Genotoxic, antigenotoxic and phytochemical assessment of Terminalia actinophylla ethanolic extract.

Terminalia actinophylla has been used for anti-diarrheic and haemostatic purposes in Brazil. The fly spot data obtained after exposure of marker-heterozygous Drosophila melanogaster larvae to T. actinophylla ethanolic extract (TAE) in the standard (ST) and high bioactivation (HB) crosses revealed that TAE did not induce any statistically significant increment in any spot categories. Differences between the two crosses are related to cytochrome P450 (CYPs) levels. In this sense, our data pointed out the absence of TAE-direct and indirect mutagenic and recombinagenic action in the Somatic Mutation and Recombination Test (SMART). When the anti-genotoxicity of TAE was analyzed, neither mitomycin C (MMC) nor ethylmethanesulfonate (EMS) genotoxicity was modified by the post-exposure to TAE, which suggests that TAE has no effect on the mechanisms involved in the processing of the lesions induced by both genotoxins. In the mwh/flr(3) genotype, co-treatment with TAE may lead to a significant protection against the genotoxicity of MMC and a weak but significant effect in the toxic genetic action of EMS. The overall findings suggested that the favorable modulations by TAE could be, at least in part, due to its antioxidative potential.

Comparative analysis of genetic toxicity of antiretroviral combinations in somatic cells of Drosophila melanogaster.

Nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) drugs are a major component of highly-active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). NRTI combinations have been demonstrated as producing a sustained reduction in plasma viremia with an increased CD4 count, thereby showing clear clinical benefits. Therefore, the secondary effects caused by the combination of two NRTIs, mainly those related to amplification of genotoxic effects, due to increased risk of DNA damage caused by these drugs, should be carefully examined. We employed the standard version of the wing SMART in Drosophila melanogaster to obtain more detailed knowledge about the genotoxic profile of NRTI combinations of AZT+ddI, AZT+3TC and AZT+d4T. Our results showed that all combinations increased the frequencies of induction of mutant spots. The combinations AZT+ddI and AZT+3TC were shown to induce recombination rates ranging from 86.38% to 98.36% while AZT+d4T showed a large discrepancy between recombination and mutation percentages. The combination index demonstrated that 3TC and d4T produced antagonism while ddI showed synergistic effects in combination with AZT.

The effect of the dibenzylbutyrolactolic lignan (-)-cubebin on doxorubicin mutagenicity and recombinogenicity in wing somatic cells of Drosophila melanogaster.

The dibenzylbutyrolactolic lignan (-)-cubebin was isolated from dry seeds of Piper cubeba L. (Piperaceae). (-)-Cubebin possesses anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antimicrobial activities. Doxorubicin (DXR) is a topoisomerase-interactive agent that may induce single- and double-strand breaks, intercalate into the DNA and generate oxygen free radicals. Here, we examine the mutagenicity and recombinogenicity of different concentrations of (-)-cubebin alone or in combination with DXR using standard (ST) and high bioactivation (HB) crosses of the wing Somatic Mutation And Recombination Test in Drosophila melanogaster. The results from both crosses were rather similar. (-)-Cubebin alone did not induce mutation or recombination. At lower concentrations, (-)-cubebin statistically reduced the frequencies of DXR-induced mutant spots. At higher concentrations, however, (-)-cubebin was found to potentiate the effects of DXR, leading to either an increase in the production of mutant spots or a reduction, due to toxicity. These results suggest that depending on the concentration, (-)-cubebin may interact with the enzymatic system that catalyzes the metabolic detoxification of DXR, inhibiting the activity of mitochondrial complex I and thereby scavenging free radicals. Recombination was found to be the major effect of the treatments with DXR alone. The combined treatments reduced DXR mutagenicity but did not affect DXR recombinogenicity.

Assessment of genotoxicity of Lidocaine, Prilonest and Septanest in the Drosophila wing-spot test.

The scope of this study was to characterize the likely interaction Lidocaine, Prilonest and Septanest have with DNA, with a view to quantitatively and qualitatively establishing mutagenic, clastogenic, and/or recombinagenic activity of those compounds. The wing somatic mutation and recombination test in Drosophila melanogaster, which detects simultaneously point and chromosomal mutations as well as recombination induced by the activity of genotoxins of direct and indirect action, was used. Each of the anesthetics was tested at different concentrations, administered orally for 48 h to 3rd-stage larvae, in two independent experiments, with concurrent negative controls. The results obtained revealed that only Prilonest exhibits genotoxic activity in somatic cells, being able to induce exclusively homologous recombination. Additionally, it was possible to conclude that the genotoxic effect attributed to Prilonest is not related to metabolites produced via the P450-type enzymes. However, both Lidocaine and Septanest are unable to induce either events related to gene and chromosomal mutation, or reciprocal recombination.

Nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are inducers of mitotic homologous recombination in the wing-spot test of Drosophila melanogaster.

In this study, the widespread environmental pollutants 1-nitronaphthalene (1NN), 1,5-dinitronaphthalene (1,5DNN), 2-nitrofluorene (2NF) and 9-nitroanthracene (9NA), were investigated for genotoxicity in the wing somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART) of Drosophila--using the high bioactivation (HB) cross. Our in vivo experiments demonstrated that all compounds assessed induced genetic toxicity, causing increased incidence of homologous somatic recombination. 2NF, 9NA and 1NN mutant clone induction is almost exclusively related to somatic recombination, although 1,5DNN-clone induction depends on both mutagenic and recombinagenic events. 1NN has the highest recombinagenic activity (approximately 100%), followed by 2NF (approximately 77%), 9NA (approximately 75%) and 1,5DNN (33%). 1NN is the compound with the strongest genotoxicity, with 9NA being approximately 40 times less potent than the former and 2NF and 1,5DNN approximately 333 times less potent than 1NN. The evidence indicating that the major effect observed in this study is an increased frequency of mitotic recombination emphasizes another hazard that could be associated to NPAHs--the increment in homologous recombination (HR).