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1.
Neotrop Entomol ; 53(2): 383-390, 2024 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38228816

RESUMO

Reduced-risk insecticides and mirid predators have been used to control Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in tomato crops. However, even when causing low mortality to the beneficial insects, these products might cause side effects. This study investigated the sublethal and transgenerational effects of buprofezin, cyantraniliprole, and spiromesifen on Macrolophus basicornis (Stal) (Hemiptera: Miridae). After 72 h of exposure of third-instar nymphs and adults to residues on tomato leaves, adult couples were formed and kept in cages with residue-free tomato leaves. The leaves were changed every 48 h and the offspring were assessed in 6 different periods. Body size was assessed by measuring the hind-tibia length of adults (F0) from exposed nymphs and in three different offspring groups. None of the insecticide residues caused a reduction on offspring populations or affected the body size of adults in generation F0. Regardless, buprofezin and spiromesifen reduced the tibia length of adults (F1) from exposed nymphs assayed in the third mating period. Cyantraniliprole did not affect any parameter and could be recommended for control of B. tabaci in association with M. basicornis releases. This study may contribute to future field assays of the compatibility of these insecticides with M. basicornis.


Assuntos
Hemípteros , Heterópteros , Inseticidas , Pirazóis , Solanum lycopersicum , Compostos de Espiro , Tiadiazinas , ortoaminobenzoatos , Animais , Inseticidas/farmacologia , Ninfa
2.
Sci Rep ; 12(1): 22480, 2022 12 28.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36577813

RESUMO

The rice water weevil, Oryzophagus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is an economically important pest of flooded rice paddies throughout South America, and species with similar life histories are present in many rice-producing regions globally (collectively referred to here as RWWs). Plant resistance is a key strategy for management of RWWs; however, the mechanisms responsible for rice resistance to RWWs are poorly understood. We investigated morphoanatomical and biochemical plant traits potentially involved in rice resistance to O. oryzae. Resistance-associated traits were characterized in two cultivars, 'Dawn' (resistant) and 'BRS Pampa CL' ('Pamp' = susceptible), which were selected from among six cultivars on 2-year field screenings. Anatomical and morphological traits of leaf tissues from 'Pamp' and 'Dawn' were similar, which perhaps explains the lack of antixenosis during host plant selection. However, significant antibiosis effects were found. The activities of antioxidant enzymes involved in plant defense, as well the content of hydroxycinnamic and hydroxybenzoic acids derivatives and lignin, were higher in roots of 'Dawn' than in 'Pamp', over the period of larval infestation in the field. Additionally, 'Dawn' exhibited a root sclerenchyma arranged in three layers of lignified cells, which differed from the arrangement of cells in 'Pamp', regardless of larval infestation. Our results provide the first evidence for specific resistance-related traits associated with mortality and malnutrition of RWWs in rice.


Assuntos
Besouros , Oryza , Gorgulhos , Animais , Humanos , Larva , Água
3.
J Econ Entomol ; 115(5): 1601-1606, 2022 10 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35904114

RESUMO

Black fungus gnat larvae are one of the primary insect pests in greenhouse and nursery crops, and Bradysia ocellaris (Comstock) (Diptera: Sciaridae) is one common pest species. This pest is difficult to control in Brazil because of the absence of registered insecticides. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of some insecticides on B. ocellaris larvae. We also verified that the insect growth regulator novaluron caused the deformation of B. ocellaris. Of the insecticides evaluated, malationa, and thiamethoxam showed high mortality rate (96 and 86 % respectively). Further, bioassays with acetamiprid (78 %) and novaluron (44 %) showed that the lethal concentrations (LC50) were 19.18 mg a.i.L-1 at 48h to acetamiprid and 1.24 mg a.i.L-1 at 120 h to novaluron. When larvae were fed on potato pieces treated with novaluron, independently of the dose, the mortality rate was 100 %, since no larvae could complete the development cycle. Among all evaluated insecticides, only acetamiprid and novaluron were considered effective tools for control of B. ocellaris larvae under laboratory conditions.


Assuntos
Dípteros , Fragaria , Inseticidas , Animais , Produtos Agrícolas , Inseticidas/farmacologia , Hormônios Juvenis/farmacologia , Larva , Compostos de Fenilureia , Tiametoxam/farmacologia
4.
J Econ Entomol ; 115(2): 671-681, 2022 04 13.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35137138

RESUMO

Plant resistance is a key strategy for the management of Oryzophagus oryzae (Costa Lima) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), an important pest in South American rice paddies. The present study investigated the resistance of rice cultivars in terms of feeding and oviposition preference, growth, development, and biological performance of O. oryzae under natural conditions of field infestation during two consecutive rice seasons. There were no effects of the six cultivars on the feeding and oviposition preferences of O. oryzae as evaluated 5, 8, and 11 d After Flooding (DAF) of the plots, indicating the absence of antixenosis. Cultivars did not differ in terms of egg viability and larval density of first instars on the roots at 15 DAF. Significant differences were found 25 and 35 DAF when larval density per sample was high on 'BRS Pampa CL' (up to 24.5), intermediate on 'BRS Querência' and 'BRS Ligeirinho' (up to 16.1), and low on 'BRS Atalanta', 'BRS Firmeza', and 'Dawn' (up to 8.8). The cultivars 'BRS Atalanta', 'BRS Firmeza', and 'Dawn' caused malnutrition and inhibition of larval growth. These effects, typical of antibiosis, resulted in delayed pupation and emergence of adults; in addition, emerged females had body weight decreased strongly. The cultivars BRS Pampa CL, BRS Querência, and BRS Ligeirinho are susceptible, resulting in high larval populations and more suitable development of O. oryzae; antibiosis, as indicated for 'BRS Atalanta', 'BRS Firmeza', and 'Dawn', probably is the key mechanism of rice resistance to O. oryzae.


Assuntos
Besouros , Lepidópteros , Oryza , Gorgulhos , Animais , Antibiose , Feminino , Larva , Oryza/fisiologia , Oviposição
5.
Insects ; 12(12)2021 Dec 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34940180

RESUMO

The generalist mirid predator Macrolophus basicornis may contribute to Integrated Pest Management (IPM) of Bemisia tabaci in tomato crops. It is important to know the compatibility of the chemicals used to control this pest with this promising biological control agent. Seven insecticides were tested to investigate their toxicity to the predator. For four of the products, the LC50 for adults were determined. Buprofezin, cyantraniliprole and spiromesifen did not cause lethality and were classified as harmless. Acetamiprid, bifenthrin, etofenprox + acetamiprid and pyriproxyfen + acetamiprid caused acute toxicity and were classified as harmful. LT50 for all harmful insecticides were relatively low, ranging from 1.8 to 3.2 days. Moreover, these four insecticides have low LC50, with acetamiprid (0.26 mg a.i. L-1) as the lowest, followed by bifenthrin (0.38 mg a.i. L-1), etofenprox + acetamiprid (4.80 mg a.i. L-1) and pyriproxyfen + acetamiprid (8.71 mg a.i. L-1). However, the calculated risk quotient (RQ) values demonstrated that these insecticides were mostly ecologically safe for this predator, except for acetamiprid, classified as slightly to moderately toxic. The present study can contribute to the use of M. basicornis as a biological control agent on tomato crops and to compatible use with the insecticides tested, according to IPM strategies.

6.
J Econ Entomol ; 114(1): 248-256, 2021 02 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33399211

RESUMO

The Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is among the main pests of fruit crops worldwide. Biological control using entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) may be an alternative to suppress populations of this pest. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the pathogenicity and virulence of six EPN isolates (Heterorhabditis bacteriophora HB, H. amazonensis IBCB-n24, Steinernema carpocapsae IBCB-n02, S. rarum PAM-25, S. glaseri IBCB-n47, and S. brazilense IBCB-n06) against C. capitata pupae. The compatibility of EPNs with different chemical insecticides that are registered for management of C. capitata was also assessed. Isolates of H. bacteriophora HB and S. brazilense IBCB-n06 at a concentration of 1,000 infective juveniles (IJ)/ml proved to be most pathogenic to C. capitata (70 and 80% mortality, respectively). In contrast, the isolates H. amazonensis IBCB-n24, Steinernema carpocapsae IBCB-n02, S. rarum PAM-25, S. glaseri IBCB-n47 provided pupal mortality of less than 60%. Bioassays to determine lethal concentrations indicated that concentrations of 600 IJ/ml (H. bacteriophora HB) and 1,000 IJ/ml (S. brazilense IBCB-n06) showed the highest virulence against C. capitata pupae. In contrast, the highest numbers of IJs emerged at concentrations of 1,200 and 200 IJ/ml. In compatibility bioassays, malathion, spinetoram, phosmet, acetamiprid, and novaluron were considered compatible with and harmless (Class 1) to H. bacteriophora HB and S. brazilense IBCB-n06, according to IOBC/WPRS. This information is important for implementing integrated management programs for C. capitata, using biological control with EPNs, whether alone or in combination with chemical insecticides.


Assuntos
Ceratitis capitata , Inseticidas , Rabditídios , Tephritidae , Animais , Controle Biológico de Vetores , Pupa
7.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf ; 208: 111504, 2021 Jan 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33099140

RESUMO

Trichogramma pretiosum is one of the main egg parasitoids used in the control of lepidopteran pests in Brazil. This natural enemy can be negatively affected by the use of insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides. The present work used a systematic review and meta-analysis to group information from multiple studies on the selectivity of pesticides (279 commercial products) in rice, corn, soybean, apple and peach crops for immature stages (egg-larva, pre-pupa, and pupa) and adult parasitoids. The selected studies used the International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control (IOBC) methodology with the same adaptations for T. pretiosum. The meta-analysis found that corn crops had the highest frequency of tests (2 0 7). The most frequently tested active ingredients (a.i.) were glyphosate, glyphosate isopropylamine salt, and sulfur at frequencies of 41, 32 and 24 tests, respectively. The pesticides registered for rice crops showed the greatest sublethal effects on T. pretiosum, with an approximately 47% reduction in parasitism (RP) or emergence (RE). The adult stage of the parasitoid showed greater sensitivity to the tested pesticides (65% RP), in comparison to the immature stages. In general, insecticides showed superior toxicity for all development stages of T. pretiosum, compared to herbicides and fungicides, regardless of the recommended dosage for the crop. The present study aggregates information related to selectivity for the four life stages of T. pretiosum, contributing significantly to the integration of biological control and chemical control in rice, corn, soybean, apple and peach crops in Brazil.


Assuntos
Resistência a Medicamentos/fisiologia , Himenópteros/fisiologia , Controle Biológico de Vetores , Praguicidas/farmacologia , Animais , Brasil , Produtos Agrícolas/parasitologia , Himenópteros/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Estágios do Ciclo de Vida/efeitos dos fármacos , Doenças das Plantas/parasitologia , Doenças das Plantas/prevenção & controle
8.
Ecotoxicology ; 30(1): 44-56, 2021 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33244676

RESUMO

This work aimed to evaluate the residual action of five insecticides on larvae and adults of the predators Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) and Eriopis connexa (Germar). The insecticides gamma-cyhalothrin, imidacloprid+beta-cyfluthrin, methomyl, thiamethoxam, and thiamethoxam+lambda-cyhalothrin were sprayed in pod bean plants until the point of runoff. Weekly, at 3, 10, 17, 24, and 31 days, first instar larvae and adults of both predators were exposed to leaves containing dry residues of the insecticides. Based on the mortality observed throughout the bioassays, the insecticides were classified according to the scale of the residual effects proposed by the International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control (IOBC). Except for thiamethoxam+lambda-cyhalothrin, which was moderately persistent (class 3) to larvae of C. externa and E. connexa, all other tested insecticides were persistent (class 4) to larvae of both species. Gamma-cyhalothrin, imidacloprid + beta-cyfluthrin, and methomyl were persistent (class 4) to C. externa adults, while thiamethoxam was moderately persistent (class 3) and thiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin was slightly persistent (class 2) to the adult stage. As for E. connexa adults, imidacloprid + beta-cyfluthrin and methomyl were persistent (class 4) and gamma-cyhalothrin, thiamethoxam, and thiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin were moderately persistent (class 3). Thus, due to extended residual effect, these insecticides must be avoided when larvae and adults of both predators are active in the crop.


Assuntos
Besouros , Inseticidas , Piretrinas , Animais , Inseticidas/toxicidade , Larva , Piretrinas/toxicidade , Tiametoxam
9.
Ecotoxicology ; 29(3): 327-339, 2020 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32107697

RESUMO

Chrysoperla externa and Coleomegilla quadrifasciata are important biological control agents in peach orchards. However, orchard management with these predatory insects is viable only by using selective agrochemicals. The objective of this study is to evaluate the toxicity of nine agrochemicals used in peach orchards in larval and adult stages of the C. externa and C. quadrifasciata in laboratory conditions. The bioassays followed the methodologies proposed by the International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control (IOBC). Larvae and adults of C. externa and C. quadrifasciata were exposed to the dry residues of these products. Lethal and sublethal effects were evaluated in bioassays with the larval and adult stages of both predators. The agrochemicals were classified according to the IOBC guidelines. The insecticide chlorantraniliprole was harmless (class 1) to the larval stage of C. externa and C. quadrifasciata. Azadirachtin, copper 25% + calcium 10%, and deltamethrin were harmless to the adult stage of both insect species. The organophosphates fenitrothion and malathion were harmful (class 4) to both species in the larval and adult stages and should not be used in peach orchards. Therefore, this study demonstrates the importance of toxicity and the lethal and sublethal effects of these agrochemicals to better determine their compatibility with IPM in peach production.


Assuntos
Agroquímicos/toxicidade , Agentes de Controle Biológico , Insetos/fisiologia , Prunus persica , Agricultura , Animais , Besouros , Inseticidas/toxicidade , Larva , Limoninas , Malation , Nitrilas , Piretrinas , ortoaminobenzoatos
10.
Ecotoxicology ; 29(2): 148-155, 2020 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31927677

RESUMO

Stratiolaelaps scimitus (Womersley) and Cosmolaelaps brevistilis (Karg) (Acari: Laelapidae) are predatory mites of soil-inhabiting pests, mainly small insects. Fungus gnats fly species are found in greenhouse strawberry production and may be controlled with predatory mites, being important to know their compatibility with the pesticides used in strawberry crops. In this study, the compatibility of seven commercial pesticides used in strawberry cultivation with the predatory mites S. scimitus and C. brevistilis was assessed in laboratory conditions. Survival and oviposition rates were evaluated between 0.5 and 120 h after treatment (HAT). The results demonstrate that lambda-cyhalothrin treatment resulted in the lowest survival rate for both mites in the first evaluations, being moderately harmful, while spinetoran was slightly harmful to C. brevistilis. On the other hand, abamectin, azadirachtin, azoxystrobin + difenoconazole, iprodione and thiamethoxam were harmless for both mites and, oviposition rate was significantly different only at 72 and 120 HAT for S. scimitus and C. brevistilis respectively. These results may be used to develop guidelines for the adoption of selective pesticides in integrated pest management programs that conserves predatory mites.


Assuntos
Fragaria/fisiologia , Ácaros/fisiologia , Controle Biológico de Vetores/métodos , Praguicidas , Animais , Comportamento Predatório/efeitos dos fármacos
11.
Ci. Rural ; 45(4)2015.
Artigo em Português | VETINDEX | ID: vti-709090

RESUMO

In order to define an efficient method for sampling the rice root aphid (Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale) it was conducted an experiment in a flooded rice field (cultivar 'Avaxi') located in Santa Vitoria do Palmar, in the Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Standard samples of soil and roots including the aerial part of one rice plant were removed in the top of levees in the depth of 5cm using a sampler formed by a tube of rigid PVC (15cm x 5cm in diameter). The standard samples were submerged and shaken quickly in a plastic beaker with a capacity of 750mL containing 500mL of water to fully loose the soil from the roots. Soon after the supernatants aphids were counted. After this initial count all materials (soil and plant debris) remaining inside the cup and the roots of the plants were re-examined thoroughly to check the efficiency of the method. Data were grouped into frequency classes and subjected to Kruskal-Wallis analysis and descriptive statistics. It was concluded that the method is feasible for the sampling of the root aphid in rice plants being promising to monitoring this insect in commercial rice fields


Com objetivo de definir um método eficiente para amostragem do pulgão-da-raiz do arroz (Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale), foi realizado um experimento num arrozal irrigado por inundação, da cultivar 'Avaxi', localizado em Santa Vitória do Palmar, RS. Retiraram-se amostras padrão de solo e raízes à profundidade de 5cm, utilizando um amostrador constituído por um tubo de PVC rígido (15cm de altura x 5cm de diâmetro), abrangendo uma planta de arroz no topo das taipas. As amostras padrão foram submersas e agitadas num copo plástico com capacidade de 750mL, contendo água, até o solo desprender totalmente das raízes, sendo o número de pulgões sobrenadantes contabilizado. Após a contagem inicial, todo o material (solo e fragmentos vegetais) restante nos copos e ainda as raízes presas à parte aérea das plantas foi reexaminado para verificar a eficiência do método. Os dados foram agrupados em classes de frequência e submetidos às análises de Kruskal-Wallis e descritiva. Conclui-se que o método é viável à amostragem do pulgão-da-raiz em plantas de arroz, sendo promissor para o monitoramento do inseto em lavouras comerciais

12.
Artigo em Português | LILACS-Express | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1479647

RESUMO

In order to define an efficient method for sampling the rice root aphid (Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale) it was conducted an experiment in a flooded rice field (cultivar 'Avaxi') located in Santa Vitoria do Palmar, in the Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Standard samples of soil and roots including the aerial part of one rice plant were removed in the top of levees in the depth of 5cm using a sampler formed by a tube of rigid PVC (15cm x 5cm in diameter). The standard samples were submerged and shaken quickly in a plastic beaker with a capacity of 750mL containing 500mL of water to fully loose the soil from the roots. Soon after the supernatants aphids were counted. After this initial count all materials (soil and plant debris) remaining inside the cup and the roots of the plants were re-examined thoroughly to check the efficiency of the method. Data were grouped into frequency classes and subjected to Kruskal-Wallis analysis and descriptive statistics. It was concluded that the method is feasible for the sampling of the root aphid in rice plants being promising to monitoring this insect in commercial rice fields


Com objetivo de definir um método eficiente para amostragem do pulgão-da-raiz do arroz (Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale), foi realizado um experimento num arrozal irrigado por inundação, da cultivar 'Avaxi', localizado em Santa Vitória do Palmar, RS. Retiraram-se amostras padrão de solo e raízes à profundidade de 5cm, utilizando um amostrador constituído por um tubo de PVC rígido (15cm de altura x 5cm de diâmetro), abrangendo uma planta de arroz no topo das taipas. As amostras padrão foram submersas e agitadas num copo plástico com capacidade de 750mL, contendo água, até o solo desprender totalmente das raízes, sendo o número de pulgões sobrenadantes contabilizado. Após a contagem inicial, todo o material (solo e fragmentos vegetais) restante nos copos e ainda as raízes presas à parte aérea das plantas foi reexaminado para verificar a eficiência do método. Os dados foram agrupados em classes de frequência e submetidos às análises de Kruskal-Wallis e descritiva. Conclui-se que o método é viável à amostragem do pulgão-da-raiz em plantas de arroz, sendo promissor para o monitoramento do inseto em lavouras comerciais

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