[Aid of artificial intelligence for the anatomo-pathological diagnosis of tumours]. / Intérêt de l'intelligence artificielle pour le diagnostic anatomo-pathologique des tumeurs.

The anatomo-pathological diagnosis of tumors is based on many criteria related mainly to image analysis. Currently, in most pathology laboratories, tissues or cells are placed on glass slides and directly analyzed with an optical microscope. Because of technological evolutions, it is currently possible to digitize slides (digital pathology). The digitization of whole slides has allowed the development of computer programs of artificial intelligence (AI) for image analysis. Applied to tumour pathology, this technology allows the detection, diagnosis or evaluation of the prognosis of neoplastic lesions. There are many challenges associated with the use of AI in routine pathology. These are mainly related to the amount of data to be analyzed and to the development of reliable algorithms. Nevertheless, this technology is promising and could become a valuable aid in the field of precision medicine for which the amount of data related to a patient is constantly increasing.

Le diagnostic anatomo-pathologique des tumeurs repose sur de nombreux éléments en relation principalement avec l'analyse d'images. Actuellement, dans la plupart des laboratoires d'anatomie pathologique, les tissus ou les cellules sont placés sur des lames en verre et directement analysés avec un microscope optique. Grâce aux évolutions technologiques, il est actuellement possible de numériser des lames (pathologie digitale). La digitalisation de lames entières a permis le développement de programmes informatiques d'intelligence artificielle (IA) d'analyse d'images. Appliquée à la pathologie tumorale, cette technologie permet, entre autres, la détection, le diagnostic ou l'évaluation du pronostic de lésions tumorales. Il existe de nombreux défis à l'utilisation de l'IA en anatomie pathologique de routine. Ceux-ci sont essentiellement liés à la quantité de données à analyser pour obtenir des résultats et au développement d'algorithmes fiables. Néanmoins, cette technologie est prometteuse et pourrait devenir une aide précieuse dans le cadre de la médecine de précision où la quantité de données liées à un patient s'accroît sans cesse.

[Lung lesions in severe COVID-19 : anatomoclinical confrontation]. / Lésions pulmonaires dans la COVID-19 sévère : confrontation anatomoclinique.

We report the fatal outcome of two patients infected by SARS-CoV-2 and exhibiting severe lung lesions at the thoracic imaging and autopsic examination. We also describe the biosecurity measures to adopt when performing autopsies during the Covid-19 pandemia.

Nous rapportons l'évolution fatale de deux patients infectés par le SARS-CoV-2 et porteurs de lésions pulmonaires sévères à l'imagerie thoracique et à l'examen autopsique. Nous décrivons également les mesures de biosécurité à adopter pour la réalisation des autopsies au cours de la pandémie de la Covid-19.

Innovative method for carbon dioxide determination in human postmortem cardiac gas samples using headspace-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and stable labeled isotope as internal standard.

A novel approach to measure carbon dioxide (CO2) in gaseous samples, based on a precise and accurate quantification by (13)CO2 internal standard generated in situ is presented. The main goal of this study was to provide an innovative headspace-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-GC-MS) method applicable in the routine determination of CO2. The main drawback of the GC methods discussed in the literature for CO2 measurement is the lack of a specific internal standard necessary to perform quantification. CO2 measurement is still quantified by external calibration without taking into account analytical problems which can often occur considering gaseous samples. To avoid the manipulation of a stable isotope-labeled gas, we have chosen to generate in situ an internal labeled standard gas ((13)CO2) on the basis of the stoichiometric formation of CO2 by the reaction of hydrochloric acid (HCl) with sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaH(13)CO3). This method allows a precise measurement of CO2 concentration and was validated on various human postmortem gas samples in order to study its efficiency.

[Positional asphyxia, a cause of death insufficiently known]. / Asphyxie positionnelle: une cause de décès insuffisamment connue.

Positional asphyxia (AP) is a fatal condition arising because of the adoption of particular body positions, causing mechanical interference. Consequences are important alveolar hypoventilation and cardiac hyperexcitability due to respiratory acidosis in combination with extensive liberation of catecholamine occurring in attracted individuals sustaining physical restrain. This syndrome can occur in various circumstances and is mostly observed in situations with physical restraint and in combination with excited delirium (ED). The diagnosis is essentially based on three criteria: body position obstructing normal breathable air exchange, impossibility to move to another position and exclusion of other causes of natural or violent death.