Evaluation of Biochemical Parameters Present in the Saliva of Patients with Chronic Periodontitis: Results from a Meta-Analysis.

AIMS: Periodontitis results from the presence of periodontopathogenic bacterial activity in the region of the gingival sulcus promoting tissue degradation and alveolar bone resorption. Biochemical analysis of the saliva can be used as a less invasive method for disease prognosis. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between biochemical protein levels in the saliva sample of patients with chronic periodontitis and healthy patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A literature review was performed using electronic databases (Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, MEDLINE, PubMed, and Web of Science) for studies published before July 2, 2016. The abstracts were evaluated, and the data extraction was performed by two calibrated examiners. The mean difference, and heterogeneity were calculated, and funnel plots were produced. RESULTS: Twenty case-control studies were selected with 2436 patients with chronic periodontitis and 1787 controls. The meta-analysis showed that increased levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and acid phosphatase (ACP) were all associated with periodontitis (p < 0.05), while blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) levels did not show statistical differences between cases and controls (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis evidenced that increased levels of AST, ALT, CK, gama glutamil transferase (GGT), LDH, ALP, and ACP are associated in patients with chronic periodontitis, while BUN and OPG level in saliva did not present differences between groups.

Sulfated polysaccharides from the marine algae Gracilaria caudata prevent tissue damage caused by ligature-induced periodontitis.

Sulfated polysaccharides (PLS) extracted from the marine algae of the genus Gracilaria showed biological activity in different inflammatory models, except for periodontitis. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment with PLS from Gracilaria caudata in ligature-induced periodontitis. 40 animals distributed into 5 groups were used (the control group (unligated), the ligated untreated group, and the ligated groups treated with 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg of PLS with intraperitoneal injection, respectively). After 20 days of treatment, the animals were killed and the following parameters were evaluated: Gingival Bleeding Index (GBI), Probing Pocket Depth (PPD), Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, Alveolar Bone Loss (ABL) for periodontal tissues; histopathological examination of gingival and liver tissues (Steatosis score); glutathione and malondialdehyde concentrations in the liver, serum levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase. The data revealed that treatment with 2.5 mg/kg of PLS showed the best anti-inflammatory effects with reduction of GBI, PPD and MPO activity, as well as oxidative stress and steatosis in liver. Our results indicated that the adjunct treatment with PLS from Gracilaria caudata could prevent the periodontal and hepatic tissue alteration caused by periodontitis.

Periodontitis causes abnormalities in the liver of rats.

BACKGROUND: Periodontitis not only causes injury to the periodontium, but also damages other tissues such as: articulate, renal, cardiac, and hepatic. The objective of this study was to investigate periodontitis induced alterations in liver function and structure using an experimental model. METHODS: Twenty female rats (Rattus norvegicus) were allocated into two groups: control and periodontitis. Gingival bleeding index and oxidative stress parameters and specific circulating biomarkers were measured. Immunohistochemistry was carried out using alkaline phosphatase (AlkP) staining of the liver. Hepatic tissues, cytokines, and lipid contents were measured. Histopathologic evaluation of the liver was carried out using light and electron microscopy. RESULTS: Liver histopathologic and immunohistochemistry assessment showed increase in steatosis score, and presence of binucleate hepatocytes and positive cells for AlkP in periodontitis versus control group. Ultrastructural evaluation showed significant increase in size and number of lipid droplets (LD), distance between the cisterns of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), mitochondria size, foamy cytoplasm, and glycogen accumulation in the liver of the periodontitis group compared with the control group. In addition, plasma levels of AlkP, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), triglycerides, and total cholesterol were also changed. CONCLUSION: Experimental periodontitis caused immunohistochemistry, histopathologic, ultrastructural, oxidative, and biochemical changes in the liver of rats.

Association between the rs1143634 polymorphism in interleukin-1B and chronic periodontitis: Results from a meta-analysis composed by 54 case/control studies.

Several factors are involved in the periodontitis with host response through cytokines and as well as with influence of polymorphisms in cytokine genes, however the results remained contradictory. This study aimed at evaluating the rs1143634 polymorphism in interleukin-1B gene, a cytokine gene, and the risk of chronic periodontitis with conducting a meta-analysis focusing in ethnicity. A review in literature was performed in several databases to studies published before June 2017. Data extraction was performed by two calibrated investigators and the calculations of the meta-analysis were obtained through Review Manager version 5.2 statistical software with Odds Ratio (OR) calculation and Funnel plot (P < 0.05) to heterogeneity and the Comprehensive Meta-analysis version 3.3.070 to assessment publication bias by Egger's and Begg's tests. In overall, 54 case/control studies composed the meta-analysis. T allele was significantly associated with patients case (OR = 1.35, 95% CI: 1.24, 1.48, P < 0.00001) in the overall analysis. The stratified evaluation showed the rs1143634 polymorphism had significant association with disease in Caucasian, Asian and mixed population was excepted in African ethnicity (P > 0.05). No publication bias was found in allelic evaluation. This meta-analysis in 9376 participants with 54 case/control studies revealed the rs1143634 polymorphism was associated with elevated risk of chronic periodontitis in overall analysis as well as Caucasian and Asian ethnicities and Mixed population.