Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations governing prey choice by hunters in a post-war African forest-savannah macromosaic.

Overhunting typically increases during and after armed conflicts, and may lead to regional-scale defaunation. The mitigation of hunting impacts is complex because, among other reasons, several intrinsic and extrinsic motivations underpin the elevated deployment of hunting practices. Here we present the first study focusing on these motivations in a post-war zone. Following persistently heavy hunting pressure during the 27-year Angolan civil war, the offtake of small to medium-bodied species has increased recently as a result of large mammal depletion. However, prey choice associated with different motivations varied in terms of species trophic level and body size. While most residents hunted large-bodied species to maximize revenues from wildlife trade, many low-trophic level smaller species were harvested to meet local subsistence demands because they were more palatable and could be captured using artisanal traps near hunters' households. Mainly low-trophic level species were killed in retaliation for crop-raiding or livestock depredation. Considering all game species sampled in this study, 96% were captured to attend two or more motivations. In addition, hunting associated with different motivations was partitioned in terms of age and gender, with prey acquisition for the wildlife trade primarily carried out by adult men, while hunting to meet local subsistence needs and inhibit human-wildlife conflicts were carried out by adult men and women, children and even the elderly. In natural savannah areas lacking fish as a source of protein, a higher number of species was selected to supply both the meat trade and subsistence, while more species in forest areas were targeted for trade in animal body parts and conflict retaliation. Finally, local commerce in bushmeat and other body parts accrued higher domestic revenues compared to any alternative sources of direct and indirect income. However, these financial benefits were at best modest, largely unsustainable in terms of prey population collapses, and generated high long-term costs for the local to regional scale economy and native biodiversity.

GC-MS analysis of the fixed oil from Sus scrofa domesticus Linneaus (1758) and antimicrobial activity against bacteria with veterinary interest.

The bioprospection of zootherapeutic products can be a source of new drugs and to the creation of new strategies of natural resources conservation and management of endangered species. This fact is supported by ethnobiological studies indicating that the usage of zootherapeutic products can be replaced by the use of natural products isolated from plants and domestic animals. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has increased the need for research for new active principles. Ethnoveterinary studies in Brazil have shown that Sus scrofa domesticus fat is used for diseases associated with bacterial pathogens. The objective of this study was to identify the chemical composition and to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the fixed oil of Sus scrofa domesticus (OFSC) when used alone or associated with antibiotics. In the analysis of the oil composition, there were 4 constituents identified, with oleic acid being the major constituent. The OFSC did not present antibacterial activity when tested alone; however, it showed synergism in the modulating activity when associated with antibiotics Amikacin and Amoxicillin.

A ecdise do caranguejo-uça: ucides cordatus L (decapoda, brachyura): na visao dos caranguejeiros / Moulting of the mangrove crab ucides cordatus L (decapoda, brachyura) according to the perception of the crab collectors

El cagrejo uça (Ulcides cordatus) desempeña un relevante papel ecológico y se destaca en la economía como uno de los recursos más explotados en los manglares brasileños. Los recolectores de cangrejos poseen un amplio conocimiento acerca de la biología de ese crustáceo y de los factores abióticos relacionados a su ciclo de vida. El objetivo de este trabajo fue investigar la percepción ambiental del recolector acerca de los factores ambientales y del comportamiento del cangrejo durante el proceso de ecdisis en el mangle del estuario de Mamanguape, Paraíba, Brasil. Según los recolectores, el proceso de muda del cangrejo presenta una estrecha relación con las fases lunares y las variaciones del nivel de las mareas. Ellos usan el término "embatumamento" para designar todo el proceso que envuelve la muda, cuando el cangrejo se entierra cerrando la abertura de su galería para cambiar el exoesqueleto. Basado en declaraciones de recolectores experimentados fue realizado un estudio de caso donde el conocimiento empírico fue confrontado con datos científicos. Los resultados evidenciaron la existencia de una sobreposición entre la afirmación empírica de los recolectores y los datos observados científicamente, siendo comprobado que el inicio y el final del proceso de muda ocurre cuando la amplitud entre la marea alta y la baja comienza a disminuir (marea "de quebramento"). Fue constatado que el proceso de muda de esa espécie en su hábitat natural dura aproximadamente de 28 a 29 días. Delante de esto, es evidente que el conocimiento de los recolectores puede apoyar estudios científicos y debe ser considerado al elaborar medidas que apunten a la reglamentación de la captura del cangrejo (uça)