / The Spanish Lung Transplant Registry: First Report of Results (2006-2010)

El Registro Español de Trasplante Pulmonar (RETP) inició su actividad en 2006, participando en él todos los equipos de trasplante pulmonar (TP) con un programa activo en España. Este informe presenta por primera vez de forma global la descripción y resultados de los pacientes trasplantados de pulmón en España entre los años 2006 y 2010. La actividad de TP ha ido en progresivo aumento, trasplantándose en este periodo 951 adultos y 31 niños. La media de edad del receptor fue de 48,2 años, siendo 41,7 años en el donante pulmonar. En el TP adulto, la causa más frecuente de trasplante fue el enfisema/EPOC, seguido de la fibrosis pulmonar idiopática, representando ambas más del 60% del total de las indicaciones. La probabilidad de supervivencia tras el TP adulto a uno y 3 años es del 72 y del 60%, respectivamente, si bien en los pacientes que sobreviven al tercer mes postrasplante estas supervivencias son del 89,7 y del 75,2%. Los factores que más claramente inciden en la supervivencia del paciente son la edad del receptor y el diagnóstico que indicó el trasplante. En los trasplantes pediátricos, la fibrosis quística es la principal causa de trasplante (68%), y la supervivencia al año es del 80, y del 70% a los 3 años. Tanto en el trasplante adulto como en el pediátrico, la causa más frecuente de fallecimiento es la infección. Estos datos confirman la consolidación del TP en España como una opción terapéutica para la enfermedad respiratoria crónica avanzada, tanto en niños como en adultos(AU)

The Spanish Lung Transplant Registry (SLTR) began its activities in 2006 with the participation of all the lung transplantation (LT) groups with active programs in Spain. This report presents for the first time an overall description and results of the patients who received lung transplants in Spain from 2006 to 2010. LT activity has grown progressively, and in this time period 951 adults and 31 children underwent lung transplantation. The mean age of the recipients was 48.2, while the mean age among the lung donors was 41.7. In adult LT, the most frequent cause for lung transplantation was emphysema/COPD, followed by idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, both representing more than 60% the total number of indications. The probability for survival after adult LT to one and three years was 72% and 60%, respectively, although in patients who survived until the third month post-transplantation, these survival rates reached 89.7% and 75.2%. The factors that most clearly influenced patient survival were the age of the recipient and the diagnosis that indicated the transplantation. Among the pediatric transplantations, cystic fibrosis was the main cause for transplantation (68%), with a one-year survival of 80% and a three-year survival of 70%. In adult as well as pediatric transplantations, the most frequent cause of death was infection. These data confirm the consolidated situation of LT in Spain as a therapeutic option for advanced chronic respiratory disease, both in children as well as in adults(AU)

Prophylaxis with nebulized liposomal amphotericin B for Aspergillus infection in lung transplant patients does not cause changes in the lipid content of pulmonary surfactant.

BACKGROUND: Prophylaxis with inhaled liposomal amphotericin B has proven to be safe and effective for preventing infection due to Aspergillus spp in lung transplant recipients. However, the liposome contains a large quantity of phospholipids, and inhalation of these substances could potentially change the composition of pulmonary surfactant. The aim of this study was to determine the lipid composition of pulmonary surfactant in patients receiving inhaled liposomal amphotericin B prophylaxis. METHODS: A prospective, open, controlled multicenter study was conducted in 2 groups: 19 lung transplant recipients who received regular prophylaxis with inhaled amphotericin B (study group) and 19 recipients who did not receive inhaled prophylaxis (control group). From both groups, 15 ml of the third aliquot of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was obtained and phospholipid content determined in the active fraction of surfactant (large aggregates) and in the inactive fraction (small aggregates). Large aggregate cholesterol content was also determined. RESULTS: Patient demographic data and characteristics were similar in the 2 groups. No between-group differences in median phospholipid content were found for large aggregates (study group, 0.4 [range, 0.18-1.9] µmol vs controls, 0.36 [range 2.15-0.12] µmol; p = 0.69) or small aggregates (study group, 0.23 [range, 0.1-0.58] µmol vs controls, 0.29 [range, 0.18-0.65] µmol; p = 0.33). The small aggregate-to-large aggregate phospholipid ratio, commonly used as a marker of alveolar injury, showed no differences between the groups (study group, 0.56 vs controls, 0.69; p = 0.28). Nor were there differences in the cholesterol content of large aggregates (study group, 0.04 µmol [range 0.01-0.1] vs controls, 0.04 µmol [range 0.02-0.27); p = 0.13). CONCLUSIONS: These results seem to indicate that prophylaxis with nebulized liposomal amphotericin B does not cause changes in the lipid content of pulmonary surfactant.

The Spanish Lung Transplant Registry: first report of results (2006-2010).

The Spanish Lung Transplant Registry (SLTR) began its activities in 2006 with the participation of all the lung transplantation (LT) groups with active programs in Spain. This report presents for the first time an overall description and results of the patients who received lung transplants in Spain from 2006 to 2010. LT activity has grown progressively, and in this time period 951 adults and 31 children underwent lung transplantation. The mean age of the recipients was 48.2, while the mean age among the lung donors was 41.7. In adult LT, the most frequent cause for lung transplantation was emphysema/COPD, followed by idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, both representing more than 60% the total number of indications. The probability for survival after adult LT to one and three years was 72% and 60%, respectively, although in patients who survived until the third month post-transplantation, these survival rates reached 89.7% and 75.2%. The factors that most clearly influenced patient survival were the age of the recipient and the diagnosis that indicated the transplantation. Among the pediatric transplantations, cystic fibrosis was the main cause for transplantation (68%), with a one-year survival of 80% and a three-year survival of 70%. In adult as well as pediatric transplantations, the most frequent cause of death was infection. These data confirm the consolidated situation of LT in Spain as a therapeutic option for advanced chronic respiratory disease, both in children as well as in adults.

Anticoncepción, embarazo y enfermedades respiratorias minoritarias / Contraception, Pregnancy and Rare Respiratory Diseases

El 3% de las enfermedades raras son neumopatías. Las mejoras en la supervivencia y en la calidad de vida hacen que las pacientes con enfermedades respiratorias minoritarias deseen planificar su vida reproductiva. Esta revisión intenta presentar la experiencia acumulada en el campo de la salud reproductiva en estas mujeres. En diversas enfermedades respiratorias minoritarias se ha identificado una base genética. La combinación del diagnóstico genético preimplantacional, la reproducción asistida y las técnicas de biología molecular permite realizar el estudio genético de los embriones, antes de ser transferidos al útero; por tanto, puede evitarse el riesgo de transmitir una determinada enfermedad o alteración cromosómica en las parejas de elevado riesgo y se puede, también, realizar un diagnóstico prenatal mediante biopsia corial o amniocentesis. Como norma general, debemos personalizar el método anticonceptivo evaluando el estado general de la mujer y las posibilidades de embarazo, complicaciones y la posibilidad futura de trasplante pulmonar. En la linfangioleiomiomatosis y la hipertensión pulmonar primaria el embarazo se considera contraindicado. En la primera existe un riesgo muy elevado de neumotórax y de pérdida de función pulmonar. En la segunda, la mortalidad alcanza el 33%. En fibrosis quística se estima que cada año un 4% de las pacientes se quedan embarazadas y no se observa un deterioro de la función pulmonar. Existen circunstancias especiales en el parto a tener en cuenta y riesgos anestésicos específicos. La presente revisión sugiere que tanto la decisión sobre la anticoncepción como la contraindicación de un embarazo o las condiciones de su seguimiento deben ser individualizadas y multidisciplinares(AU)

Three percent of rare diseases are pneumopathies. Improvements in survival and quality of life have led to a new situation where patients with rare respiratory diseases want to plan their reproductive lives. The intention of this review is to present the experience accumulated in the field of the reproductive health of these women. In several rare respiratory diseases, a genetic base has been identified. The combination of preimplantation genetic diagnosis, assisted reproduction and molecular biology techniques enable embryos to be studied genetically before being transplanted into the uterus. Therefore, the risk for transmitting a certain disease or chromosome alteration may be avoided in high-risk couples, and prenatal diagnoses may be done by chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis. As a general rule, contraceptive methods should be personalized by evaluating the general state of female patients as well as their possibilities for pregnancy, complications and the future possibility of lung transplantation. In lymphangioleiomyomatosis and primary pulmonary hypertension, pregnancy is considered a contraindication. In the former, there is a very high risk for pneumothorax and loss of lung function. In the latter, mortality reaches 33%. In cystic fibrosis, it is estimated that each year 4% of patients become pregnant and there is no observed loss in lung function. There are special circumstances in childbirth that should be considered as well as specific anesthesia risks. The present review suggests that the decision about contraceptive methods, pregnancy as a contraindication or conditions for managing a pregnancy should be both individualized and multidisciplinary(AU)

Maternidad y trasplante pulmonar: experiencia española / Maternity and Lung Transplantation: Cases in Spain

Se han notificado 18 trasplantadas de pulmón que han tenido hijos. Las complicaciones detectadas son: hipertensión arterial (50%), diabetes mellitus (21%), preeclampsia (13%), infecciones (21%), rechazo (30%), pérdida de función del injerto (23%) y menor porcentaje de nacidos vivos que en portadoras de otros órganos trasplantados. Otros aspectos a tener en cuenta son: potencial riesgo de alteraciones fetales dado que los fármacos empleados como profilaxis del rechazo atraviesan la barrera placentaria; así como mayor riesgo de infección y alteraciones de lo niveles de fármacos por los cambios en el metabolismo propios del embarazo y el puerperio. Se describen los 2 casos en España de mujeres trasplantadas de pulmón que han tenido hijos tras el trasplante. Aunque el embarazo pueda tener una evolución similar a las que experimentan personas no trasplantadas, se debe recomendar evitarlo y la mujer debe conocer el elevado riesgo de morbimortalidad fetal y materna existente(AU)

We contacted and analyzed the data of 18 lung transplant recipients who had had children. The complications we detected included: hypertension (50%), diabetes mellitus (21%), preeclampsia (13%), infection (21%), rejection (30%), loss of graft function (23%) and a lower percentage of live births than in transplant recipients of other organs. Other aspects to keep in mind are: the potential risk for fetal alterations (caused by drugs used as prophylaxis against rejection crossing the placental barrier); greater risk for infection and alterations in drug levels due to changes in metabolism typical of pregnancy and postpartum period. We describe the two cases in Spain of female lung transplant recipients who have had children after transplantation. Although pregnancy in these cases can have a similar evolution as in non-transplanted women, doctors should recommend their transplanted patients to avoid becoming pregnant, while explaining the high risk of both fetal and maternal morbidity and mortality after transplantation(AU)

Maternity and lung transplantation: cases in Spain.

We contacted and analyzed the data of 18 lung transplant recipients who had had children. The complications we detected included: hypertension (50%), diabetes mellitus (21%), preeclampsia (13%), infection (21%), rejection (30%), loss of graft function (23%) and a lower percentage of live births than in transplant recipients of other organs. Other aspects to keep in mind are: the potential risk for fetal alterations (caused by drugs used as prophylaxis against rejection crossing the placental barrier); greater risk for infection and alterations in drug levels due to changes in metabolism typical of pregnancy and postpartum period. We describe the two cases in Spain of female lung transplant recipients who have had children after transplantation. Although pregnancy in these cases can have a similar evolution as in non-transplanted women, doctors should recommend their transplanted patients to avoid becoming pregnant, while explaining the high risk of both fetal and maternal morbidity and mortality after transplantation.

Contraception, pregnancy and rare respiratory diseases.

Three percent of rare diseases are pneumopathies. Improvements in survival and quality of life have led to a new situation where patients with rare respiratory diseases want to plan their reproductive lives. The intention of this review is to present the experience accumulated in the field of the reproductive health of these women. In several rare respiratory diseases, a genetic base has been identified. The combination of preimplantation genetic diagnosis, assisted reproduction and molecular biology techniques enable embryos to be studied genetically before being transplanted into the uterus. Therefore, the risk for transmitting a certain disease or chromosome alteration may be avoided in high-risk couples, and prenatal diagnoses may be done by chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis. As a general rule, contraceptive methods should be personalized by evaluating the general state of female patients as well as their possibilities for pregnancy, complications and the future possibility of lung transplantation. In lymphangioleiomyomatosis and primary pulmonary hypertension, pregnancy is considered a contraindication. In the former, there is a very high risk for pneumothorax and loss of lung function. In the latter, mortality reaches 33%. In cystic fibrosis, it is estimated that each year 4% of patients become pregnant and there is no observed loss in lung function. There are special circumstances in childbirth that should be considered as well as specific anesthesia risks. The present review suggests that the decision about contraceptive methods, pregnancy as a contraindication or conditions for managing a pregnancy should be both individualized and multidisciplinary.

Recomendaciones GESITRA-SEIMC/REIPI para el manejo de la infección por citomegalovirus en pacientes trasplantados de órgano sólido / GESITRA-SEIMC/REIPI recommendations for the management of cytomegalovirus infection in solid-organ transplant patients

La infección por citomegalovirus (CMV) constituye una complicación importante en los pacientes sometidos a trasplante de órgano sólido (TOS). En el año 2005 el Grupo de Estudio de Infección en el Trasplante (GESITRA) de la Sociedad Española de Microbiología Clínica y Enfermedades Infecciosas (SEIMC) elaboró un documento de consenso para la profilaxis y el tratamiento de la infección por CMV en pacientes sometidos a TOS. Desde entonces han sido numerosas las publicaciones que o bien han aclarado, o bien han planteado nuevas dudas respecto a los aspectos tratados en el anterior documento. Entre estos aspectos se encuentran las situaciones y poblaciones que deben recibir profilaxis y su duración, la elección de la mejor técnica para el diagnóstico y monitorización y la elección de la mejor estrategia terapéutica. Todo ello justifica la necesidad de elaborar un nuevo documento de consenso que incluya las últimas recomendaciones en el manejo de la infección por CMV post-trasplante en base a las nuevas evidencias disponibles (AU)

Abstract Cytomegalovirus infection remains a major complication of solid organ transplantation. In 2005 the Spanish Transplantation Infection Study Group (GESITRA) of the Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (SEIMC) developed consensus guidelines for the prevention and treatment of CMV infection in solid organ transplant recipients. Since then, numerous publications have clarified or questioned the aspects covered in the previous document. These aspects include the situations and populations who must receive prophylaxis and its duration, the selection of the best diagnosis and monitoring technique and the best therapeutic strategy. For these reasons, we have developed new consensus guidelines to include the latest recommendations on post-transplant CMV management based on new evidence available (AU)

GESITRA-SEIMC/REIPI recommendations for the management of cytomegalovirus infection in solid-organ transplant patients.

Cytomegalovirus infection remains a major complication of solid organ transplantation. In 2005 the Spanish Transplantation Infection Study Group (GESITRA) of the Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (SEIMC) developed consensus guidelines for the prevention and treatment of CMV infection in solid organ transplant recipients. Since then, numerous publications have clarified or questioned the aspects covered in the previous document. These aspects include the situations and populations who must receive prophylaxis and its duration, the selection of the best diagnosis and monitoring technique and the best therapeutic strategy. For these reasons, we have developed new consensus guidelines to include the latest recommendations on post-transplant CMV management based on new evidence available.

Normativa para la selección de pacientes candidatos a trasplante pulmonar / Guidelines for the Selection of Lung Transplantation Candidates

La presente normativa ha sido elaborada con el consenso de, al menos, un representante de cada uno delos hospitales con programa de trasplante pulmonar en España. Además, previamente a su publicación,ha sido revisada por un grupo de revisores destacados por su reconocida trayectoria en el campo del trasplantepulmonar. En las siguientes páginas, el lector encontrará los criterios de selección de pacientescandidatos a trasplante pulmonar, cuándo y cómo remitir un paciente a un centro trasplantador y, finalmente,cuándo incluir al paciente en lista de espera. Se ha atribuido un nivel de evidencia a las cuestionesmás relevantes. Este documento pretende ser una guía práctica para los neumólogos que no participandirectamente en el trasplante pulmonar pero que deben considerar este tratamiento para sus pacientes.Finalmente, se ha propuesto de una forma consensuada un documento que recoge de forma estructuradalos datos del paciente potencial candidato a trasplante pulmonar que son relevantes para poder tomar lamejor decisión(AU)

The present guidelines have been prepared with the consensus of at least one representative of eachof the hospitals with lung transplantation programs in Spain. In addition, prior to their publication,these guidelines have been reviewed by a group of prominent reviewers who are recognized for theirprofessional experience in the field of lung transplantation. Within the following pages, the reader willfind the selection criteria for lung transplantation candidates, when and how to remit a patient to atransplantation center and, lastly, when to add the patient to the waiting list. A level of evidence hasbeen identified for the most relevant questions. Our intention is for this document to be a practical guide for pulmonologists who do not directly participate in lung transplantations but who should consider thistreatment for their patients. Finally, these guidelines also propose an information form in order to compilein an organized manner the patient data of the potential candidate for lung transplantation, which arerelevant in order to be able to make the best decisions possible(AU)

Guidelines for the selection of lung transplantation candidates.

The present guidelines have been prepared with the consensus of at least one representative of each of the hospitals with lung transplantation programs in Spain. In addition, prior to their publication, these guidelines have been reviewed by a group of prominent reviewers who are recognized for their professional experience in the field of lung transplantation. Within the following pages, the reader will find the selection criteria for lung transplantation candidates, when and how to remit a patient to a transplantation center and, lastly, when to add the patient to the waiting list. A level of evidence has been identified for the most relevant questions. Our intention is for this document to be a practical guide for pulmonologists who do not directly participate in lung transplantations but who should consider this treatment for their patients. Finally, these guidelines also propose an information form in order to compile in an organized manner the patient data of the potential candidate for lung transplantation, which are relevant in order to be able to make the best decisions possible.

Trasplante de pulmón en casos de enfisema: análisis de la mortalidad / Mortality Analysis of Patients Undergoing Lung Transplantation for Emphysema

IntroducciónSe presentan los resultados del trasplante pulmonar (TP) en casos de enfisema, tras 11 años desde el inicio del programa de TP, y se analizan los factores de riesgo asociados a la mortalidad a corto, medio y largo plazo en los receptores del trasplante.Pacientes y métodosSe ha incluido a todos los pacientes diagnosticados de enfisema que recibieron un TP entre marzo de 1997 y junio de 2008. Se analizó la asociación de las diferentes variables estudiadas con la mortalidad precoz, anual y al quinto año. Se realizó un análisis de supervivencia mediante el método de Kaplan-Meier. Mediante regresión logística se estudió la asociación entre las variables que en el análisis univariante habían mostrado tendencia a la significación estadística (p<0,2) frente a la mortalidad precoz. Los factores de riesgo para la mortalidad anual y al quinto año se analizaron mediante regresión de Cox. ResultadosSe incluyó en total a 92 pacientes. La tasa de supervivencia fue del 89,3, el 70 y el 54% al mes, al año y al quinto año del trasplante. La dehiscencia de la sutura quirúrgica (p<0,001), el tiempo de ventilación mecánica en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (p=0,04), la duración de la intervención quirúrgica (p<0,001) y la realización de un trasplante unipulmonar (p=0,007) fueron las variables asociadas a la mortalidad. El uso de circulación extracorpórea y la necesidad de técnicas de hemodiafiltración en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos incrementaron el riesgo de muerte a corto plazo (p<0,05). La edad del receptor fue la variable asociada a la mortalidad a largo plazo (p=0,02). La duración de la intervención quirúrgica se asoció a un incremento de la mortalidad a corto, medio y largo plazo(AU)

ConclusionesLas complicaciones son las responsables del incremento de la mortalidad a corto plazo, mientras que la edad del receptor es la variable que mayor influencia tiene en la mortalidad a largo plazo. Los receptores de un trasplante unipulmonar presentaron un riesgo de fallecimiento mayor que aquellos que recibieron un trasplante bipulmonar(AU)

BackgroundThe outcomes of lung transplantation 11 years after starting the transplantation program in our hospital are presented. Risk factors associated with short-, medium-, and long-term mortality in transplant recipients were analyzed.Patients and MethodsAll patients diagnosed with emphysema who underwent lung transplantation between March 1997 and June 2008 were included. The association between different study variables and early death and death at 1 year and 5 years was studied. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to analyze survival. A logistic regression model was used to study the association between early death and variables with a trend towards significance (P<.2) in the univariate analysis. The risk factors for mortality at 1 year and 5 years were analyzed by a Cox regression model.ResultsA total of 92 patients were included. Survival was 89.3%, 70%, and 54% at 1 month, 1 year, and 5 years after transplantation, respectively. Dehiscence of the surgical suture (P<.001), duration of mechanical ventilation in the intensive care unit (P=.04), duration of the surgical procedure (P<.001), and single-lung transplantation (P=.007) were the variables associated with mortality. Extracorporeal circulation and the need for hemodiafiltration in the intensive care unit increased the short-term risk of death (P<.05). The age of the recipient was the variable associated with long-term mortality (P=.02). The duration of the surgical intervention was associated with an increase in short-, medium-, and long-term mortality.ConclusionsComplications were responsible for short-term mortality, while age of the recipient was the most important factor in determining long-term survival. Mortality was higher in single-lung transplant recipients compared to double-lung transplant recipients(AU)

[Mortality analysis of patients undergoing lung transplantation for emphysema]. / Trasplante de pulmón en casos de enfisema: análisis de la mortalidad.

BACKGROUND: The outcomes of lung transplantation 11 years after starting the transplantation program in our hospital are presented. Risk factors associated with short-, medium-, and long-term mortality in transplant recipients were analyzed. PATIENTS AND METHODS: All patients diagnosed with emphysema who underwent lung transplantation between March 1997 and June 2008 were included. The association between different study variables and early death and death at 1 year and 5 years was studied. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to analyze survival. A logistic regression model was used to study the association between early death and variables with a trend towards significance (P<.2) in the univariate analysis. The risk factors for mortality at 1 year and 5 years were analyzed by a Cox regression model. RESULTS: A total of 92 patients were included. Survival was 89.3%, 70%, and 54% at 1 month, 1 year, and 5 years after transplantation, respectively. Dehiscence of the surgical suture (P<.001), duration of mechanical ventilation in the intensive care unit (P=.04), duration of the surgical procedure (P<.001), and single-lung transplantation (P=.007) were the variables associated with mortality. Extracorporeal circulation and the need for hemodiafiltration in the intensive care unit increased the short-term risk of death (P<.05). The age of the recipient was the variable associated with long-term mortality (P=.02). The duration of the surgical intervention was associated with an increase in short-, medium-, and long-term mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Complications were responsible for short-term mortality, while age of the recipient was the most important factor in determining long-term survival. Mortality was higher in single-lung transplant recipients compared to double-lung transplant recipients.

[Acute renal failure in lung transplantation: incidence, correlation with subsequent kidney disease, and prognostic value]. / Insuficiencia renal aguda y trasplante pulmonar: incidencia, correlación con patología renal posterior y valor pronóstico.

OBJECTIVE: We studied the incidence of postoperative renal failure and its association with mortality in lung transplant patients in our hospital classified according to the severity of renal failure in the immediate postoperative period, and at 30 days, 6 months, and 1 year after transplantation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: For the period March 1997 through January 2006, 144 lung transplants were performed in our hospital. Six patients were lost to follow-up. Patients were assigned to 1 of the 5 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) classes according to the glomerular filtration rate on admission to the intensive care unit, and at 1 month, 6 months, and 12 months. Descriptive statistics were calculated for the sample. The relationship between the CKD classification and mortality was analyzed by calculating the odds ratio with a logistic regression model. The correlation between CKD classification on admission and at 1 month, 6 months, and 1 year after transplantation was analyzed using the Spearman correlation coefficient. RESULTS: Of the 144 patients analyzed, 52 patients were in CKD class 1, 63 in class 2, 19 in class 3, 2 in class 4, and 2 in class 5, according to the glomerular filtration rate. The correlation between mortality at 1 month and CKD classification on admission was not statistically significant (odds ratio, 1.11; 95% confidence interval, 0.42-3.11; P=.82) among patients with normal kidney function (CKD class 1) and those with some degree of renal failure (CKD classes 2-5). There was no correlation between CKD classification on admission and CKD classification at 1 month, 6 months, and 1 year although a significant positive correlation was found between CKD classification at 1 month and CKD classes at 6 months and 1 year. CONCLUSIONS: We did not find any association between 1-month mortality and the degree of renal failure in the immediate postoperative period in lung transplant patients. There was a positive correlation between the degree of kidney failure at 1 month and that observed 6 and 12 months after the procedure.

Insuficiencia renal aguda y trasplante pulmonar: incidencia, correlación con patología renal posterior y valor pronóstico / Acute renal failure in lung transplantation: incidence, correlation with subsequent kidney disease, and prognostic value

OBJETIVO: Presentamos un análisis de incidencia de disfunción renal y mortalidad de los pacientes a quienes se practicó un trasplante pulmonar en nuestro centro según el grado de insuficiencia renal que desarrollaron en el postoperatorio inmediato, a los 30 días, a los 6 meses y al año de realizado el trasplante. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Durante el período definido (de marzo de 1997 a enero de 2006) se realizaron 144 trasplantes de pulmón en nuestro centro. Hubo 6 pérdidas en el seguimiento de los pacientes. Se clasificó a los pacientes en 5 grupos dependiendo del valor del filtrado glomerular en el momento de ingreso en la unidad de cuidados intensivos, al mes, a los 6 y 12 meses de realizado el trasplante, según la clasificación Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). Se realizó un análisis estadístico descriptivo de la muestra. Se estudió la relación entre el CKD y la mortalidad, medida como odds ratios, mediante regresión logística. Se realizó un análisis de correlación entre el CKD al ingresar, al mes, a los 6 meses y al año de realizado el trasplante mediante el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman. RESULTADOS: De los 144 pacientes analizados, se clasificó, atendiendo al filtrado glomerular, a 52 en el grupo I, a 63 en el grupo II, a 19 en el III, a 2 en el IV y a otros 2 en el V. La asociación entre mortalidad al mes y CKD al ingresar no evidenció significación estadística (odds ratio = 1,11; intervalo de confianza del 95%, 0,42-3,11; p = 0,82) entre los pacientes con función renal normal (CKD 1) y aquéllos con algún grado de insuficiencia renal (CKD 2-5). No se encontró correlación entre el CKD al ingreso y el CKD al mes, a los 6 meses y al año. Sin embargo, se halló una correlación positiva (significativa) entre el CKD al mes y el CKD a los 6 meses y al año. CONCLUSIONES: No encontramos diferencias de asociación con la mortalidad al mes atendiendo al grado de insuficiencia renal en el postoperatorio inmediato de los pacientes con trasplante de pulmón. Existe una correlación positiva entre el grado de insuficiencia renal al mes y el observado a los 6 y 12 meses de realizado el trasplante

OBJECTIVE: We studied the incidence of postoperative renal failure and its association with mortality in lung transplant patients in our hospital classified according to the severity of renal failure in the immediate postoperative period, and at 30 days, 6 months, and 1 year after transplantation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: For the period March 1997 through January 2006, 144 lung transplants were performed in our hospital. Six patients were lost to follow-up. Patients were assigned to 1 of the 5 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) classes according to the glomerular filtration rate on admission to the intensive care unit, and at 1 month, 6 months, and 12 months. Descriptive statistics were calculated for the sample. The relationship between the CKD classification and mortality was analyzed by calculating the odds ratio with a logistic regression model. The correlation between CKD classification on admission and at 1 month, 6 months, and 1 year after transplantation was analyzed using the Spearman correlation coefficient. RESULTS: Of the 144 patients analyzed, 52 patients were in CKD class 1, 63 in class 2, 19 in class 3, 2 in class 4, and 2 in class 5, according to the glomerular filtration rate. The correlation between mortality at 1 month and CKD classification on admission was not statistically significant (odds ratio, 1.11; 95% confidence interval, 0.42-3.11; P=.82) among patients with normal kidney function (CKD class 1) and those with some degree of renal failure (CKD classes 2-5). There was no correlation between CKD classification on admission and CKD classification at 1 month, 6 months, and 1 year although a significant positive correlation was found between CKD classification at 1 month and CKD classes at 6 months and 1 year. CONCLUSIONS: We did not find any association between 1-month mortality and the degree of renal failure in the immediate postoperative period in lung transplant patients. There was a positive correlation between the degree of kidney failure at 1 month and that observed 6 and 12 months after the procedure

Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis after lung transplantation.

Bacteria-free verrucae has been recognized as a condition associated with several clinical conditions such as bone marrow transplantation, malignant tumors, autoimmune disorders, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, but it has not been reported in relation to lung transplantation. We report the case of a patient who underwent bilateral lung transplant and died 3 days later. Histologic examination revealed, among other lesions, the presence of nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis in the right atrium and mitral and tricuspid valves that was not present in the preoperative echocardiographic studies. Even with transesophageal echocardiography, a reliable detection of vegetations may not be possible. Hypoxigenic pulmonary states developed in the course of lung transplant could be the factor that triggers the interaction between the coagulation system, platelets, and endothelial cells that induce the formation of bacteria-free verrucae.