Novel naphthoquinone-1H-1,2,3-triazole hybrids: Design, synthesis and evaluation as inductors of ROS-mediated apoptosis in the MCF-7 cells.

The search for novel anticancer drugs is essential to expand treatment options, overcome drug resistance, reduce toxicity, promote innovation, and tackle the economic impact. The importance of these studies lies in their contribution to advancing cancer research and enhancing patient outcomes in the battle against cancer. Here, we developed new asymmetric hybrids containing two different naphthoquinones linked by a 1,2,3-1H-triazole nucleus, which are potential new drugs for cancer treatment. The antitumor activity of the novel compounds was tested using the breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231, using the non-cancer cell line MCF10A as control. Our results showed that two out of twenty-two substances tested presented potential antitumor activity against the breast cancer cell lines. These potential drugs, named here 12g and 12h were effective in reducing cell viability and promoting cell death of the tumor cell lines, exhibiting minimal effects on the control cell line. The mechanism of action of the novel drugs was assessed revealing that both drugs increased reactive oxygen species production with consequent activation of the AMPK pathway. Therefore, we concluded that 12g and 12h are novel AMPK activators presenting selective antitumor effects.

Synthesis and evaluation of photophysical, electrochemical, and ROS generation properties of new chalcogen-naphthoquinones-1,2,3-triazole hybrids.

This study presents a comprehensive analysis encompassing the synthesis, structural elucidation, photophysical behavior, and electrochemical properties of a novel series of chalcogen-naphthoquinone-1,2,3-triazole hybrids. Employing a meticulously designed protocol, the synthesis of these hybrids, denoted as 11a-j, was achieved with remarkable efficiency (yielding up to 81%). This synthesis used a regioselective copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction (CuAAC). Furthermore, a detailed investigation into the photophysical characteristics, TDDFT calculations, electrochemical profiles, and photobiological attributes of compounds 11a-j was conducted. This exploration aimed to unravel insights into the excited state behaviors of these molecules, as well as their redox properties. Such insights are crucial for future applications of these derivatives in diverse biological assays.

Synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular modeling studies of novel 1,2,3-triazole-linked menadione-furan derivatives as P2X7 inhibitors.

The P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) is an ion channel that promotes the passage of ions through the membrane through brief stimulation once activated by ATP, its endogenous opener. However, prolonged stimulation with ATP, which occurs in pathological processes, opens a nonselective pore in the plasma membrane, allowing the passage of large molecules and leading to cytokine release or even cell death. In this sense, the search for new inhibitors for this receptor has attracted a great deal of attention in recent years. Considering the booming of biomass upgrading reactions in recent years and the continued efforts to synthesize biologically active molecules containing the 1,2,3-triazole ring, in the present work, we aimed to investigate whether triazole-linked menadione-furan derivatives could present P2X7R inhibitory activity. The novel compounds were tested for their inhibitory activity on ATP-induced dye uptake in peritoneal macrophages. Some have shown promising results, having displayed IC50 values lower than that of the P2X7R inhibitor BBG. Molecular docking studies also indicated that the active compounds bind to an allosteric site on P2X7R, presenting potential P2X7R inhibition.

Menadione: a platform and a target to valuable compounds synthesis.

Naphthoquinones are important natural or synthetic compounds belonging to the general class of quinones. Many compounds in this class have become drugs that are on the pharmaceutical market for the treatment of various diseases. A special naphthoquinone derivative is menadione, a synthetic naphthoquinone belonging to the vitamin K group. This compound can be synthesized by different methods and it has a broad range of biological and synthetic applications, which will be highlighted in this review.

Chemoselective Synthesis of Mannich Adducts from 1,4-Naphthoquinones and Profile as Autophagic Inducers in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a worldwide public health problem, accounting for approximately 90% of all oral cancers, and is the eighth most common cancer in men. Cisplatin and carboplatin are the main chemotherapy drugs used in the clinic. However, in addition to their serious side effects, such as damage to the nervous system and kidneys, there is also drug resistance. Thus, the development of new drugs becomes of great importance. Naphthoquinones have been described with antitumor activity. Some of them are found in nature, but semi synthesis has been used as strategy to find new chemical entities for the treatment of cancer. In the present study, we promote a multiple component reaction (MCR) among lawsone, arylaldehydes, and benzylamine to produce sixteen chemoselectively derivated Mannich adducts of 1,4-naphthoquinones in good yield (up to 97%). The antitumor activities and molecular mechanisms of action of these compounds were investigated in OSCC models and the compound 6a induced cytotoxicity in three different tumor cell lines (OSCC4, OSCC9, and OSCC25) and was more selective (IS > 2) for tumor cells than the chemotropic drug carboplatin and the controls lapachol and shikonin, which are chemically similar compounds with cytotoxic effects. The 6a selectively and significantly reduced the amount of cell colony growth, was not hemolytic, and tolerable in mice with no serious side effects at a concentration of 100 mg/kg with a LD50 of 150 mg/kg. The new compound is biologically stable with a profile similar to carboplatin. Morphologically, 6a does not induce cell retraction or membrane blebs, but it does induce intense vesicle formation and late emergence of membrane bubbles. Exploring the mechanism of cell death induction, compound 6a does not induce ROS formation, and cell viability was not affected by inhibitors of apoptosis (ZVAD) and necroptosis (necrostatin 1). Autophagy followed by a late apoptosis process appears to be the death-inducing pathway of 6a, as observed by increased viability by the autophagy inhibitor (3-MA) and by the appearance of autophagosomes, later triggering a process of late apoptosis with the presence of caspase 3/7 and DNA fragmentation. Molecular modeling suggests the ability of the compound to bind to topoisomerase I and II and with greater affinity to hPKM2 enzyme than controls, which could explain the mechanism of cell death by autophagy. Finally, the in-silico prediction of drug-relevant properties showed that compound 6a has a good pharmacokinetic profile when compared to carboplatin and doxorubicin. Among the sixteen naphthoquinones tested, compound 6a was the most effective and is highly selective and well tolerated in animals. The induction of cell death in OSCC through autophagy followed by late apoptosis possibly via inhibition of the PKM2 enzyme points to a promising potential of 6a as a new preclinical anticancer candidate.

Synthesis and in vitro and in silico studies of 1H- and 2H-1,2,3-triazoles as antichagasic agents.

1,2,3-triazole heterocycles stand out in medicinal chemistry for having great structural diversity and bioactivities. In this study, two series of triazoles were synthesized. One was obtained by the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction between ethyl cyanoacetate and several phenyl azides forming 1H-1,2,3-triazoles and the other by rearrangement of Dimroth forming and 2H-1,2,3-triazoles. Both series were shown to be active against the epimastigote form of Trypanosoma cruzi. The 1,2,3-triazoles 16d (S.I. between 100 and 200), 17d and 16f (S.I. > 200) were the most active compounds and capable of breaking the plasma membrane of trypomastigotes acting on CYP51 and inhibiting ergosterol synthesis. Candidate 16d exhibited the best and most favorable profile when interacting with CYP51.

Anti-tubercular profile of new selenium-menadione conjugates against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (ATCC 27294) strain and multidrug-resistant clinical isolates.

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most fatal diseases and is responsible for the infection of millions of people around the world. Most recently, scientific frontiers have been engaged to develop new drugs that can overcome drug-resistant TB. Following this direction, using a designed scaffold based on the combination of two separate pharmacophoric groups, a series of menadione-derived selenoesters was developed with good yields. All products were evaluated for their in vitro activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv and attractive results were observed, especially for the compounds 8a, 8c and 8f (MICs 2.1, 8.0 and 8.1 µM, respectively). In addition, 8a, 8c and 8f demonstrated potent in vitro activity against multidrug-resistant clinical isolates (CDCT-16 and CDCT-27) with promising MIC values ranging from 0.8 to 3.1 µM. Importantly, compounds 8a and 8c were found to be non-toxic against the Vero cell line. The SI value of 8a (>23.8) was found to be comparable to that of isoniazid (>22.7), which suggests the possibility of carrying out advanced studies on this derivative. Therefore, these menadione-derived selenoesters obtained as hybrid compounds represent promising new anti-tubercular agents to overcome TB multidrug resistance.

Drug repurposing for the treatment of COVID-19: Pharmacological aspects and synthetic approaches.

In December 2019, a new variant of SARS-CoV emerged, the so-called acute severe respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This virus causes the new coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and has been plaguing the world owing to its unprecedented spread efficiency, which has resulted in a huge death toll. In this sense, the repositioning of approved drugs is the fastest way to an effective response to a pandemic outbreak of this scale. Considering these facts, in this review we provide a comprehensive and critical discussion on the chemical aspects surrounding the drugs currently being studied as candidates for COVID-19 therapy. We intend to provide the general chemical community with an overview on the synthetic/biosynthetic pathways related to such molecules, as well as their mechanisms of action against the evaluated viruses and some insights on the pharmacological interactions involved in each case. Overall, the review aims to present the chemical aspects of the main bioactive molecules being considered to be repositioned for effective treatment of COVID-19 in all phases, from the mildest to the most severe.

Hetero-Diels-Alder Reactions of Quinone Methides: The Origin of the α-Regioselectivity of 3-Methylene-1,2,4-naphthotriones.

The regioselective formation of α- and ß-lapachone via hetero-Diels-Alder reactions was investigated by experimental and computational approaches. The experimentally observed α-selectivity was explored in detail, revealing that the lower energy barrier for the formation of α-lapachone is a result of lower Pauli repulsion throughout the reaction path, when compared to the ß-isomer. By comparing equivalent points on both α- and ß-lapachone potential energy surfaces (PES), according to the activation strain model (ASM) and energy decomposition analysis (EDA), we were able to demonstrate that the Pauli repulsion term increases more significantly when going from reactants to TSß than to TSα, resulting in lower interaction energy in the early stages of the reaction path and in a later transition state for ß-lapachone. Moreover, we confirmed that regio- and diastereoselectivity trends previously reported for other quinone methide intermediates are also observed for 3-methylene-1,2,4-naphthotriones, such as small endo/exo diastereoselectivity, as well as pronounced ortho/meta regioselectivity for reactions performed with dienophile containing electron-releasing groups. The results presented here provide a deeper understanding of the reactivity of quinone methide derivatives, aiding the future rational design of the reaction condition, structural modification of possible quinone methide intermediates, and the development of more selective synthetic routes for quinone derivatives.

New Efavirenz Derivatives and 1,2,3-Triazolyl-phosphonates as Inhibitors of Reverse Transcriptase of HIV-1.

BACKGROUND: According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the fight against Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is still one of the most significant challenges facing humanity. Worldwide, it is estimated that 36.7 million people are infected by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Despite the variety of available drugs, the search for new enzymatic inhibitors of HIV is still important due to the presence of adverse effects and the development of resistant strains. Therefore, the present study aimed to design, synthesize, and biologically evaluate novel inhibitors of HIV Reverse Transcriptase (RT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: These compounds were obtained in two series, and compounds in both series contain a 1,2,3-triazole ring in their structures. The compounds in the first series are Efavirenz (EFV) analogues with the N-1 position substituted by another important fragment as described in the medicinal chemistry literature on anti-HIV drugs. The second series has a phosphonate chain similar to that in the structure of Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate (TDF). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The results of the biological evaluation showed that all compounds presented high RT inhibition values and lower or comparable inhibitory concentrations (the concentration needed to reduce the enzymatic activity by 50%, IC50 values, 0.8-1.9 µM). Among the compounds in the first series, the three with the lowest IC50 values had values between 0.8-0.9 µM, and of those in the second series, the most potent had an IC50 value of 1.1 µM; compounds in both series were equipotent to TDF (1.2 µM). Thus, the new compounds could be considered lead compounds for the development of new antiretroviral compounds.

Synthesis and evaluation of the cytotoxic activity of Furanaphthoquinones tethered to 1H-1,2,3-triazoles in Caco-2, Calu-3, MDA-MB231 cells.

Naphthoquinones and 1,2,3-triazoles are structural pharmacophore that is known to impart several cancer cells. This work shows a synthetic methodology to obtain hybrid molecules involving naphthoquinone and triazol scaffold as multiple ligands. A simple and efficient synthetic route was used to prepare a series of sixteen compounds being eight 2-(1-aryl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)-2,3-dihydronaphtho[1,2 b]furan-4,5-diones and eight 2-(1-aryl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)-2,3-dihydronaphtho[2,3-b]furan-4,9-diones. These compounds were tested in MDA-MB231, Caco-2 and Calu-3 human cancer cells, and among them 7a was the most selective compound on Caco-2 cells, the most sensitized cell line in this study. In silico study suggest that the blockage of topoisomerase I and IIα may be one of the mechanisms of action responsible for the cytotoxic effect of 7a in Caco-2 cells.

Carbene Transfer Reactions Catalysed by Dyes of the Metalloporphyrin Group.

Carbene transfer reactions are very important transformations in organic synthesis, allowing the generation of structurally challenging products by catalysed cyclopropanation, cyclopropenation, carbene C-H, N-H, O-H, S-H, and Si-H insertion, and olefination of carbonyl compounds. In particular, chiral and achiral metalloporphyrins have been successfully explored as biomimetic catalysts for these carbene transfer reactions under both homogeneous and heterogeneous conditions. In this work the use of synthetic metalloporphyrins (MPorph, M = Fe, Ru, Os, Co, Rh, Ir, Sn) as homogeneous or heterogeneous catalysts for carbene transfer reactions in the last years is reviewed, almost exclusively focused on the literature since the year 2010, except when reference to older publications was deemed to be crucial.

Efficient Catalytic Oxidation of 3-Arylthio- and 3-Cyclohexylthio-lapachone Derivatives to New Sulfonyl Derivatives and Evaluation of Their Antibacterial Activities.

New sulfonyl-lapachones were efficiently obtained through the catalytic oxidation of arylthio- and cyclohexylthio-lapachone derivatives with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of a Mn(III) porphyrin complex. The antibacterial activities of the non-oxidized and oxidized lapachone derivatives against the Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus were evaluated after their incorporation into polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) micelles. The obtained results show that the PVP-formulations of the lapachones 4b-g and of the sulfonyl-lapachones 7e and 7g reduced the growth of S. aureus.

Insight into and Computational Studies of the Selective Synthesis of 6H-Dibenzo[b,h]xanthenes.

Starting from 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (lawsone), we synthesized eight new 6H-dibenzo[b,h]xanthene derivatives selectively under solvent-free conditions. Spectroscopic investigations confirmed that only the isomer 6H-dibenzo[b,h]xanthene was obtained in all eight cases. Computational studies provide a rationalization for the selective appearance of these isomers having as an intermediate an addition product.

Synthesis and antimalarial activity of quinones and structurally-related oxirane derivatives.

A series of eighteen quinones and structurally-related oxiranes were synthesized and evaluated for in vitro inhibitory activity against the chloroquine-sensitive 3D7 clone of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. 2-amino and 2-allyloxynaphthoquinones exhibited important antiplasmodial activity (median inhibitory concentrations (IC50) < 10 µM). Oxiranes 6 and 25, prepared respectively by reaction of α-lapachone and tetrachloro-p-quinone with diazomethane in a mixture of ether and ethanol, exhibited the highest antiplasmodial activity and low cytotoxicity against human fibroblasts (MCR-5 cell line). The active compounds could represent a good prototype for an antimalarial lead molecule.

Efavirenz a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor of first-generation: Approaches based on its medicinal chemistry.

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a disease caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that affects individuals on all continents. In 1987, the antiretroviral therapy began increasing survival rates and improving the quality of life for patients. Efavirenz (EFV) is a drug widely used in the treatment of HIV-AIDS since 1998. Belonging to a class of nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI), it directly blocks the action of the enzyme and consequently the multiplication of the virus. Although EFV has provided excellent results in reducing viral load, cases of resistance associated with adverse effects have led to the search to find new analogs of this drug. Although many researchers are involved in this quest, curiously there is still no clinical substitute for EFV. To develop a second-generation version of EFV, it is essential understand the structure-activity relationships of the derivative compounds. Thus, the aims of the present review are to compare EFV and its derivatives using medicinal chemistry and to describe the main synthetic routes.

Synthesis and anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activity of new 3-phenylthio-nor-ß-lapachone derivatives.

We report herein a straightforward and efficient one-step reaction to prepare new nor-ß-lapachone derivatives tethered with phenylthio groups at position 3 of the furan ring. We have screened the compounds on bloodstream trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease, aimed at finding a new prototype with high trypanocidal activity. The new compounds possess a broad range of activity (IC50/24h from 9.2 to 182.7 µM), higher than the original quinone (391.5 µM) and four of them higher than standard drug benznidazole (103.6 µM). The most active was compound 13b (9.2 µM), being 11 times active than benznidazole and the less toxic derivative to heart muscle cells.

Synthesis and evaluation of the cytotoxic activity of 1,2-furanonaphthoquinones tethered to 1,2,3-1H-triazoles in myeloid and lymphoid leukemia cell lines.

Leukemia is the most common blood cancer, and its development starts at diverse points, leading to distinct subtypes that respond differently to therapy. This heterogeneity is rarely taken into account in therapies, so it is still essential to look for new specific drugs for leukemia subtypes or even for therapy-resistant cases. Naphthoquinones (NQ) are considered privileged structures in medicinal chemistry due to their plethora of biological activities, including antimicrobial and anticancer effects. Nitrogen-containing heterocycles such as 1,2,3-1H-triazoles have been identified as general scaffolds for generating glycosidase inhibitors. In the present study, the NQ and 1,2,3-1H-triazole cores have been combined to chemically synthesize 18 new 1,2-furanonaphthoquinones tethered to 1,2,3-1H-triazoles (1,2-FNQT). Their cytotoxicities were evaluated against four different leukemia cell lines, including MOLT-4 and CEM (lymphoid cell lines) and K562 and KG1 (myeloid cell lines), as well as normal human peripheral blood mononucleated cells (PBMCs). The new 1,2-FNQT series showed high cytotoxic potential against all leukemia cell lines tested, and some compounds (12o and 12p) showed even better results than the classical therapeutic compounds such as doxorubicin or cisplatin. Others compounds, such as 12b, are promising because of their high selectivity against lymphoblastic leukemia and their low activity against normal hematopoietic cells. The cells of lymphoid origin (MOLT and CEM) were generally more sensitive than the myeloid cell lines to this series of compounds, and most of the compounds that showed the highest cytotoxicity were similarly active against both cell lines.

Recent advances in the synthesis of new antimycobacterial agents based on the 1H-1,2,3-triazoles.

The 1H-1,2,3-triazoles have been studied for many years as an important class of heterocyclic compounds and still attracting considerable attention due to their several application such as, organocatalyst, ionic liquid and broad range of biological activities, including several neglected diseases as tuberculosis. This review emphasizes the recent advances of these triazoles and their perspective in the development of new bioactive chemical entities against tuberculosis.

Synthesis of 1H-1,2,3-triazoles and study of their antifungal and cytotoxicity activities.

We report herein the results of antifungal activity of fifteen 1,2,3-triazoles against Candida albicans, Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis, Candida kefyr, Candida tropicalis, Candida dubliniensis, Tricophyton rubrum, Microporum canis and Aspergillus niger. All of the 1,2,3-triazoles were prepared from 1,3-dipolar cyclizations between aryl azides and alkynes catalyzed by Cu(I), and several of the compounds exhibited antifungal activity with low cytotoxicity. The results demonstrated the potential and importance of developing new 1,2,3-triazoles compounds with antifungal activity.