Aerial strategies advance volcanic gas measurements at inaccessible, strongly degassing volcanoes.

Volcanic emissions are a critical pathway in Earth's carbon cycle. Here, we show that aerial measurements of volcanic gases using unoccupied aerial systems (UAS) transform our ability to measure and monitor plumes remotely and to constrain global volatile fluxes from volcanoes. Combining multi-scale measurements from ground-based remote sensing, long-range aerial sampling, and satellites, we present comprehensive gas fluxes-3760 ± [600, 310] tons day-1 CO2 and 5150 ± [730, 340] tons day-1 SO2-for a strong yet previously uncharacterized volcanic emitter: Manam, Papua New Guinea. The CO2/ST ratio of 1.07 ± 0.06 suggests a modest slab sediment contribution to the sub-arc mantle. We find that aerial strategies reduce uncertainties associated with ground-based remote sensing of SO2 flux and enable near-real-time measurements of plume chemistry and carbon isotope composition. Our data emphasize the need to account for time averaging of temporal variability in volcanic gas emissions in global flux estimates.

Author Correction: Forearc carbon sink reduces long-term volatile recycling into the mantle.

An Amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

Author Correction: Forearc carbon sink reduces long-term volatile recycling into the mantle.

Change history: In this Article, the original affiliation 2 was not applicable and has been removed. In addition, in the Acknowledgements there was a statement missing and an error in a name. These errors have been corrected online.

Forearc carbon sink reduces long-term volatile recycling into the mantle.

Carbon and other volatiles in the form of gases, fluids or mineral phases are transported from Earth's surface into the mantle at convergent margins, where the oceanic crust subducts beneath the continental crust. The efficiency of this transfer has profound implications for the nature and scale of geochemical heterogeneities in Earth's deep mantle and shallow crustal reservoirs, as well as Earth's oxidation state. However, the proportions of volatiles released from the forearc and backarc are not well constrained compared to fluxes from the volcanic arc front. Here we use helium and carbon isotope data from deeply sourced springs along two cross-arc transects to show that about 91 per cent of carbon released from the slab and mantle beneath the Costa Rican forearc is sequestered within the crust by calcite deposition. Around an additional three per cent is incorporated into the biomass through microbial chemolithoautotrophy, whereby microbes assimilate inorganic carbon into biomass. We estimate that between 1.2 × 108 and 1.3 × 1010 moles of carbon dioxide per year are released from the slab beneath the forearc, and thus up to about 19 per cent less carbon is being transferred into Earth's deep mantle than previously estimated.

[Extreme dietary selectivity following liver transplantation in a 5-year-old girl; management via behavior therapy]. / Extreme voedselselectiviteit na levertransplantatie bij een 5-jarig meisje; gedragstherapeutische behandeling.

In a 5.1-year-old girl who had been treated by surgical correction of biliary atresia and total orthotopic liver transplantation, extreme dietary selectivity was noted; this was treated by behaviour therapy. On entry in the rehabilitation centre, she manifested malnutrition along with a variety of gastro-enterologic complaints. The treatment consisted of a set of behavioural procedures such as stepwise expansion of the diet, verbal prompting, intermittent contingent attention and a list of agreements with a system of rewards; this led to the elimination of the dietary selectivity and to the consumption of a varied diet in a normal tempo.

The rehabilitation process of children with motor disabilities in the Dutch therapeutic toddler class: main phases and parent involvement.

This study describes the implementation of the main phases of the rehabilitation process of children with motor disabilities who visit Dutch therapeutic toddler classes. Parent involvement, as well as parents' and professionals' satisfaction were also investigated. It was found that in about half of the cases there was no initial assessment of the child, nor a jointly formulated intervention plan. When there was an assessment, several quality standards were not met. In most cases parents were involved in the evaluation phase of the rehabilitation process. However, the proportion of parents involved in the phases of assessment and intervention planning were much lower. The results are discussed within the context of current developments in The Netherlands with respect to team communication and recent research findings.

Service needs of parents with motor or multiply disabled children in Dutch therapeutic toddler classes.

OBJECTIVE: To determine parents' service needs at the start of therapeutic toddler class treatment, to analyse determinants and to investigate received help after a period of 10 months. SUBJECTS: Parents with motor or multiply disabled children in therapeutic toddler classes. SETTING: Sixteen out of 17 Dutch rehabilitation centres. DESIGN: A sample of 84 parents, stratified according to toddler class size. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: A questionnaire of 33 items, divided into five categories, was designed to assess parents' needs and to evaluate the amount of received help. Several measures were used to assess child, parent and family characteristics. RESULTS: Based on factor analysis, five need subscales were distinguished which only partially corresponded to the initial categories. The initial category concerning needs for help in family functioning did not come out as a factor. Needs expressed most frequently belonged to the three subscales of needs for information concerning the child. The average level of needs generally did not differ for mothers and fathers across the subscales. However, we found large variation in needs for both mothers and fathers on each subscale. The most important, positively correlated determinant of parents' needs was social isolation of the family. After 10 months a considerable level of unmet needs was found. CONCLUSIONS: A systematic and periodic assessment of individual needs of parents as well as the services offered is recommended. Professionals of the therapeutic toddler classes should especially focus on providing parents with information on their child's disability and therapy, community services and parenting.

Perceived changes in well-being of parents with a child in a therapeutic toddler class.

A 15-item questionnaire was developed to measure the perceived changes in well-being of parents with a motor disabled child during treatment in a Dutch therapeutic toddler class. Eighty-one mothers and 67 fathers completed the questionnaire. Factor analyses showed that two dimensions had to be distinguished in the questionnaire data. Parents perceived a positive change in well-being 10 months after their child started visiting the therapeutic toddler class. Mothers as well as fathers said to have gained more insight in their child's abilities and to feel less that they are all on their own. The impact of the toddler class program on well-being was greater for mothers than for fathers, especially with respect to feeling fit, planning social activities, and having time for their own relaxation. Fathers, however, gained more insight in the abilities of the child than mothers did after ten months. Regression analyses showed some family, parent, and child characteristics to be predictive of mothers' and fathers' perceived change in well-being. Implications of these findings for future research are discussed.

Early intervention for children with developmental disabilities: manifesto of the Eurlyaid working party.

Eurlyaid is a working party of the European Community (EC). It consists of experts and representatives of parents' associations from the various member states involved in early intervention for children who are disabled or at risk of developmental disabilities. Starting from the growing recognition of the importance of early identification and intervention Eurlyaid aims to contribute to the development of a common EC policy and legislation. Here we describe a comprehensive framework for early intervention, presented as a preliminary manifesto. First of all the Manifesto gives a definition of key concepts, delineates the target group and states the rationale behind, and the content, of early intervention. Secondly, we present the conditions and demands necessary to attain the best quality early intervention, and make a number of recommendations. With an EC grant, Eurlyaid is able to continue its activities as part of ALEFPA-Europe, a so-called non-governmental organization (NGO).

[Developmental disorders in young children with Duchenne's muscular dystrophy: implications for diagnosis and treatment]. / Ontwikkelingsstoornissen bij peuters met spierdystrofie van Duchenne: implicaties voor diagnostiek en behandeling.

The article describes two toddlers having Duchenne muscular dystrophy. In addition to motor problems they also exhibit attention disorders, deficits in short-term memory, speech and language disorders, and poor achievement motivation. Similar problems are reported in older Duchenne children. The etiology of the developmental disabilities, the content of the assessment protocol and the necessity for early intervention are discussed.

[Early recognition and treatment of motor handicaps in children: role of the rehabilitation center]. / Vroegtijdige onderkenning en behandeling van motorische handicaps bij kinderen: de plaats van het revalidatiecentrum.

In this article the place of the rehabilitation centre in the healthcare of children from 0-4 years with developmental disorders is investigated. For that purpose the case-histories of 89 treated patients, seen in the period of 1975-1979, are analysed and an inquiry was set up for the parents of the patients. One of the conclusions is that--for the child with motordisturbances--a section for early examination and early treatment in a rehabilitation centre can serve as a link between the first period of recognition and possible treatment and the ultimate phase of care in an appropriate setting. On an outpatient basis multidisciplinary investigation and longstanding observation together with treatment, instruction of and social support for the parents can take place uninterruptedly. Another outcome is that this working-procedure functions just as well for children with undiagnosed motordisturbances as for children with diagnosed primary motordisturbances, typical for the average population in a rehabilitation centre. As soon as the developmental disorder of the first mentioned group of patients appears not to be a primary motordisturbance or as soon as the treatment of the patient is completed, the patient can be appropriately transferred. However, in practice this transfer is sometimes impossible because of the lack of an appropriate setting.