Association between dietary patterns and biomarkers in connection with diabetes mellitus in adolescents: A systematic review.

AIMS: To perform a systematic review to investigate the association between adolescents' a posteriori dietary patterns with diabetes-related biomarkers (fasting blood glucose, fasting insulinemia, glycated hemoglobin and homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR)). DATA SYNTHESIS: Review registered with PROSPERO under number CRD42020185369. Studies with adolescents aged 10-19 years that identified dietary patterns by a posteriori methods were included. The databases used included: PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, Food Science and Technology Abstracts, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, Lilacs/BVS, The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, ProQuest Dissertations&Theses Global and Capes Theses Bank and Brazilian Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations. Risk of bias was assessed via the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality tool. Eight cross-sectional studies that evaluated 6438 adolescents (55.5% females) were included. For fasting blood glucose, the results were inconsistent and some studies found no association for the dietary patterns called traditional (57%), Western (42%) and healthy (28%). For the fasting insulinemia and HOMA-IR outcomes, the Western dietary pattern showed a positive association or higher means in 60% and 50% of the studies, respectively. No studies that evaluated glycated hemoglobin were found. CONCLUSION: Fasting insulinemia and HOMA-IR outcomes were positively associated with the Western dietary patterns. The studies reviewed did not present consistent evidence of an association with western, healthy and traditional dietary patterns with fasting blood glucose, as the results were conflicting or did not show statistical significance.

Assessment of the median ages at sexual maturation stages of Brazilian schoolchildren according to overweight status and type of school over a 5-year period: 2007-2012/2013.

OBJECTIVES: A secular trend of earlier puberty has been observed in girls, and, although more uncertain in boys, is associated with an increasing trend in the prevalence of overweight and obesity. We aimed to compare the median ages of sexual maturation stages in schoolchildren from a city in southern Brazil over a 5-year period, according to weight status and type of school. METHODS: Two cross-sectional studies were performed in 2007 and 2012/2013, including 2215 and 1614 schoolchildren, respectively. Body mass index z-scores were calculated and categorized as either nonoverweight or overweight (including obesity). The type of school was categorized as either public or private. Sexual maturation was self-assessed according to the Tanner stages. Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests were performed to compare the median ages of sexual maturation stages. RESULTS: The median age decreased for almost all stages over the 5-year period in both sexes. In boys, the decrease ranged from 0.3 to 1.0 years (stages 2, 3, 4, and 5 for genitalia, and stages 2 and 4 for pubic hair), and from 0.3 to 0.7 years (stages 2, 3, and 4 for breast, and stages 3, 4, and 5 for pubic hair). In 2012, overweight students had lower median ages for most stages compared to those in 2007, especially in girls. Differences by type of school were balanced across years. CONCLUSIONS: The median age of Tanner's stages after 5 years was reduced in both sexes. In overweight girls, the reduction was more pronounced. The results by type of school were inconsistent.

Association between DASH diet (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) and hypertension in adolescents: A cross-sectional school-based study.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The DASH diet (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) is considered a healthy dietary pattern, and is recommended for the control of arterial hypertension (AH). However, its role in the adolescent population needs to be better investigated and clarified. The aim of this study is to identify the association between AH and the DASH diet score in a representative sample of Brazilian adolescents. METHODS: A cross-sectional study using data from a national, multicenter and schoolbased probabilistic sample of 71,553 Brazilian adolescents who had their blood pressure (BP) measured and completed a 24-hour dietary recall (2013-2014). The components of the DASH score were assessed. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association between AH, anthropometric and sociodemographic variables, and the tertile of the DASH score. RESULTS: Approximately 11% of the adolescents who were in the 3rd tertile of the DASH score presented AH, 18% were overweight and 9% were obese. Among the components of the score, the highest intake was sugar-sweetened beverages (92.1%), legumes and oilseeds (68.2%), red and processed meat (64.5%) and the lowest were low-fat dairy (2.2%), whole grains (11.6%) and fruits (18.1%). Sodium intake was above the maximum recommended in all tertiles. CONCLUSIONS: A small proportion of Brazilian adolescents consume foods from the DASH diet. No associations were found between this dietary pattern and AH. Strategies to increase the intake of protective foods in adolescents must be investigated as well as the potential health benefits of the standard DASH diet for this age group over time.

Time trends in the prevalence of breastfeeding among schoolchildren from public and private schools in Florianópolis, Southern Brazil: From 2002 to 2013.

OBJECTIVE: To describe breastfeeding trends from 2002 to 2012/2013, and to investigate whether breastfeeding practices differ between mothers of children in public and private schools. METHODS: Data were obtained from three school-based cross-sectional studies conducted with 7 to 10 years old children. The total sample was 7264 individuals. Data related to breastfeeding were analyzed descriptively and compared using the chi-square test for heterogeneity or trend. RESULTS: In the 10-year period was observed a decrease in the total percentage of schoolchildren who were not breastfed (12.9%-10.5%) and an increase in the percentage of schoolchildren breastfed for >12 months (23.9%-36.7%). In public schools, the increase of breastfeeding for >12 months was independent of maternal age and years of schooling. In private schools, the increase was observed for schoolchildren born to older mothers and to more educated mothers, although the highest percentage was observed for schoolchildren born to less educated mothers. CONCLUSIONS: The results confirm the complexity of determining breastfeeding behaviors, and understanding these dynamics is fundamental to develop and improve programs and actions aimed at encouraging, supporting, and protecting breastfeeding. However, strategies developed in Brazil during the first decade of the 21st century should explain the increase of proportion of breastfed children for more than 12 months, and the concomitant decrease of never breastfeed children in the city of Florianopolis (Southern Brazil).

Parental Perceived Travel Time to and Reported Use of Food Retailers in Association with School Children's Dietary Patterns.

Considering the association between the neighborhood food environment and individual eating behaviors, this study aimed to assess the association between parents' reported use of food facilities by their children, and parental perceived travel time to food facilities, with their children's dietary patterns. Parents reported the use of supermarkets, full-service and fast-food restaurants, and perceived travel time to these food retailers. To assess school children's food consumption, a previous day dietary recall was applied. Factor analysis was conducted to identify dietary patterns. To test the association between reported use and perceived travel time to food retailers and school children's dietary patterns, we performed multilevel linear regression analyses. Parents' reported use of supermarkets was associated with children's higher score in the "Morning/Evening Meal" pattern. The use of full-service and fast-food restaurants was associated with children's higher score in the "Fast Food" pattern. Higher parental perceived travel time to full-service and fast-food restaurants was associated with children's lower score in the "Fast Food" pattern. Although the use of full-service and fast-food restaurants was associated with a less healthy dietary pattern, the perception of living further away from these food retailers may pose a barrier for the use of these facilities.

Nutritional strategies of physically active subjects with muscle dysmorphia.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to identify dietary strategies for physically active individuals with muscle dysmorphia based on a systematic literature review. METHOD: References were included if the study population consisted of adults over 18 years old who were physically active in fitness centers. We identified reports through an electronic search ofScielo, Lilacs and Medline using the following keywords: muscle dysmorphia, vigorexia, distorted body image, and exercise. We found eight articles in Scielo, 17 in Medline and 12 in Lilacs. Among the total number of 37 articles, only 17 were eligible for inclusion in this review. RESULTS: The results indicated that the feeding strategies used by physically active individuals with muscle dysmorphia did not include planning or the supervision of a nutritionist. Diet included high protein and low fat foods and the ingestion of dietary and ergogenic supplements to reduce weight. CONCLUSION: Physically active subjects with muscle dysmorphia could benefit from the help of nutritional professionals to evaluate energy estimation, guide the diet and its distribution in macronutrient and consider the principle of nutrition to functional recovery of the digestive process, promote liver detoxification, balance and guide to organic adequate intake of supplemental nutrients and other substances.

[History of the scientific field of Food and Nutrition in Public Health in Brazil]. / História do campo da Alimentação e Nutrição em Saúde Coletiva no Brasil.

This paper aims to trace the history of the scientific field of Food and Nutrition in Public Health in Brazil (FNPH), trying to describe the contexts that allowed the construction, consolidation and redefinition of the field, to identify the Brazilian scientists who contributed to this process and address the scientific concepts or paradigms that guided the actions of these scientists. As methodological criteria of analysis three cross sections corresponding to contexts of history in this field were established: the first one covers the period from 1930 to 1963, the second one between 1964 and 1984 and the third one considers the period from 1985 to 2010. We conclude that the field of FNPH assumed the current configuration from the mid-1970's, within the so-called Brazilian health movement, whose main ideas were the achievement of health reform and the construction of the Unified Health System. We reaffirm the importance of multidisciplinary character and the premise of the important role of the field of FNPH in ensuring the human right to healthy food, a component of the set of conditions necessary for health promotion, disease prevention, surveillance and health recovery and improvement of quality of life for all Brazilians.

Padronização e confiabilidade das medidas antropométricas para pesquisa populacional / Standardization and reliability of anthropometric measurements for population surveys

O objetivo do presente estudo foi padronizar e determinar a confiabilidade das medidas realizadas por cinco antropometristas de una pesquisa populacional, A padronização, com conteùdos teóricos e práticos relativos à técnica de mensuração antropométrica, foi realizada em setembro de 2006 e março de 2007, quando foram aferidos o erro técnico de mediço (ETM) intra - avaliador e interavaliador, respectivamente. Para determinar o ETM intra - avaliador, 107 escolares foram avaliados em dois dias distintos. Para aferição do ETM inter - avaliadores, 22 escolares foram avaliados um de cada vez, durante o mesmo período, pelos cinco avaliadores e por um avaliador padrão. De forma general, o resultado de ETM absoluto intra - avaliador para as dobras cutâneas foi menor que 1 mm. Para as circunferências quase todos tiveram valores menores que 1 cm. A análise do ETM relativo intra - avaliador indica que, para as dobras cutâneas subescapular, suprailíaca e panturrilha medial a maioria dos valores esteve acima dos valores limites para antropometristas iniciantes. Quase todos os valores de R intra - avaliadores foram maiores que 0,95 para as dibras cutâneas e maiores que 0,99 para as circunferências. Observa - se que os resultados de ETM absoluto e de R do estudo interavaliador foram similares aos do estudo intra - avaliador. Em relação ao ETM relativo interavaliador verificou - se uma melhora dos antropometristas, devido a maior ocorrência de valores dentro dos limites aceitáveis. Este estudo mostrou que após a realização de duas aferições do ETM, os antropometristas melhoraram seu desempenho e pode - se considerar que o processo de treinamento e de padronização de medidas antropométricas foi bem sucedido.