A Fucose-Containing Sulfated Polysaccharide from Spatoglossum schröederi Potentially Targets Tumor Growth Rather Than Cytotoxicity: Distinguishing Action on Human Melanoma Cell Lines.

Natural substances are strategic candidates for drug development in cancer research. Marine-derived molecules are of special interest due to their wide range of biological activities and sustainable large-scale production. Melanoma is a type of skin cancer that originates from genetic mutations in melanocytes. BRAF, RAS, and NF1 mutations are described as the major melanoma drivers, but approximately 20% of patients lack these mutations and are included in the triple wild-type (tripleWT) classification. Recent advances in targeted therapy directed at driver mutations along with immunotherapy have only partially improved patients' overall survival, and consequently, melanoma remains deadly when in advanced stages. Fucose-containing sulfated polysaccharides (FCSP) are potential candidates to treat melanoma; therefore, we investigated Fucan A, a FCSP from Spatoglossum schröederi brown seaweed, in vitro in human melanoma cell lines presenting different mutations. Up to 72 h Fucan A treatment was not cytotoxic either to normal melanocytes or melanoma cell lines. Interestingly, it was able to impair the tripleWT CHL-1 cell proliferation (57%), comparable to the chemotherapeutic cytotoxic drug cisplatin results, with the advantage of not causing cytotoxicity. Fucan A increased CHL-1 doubling time, an effect attributed to cell cycle arrest. Vascular mimicry, a close related angiogenesis process, was also impaired (73%). Fucan A mode of action could be related to gene expression modulation, in special ß-catenin downregulation, a molecule with protagonist roles in important signaling pathways. Taken together, results indicate that Fucan A is a potential anticancer molecule and, therefore, deserves further investigation.

Molecular weight-dependent antitumor effects of prunes-derived type I arabinogalactan on human and murine triple wild-type melanomas.

The regulation of metastasis-related cellular aspects of two structurally similar AGIs from prunes tea infusion, with different molar masses, was studied in vitro against Triple Wild-Type metastatic melanoma (TWM) from murine and human origin. The higher molar mass AGI (AGI-78KDa) induced TWMs cells death and, in murine cell line, it decreased some metastasis-related cellular processes: invasiveness capacity, cell-extracellular matrix interaction, and colonies sizes. The lower molar mass AGI (AGI-12KDa) did not induce cell death but decreased TWMs proliferation rate and, in murine cell line, it decreased cell adhesion and colonies sizes. Both AGIs alter the clonogenic capacity of human cell line. In spite to understand why we saw so many differences between AGIs effects on murine and human cell lines we performed in silico analysis that demonstrated differential gene expression profiles between them. Complementary network topological predictions suggested that AGIs can modulate multiple pathways in a specie-dependent manner, which explain differential results obtained in vitro between cell lines. Our results pointed to therapeutic potential of AGIs from prunes tea against TWMs and showed that molecular weight of AGIs may influence their antitumor effects.

Dendritic cell therapy augments antitumor immunity triggered by CDK4/6 inhibition and immune checkpoint blockade by unleashing systemic CD4 T-cell responses.

BACKGROUND: Cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitors (CDK4/6i) combined with endocrine therapy are a mainstay treatment for hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. While their principal mechanism is inhibition of cancer cell proliferation, preclinical and clinical evidence suggests that CDK4/6i can also promote antitumor T-cell responses. However, this pro-immunogenic property is yet to be successfully harnessed in the clinic, as combining CDK4/6i with immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has not shown a definitive benefit in patients. METHOD: We performed an in-depth analysis of the changes in the tumor immune microenvironment and systemic immune modulation associated with CDK4/6i treatment in muring breast cancer models and in patients with breast cancer using high dimensional flow cytometry and RNA sequencing. Gain and loss of function in vivo experiments employing cell transfer and depletion antibody were performed to uncover immune cell populations critical for CDK4/6i-mediated stimulation of antitumor immunity. RESULTS: We found that loss of dendritic cells (DCs) within the tumor microenvironment resulting from CDK4/6 inhibition in bone marrow progenitors is a major factor limiting antitumor immunity after CDK4/6i and ICB. Consequently, restoration of DC compartment by adoptively transferring ex vivo differentiated DCs to mice treated with CDK4/6i and ICB therapy enabled robust tumor inhibition. Mechanistically, the addition of DCs promoted the induction of tumor-localized and systemic CD4 T-cell responses in mice receiving CDK4/6i-ICB-DC combination therapy, as characterized by enrichment of programmed cell death protein-1-negative T helper (Th)1 and Th2 cells with an activated phenotype. CD4 T-cell depletion abrogated the antitumor benefit of CDK4/6i-ICB-DC combination, with outgrowing tumors displaying an increased proportion of terminally exhausted CD8 T cells. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that CDK4/6i-mediated DC suppression limits CD4 T-cell responses essential for the sustained activity of CD8 T cells and tumor inhibition. Furthermore, they imply that restoring DC-CD4 T-cell crosstalk via DC transfer enables effective breast cancer immunity in response to CDK4/6i and ICB treatment.

Antimelanoma effect of a fucoxylomannan isolated from Ganoderma lucidum fruiting bodies.

A fucoxylomannan (FXM) was isolated from the mushroom Ganoderma lucidum through alkaline extraction followed by dialysis, freeze-thawing, and fractionation by Fehling's solution. The main chain of FXM presented α-d-Manp-(1→4)-linked units, and some of them were branched at O-6 position by α-l-Fucp-(1→2)-ß-d-Xylp groups. Its Mw was 35.9 kDa. FXM was tested on melanoma B16-F10 cells and it showed cell viability and cell density reduction, as well as antiproliferative effect, through cell cycle arrest. Additionally, the anchorage-independent clonogenic capacity of such cells was significantly reduced by FXM, decreasing the number of cells by colony and the colonies area. No effect on viability neither in proliferation of non-tumoral Balb c/3T3 fibroblasts was observed. These results indicate that FXM is a promising anti-proliferative compound impairing pivotal tumorigenic mechanisms, eliciting this polysaccharide to be further explored as an antimelanoma drug.

Protective potential of sulfated polysaccharides from tropical seaweeds against alkylating- and oxidizing-induced genotoxicity.

Sulfated polysaccharides (SPs) from seaweeds are potential bioactive natural compounds, but their DNA protective activity is poorly explored. This article aimed to evaluate the genotoxic/antigenotoxic potentials of a sulfated heterofucan from brown seaweed Spatoglossum schröederi (Fucan A - FA) and a sulfated galactan from green seaweed Codium isthomocladum (3G4S) using in vitro Comet assay (alkaline and oxidative versions) with HepG2 cells. The antioxidant activity of these SPs was evaluated by total antioxidant capacity, radical scavenging, metal chelating, and antioxidant enzyme activity assays. Both SPs were not genotoxic. FA and 3G4S displayed strong antigenotoxic activity against oxidizing chemical (H2O2) but not against alkylating chemical (MMS). The DNA damage reduction after a pre-treatment of 72 h with these SPs was 81.42% to FA and 81.38% to 3G4S. In simultaneous exposure to FA or 3G4S with H2O2, HepG2 cells presented 48.04% and 55.41% of DNA damage reduction compared with the control, respectively. The antigenotoxicity of these SPs relates to direct antioxidant activity by blockage of the initiation step of the oxidative chain reaction. Therefore, we conclude that FA and 3G4S could be explored as functional natural compounds with antigenotoxic activity due to their great protection against oxidative DNA damage.

High Melanin Content in Melanoma Cells Contributes to Enhanced DNA Damage after Rose Bengal Photosensitization.

Melanoma is a type of tumor that originates from melanocytes. Irradiation of melanin with UVA and visible light can produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as singlet molecular oxygen (1 O2 ). The objective of this study was to examine DNA damage in melanoma cells (B16-F10) with different melanin contents, subjected to 1 O2 generation. To this end, we used the photosensitizer Rose Bengal acetate (RBAc) and irradiation with visible light (526 nm) (RBAc-PDT). We used the modified comet assay with the repair enzymes hOGG1 and T4 endonuclease V to detect the DNA damage associated with 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine and cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers lesions, respectively. We observed increased formation of hOGG1- and T4endoV-sensitive DNA lesions after light exposure (with or without RBAc). Furthermore, 18 h after irradiation, hOGG1-sensitive DNA lesions increased compared to that at the initial time point (0 h), which shows that a high melanin content contributes to post-irradiation formation of them, mainly via sustained oxidative stress, as confirmed by the measurement of ROS levels and activity of antioxidant enzymes. Contrastingly, the number of T4endoV-sensitive DNA lesions decreased over time (18 h). Our data indicate that in melanoma cells, a higher amount of melanin may affect DNA damage levels when subjected to RBAc-PDT.

An α-D-galactan and a ß-D-glucan from the mushroom Amanita muscaria: Structural characterization and antitumor activity against melanoma.

Polysaccharides α-D-galactan (GAL-Am) and ß-D-glucan (GLC-Am) were obtained from Amanita muscaria fruiting bodies. They were purified using different methodologies, such as Fehling precipitation (for both fractions), freeze-thawing process and ultrafiltration (for GLC-Am). Results showed that the GAL-Am has (1 â†’ 6)-linked Galp main chain branched at O-2 by terminal Galp units and has not been previously reported. Besides, GLC-Am has (1 â†’ 3)-linked Glcp in the main chain, substituted at O-6 by (1 â†’ 6)-linked ß-Glcp units. Both are water-soluble, with 9.0 × 103 g/moL and 1.3 × 105 g/moL, respectively. GAL-Am and GLC-Am presented a selective proliferation reduction against B16-F10 melanoma cell line, not affecting non tumoral BALB/3T3 fibroblast cell line. Furthermore, both fractions reduced clonogenic capacity of melanoma cell line over an extended period of time. These results were obtained without modulations in B16-F10 cell adhesion, reinforcing the biological activities towards cell proliferation impairment and eliciting these polysaccharides as promising compounds to further exploration of their antimelanoma properties.

Oral exposure to BDE-209 modulates metastatic spread of melanoma in C57BL/6 mice inoculated with B16-F10 cells.

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are brominated, persistent and bioaccumulative flame retardants widely used in the manufacture of plastic products. Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) is the most prevalent PBDE in the atmosphere and found in human blood, breast milk and umbilical cord. In vitro studies showed that BDE-209 interferes with murine melanoma cells (B16F10), modulating cell death rates, proliferation and migration, important events for cancer progression. In order to evaluate if BDE-209 modulates metastasis formation in murine models, C57BL/6 mice were exposed to BDE-209 (0.08, 0.8 and 8 µg/kg) via gavage (5-day intervals for 45 days) (9 doses in total). Then, mice were inoculated with melanoma cells (B16-F10) at caudal vein receiving 4 additional doses of BDE-209. At 20th day post-cell inoculation, blood, lung, liver, kidney and brain were sampled for hematological, biochemical and morphological analyses. The slightly higher levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in the blood and pro-oxidant state in the liver of BDE-exposed mice indicated liver damage. Although the in vivo approach is for metastasis formation in the lung, they were unexpectedly observed in non-target organs (liver, brain, kidney and gonads). The similarity test showed high proximity among individuals from the control and a dissimilarity index between the control and exposed groups. The present data corroborate the known hepatotoxicity of BDE-209 to mice (C57BL/6) and demonstrate for the first time the increase of metastatic dissemination of B16F10 cells in vivo due to previous and continuous BDE-209 exposure, revealing possible implications of this organic compound with melanoma malignancy related traits.

Correction: Stability of gum Arabic-gold nanoparticles in physiological simulated pHs and their selective effect on cell lines.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1039/C5RA24858B.].