Gill infection of Leporinus macrocephalus Garavello & Britski, 1988 (Osteichthyes: Anostomidae) by Henneguya leporinicola n. sp. (Myxozoa: Myxobolidae). Description, histopathology and treatment.

Piauçus (Leporinus macrocephalus), were raised in 300 m2 ponds (density of 10 fish/m2) presenting asphyxia signals and daily mortality of 27 fishes. Specimens with 8-cm total body length, were collected for necropsy. Mucus of body surface and pieces of organs were collected and examined microscopically, in wet mounts, stained or in histological sections. The smears examination showed the presence of several spores in the secondary lamellae of the gill filaments, identified as Henneguya leporinicola n.sp (Myxozoa: Myxobolidae). Histopathological study showed epithelial hyperplasia and fulfilling of the spaces between the secondary lamellae, congestion and telangiectasia sinusoidal. It was also observed hyperplasia of the goblet cells and several cysts of parasite with 70.3 microns diameter. Such cysts were situated among the secondary lamellae, covered or not by the hyperplasic epithelium. With this diagnostic, three applications of formalin solution 10 ml/m3 were carried out. Fifteen days after that, fish were examined again to ascertain whether the treatment was efficient on disease caused by the protozoa. The tissue alterations present in the gills after the treatment were just a moderate sinusoidal congestion and a slight epithelial hyperplasia on the base of the secondary lamellae.

Verrucous carcinoma of the penis: retrospective analysis of 32 cases.

Between 1972 and 1987, 34 patients with verrucous carcinoma of the penis were referred to our national cancer institute. We analyzed retrospectively the followup of 32 patients treated by surgery, exclusive radiotherapy and neoadjuvant chemotherapy. No patient died or had recurrent verrucous penile carcinoma. Lymph nodes removed from 15 patients without previous treatment did not reveal metastatic invasion. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy allowed for more limited surgery in 3 of 6 patients treated.

Surgical treatment of invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the penis: retrospective analysis of 350 cases.

Between 1960 and 1987, 414 patients with invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the penis were referred to the Brazilian National Cancer Institute. Inguinal metastases were demonstrated by lymphadenectomy in 39% of the 23 patients with stage N0, 49% of 92 with stages N1 and N2, and 100% of 18 with stage N3 disease. We analyzed the followup of 350 patients who underwent surgical treatment. In 224 patients (64%) amputation or some form of penile surgery was done initially, while 102 (29%) underwent amputation and lymphadenectomy, and 24 (7%) underwent palliative surgery for advanced squamous cell carcinoma. The statistics revealed a better 5-year survival rate for the patients who underwent lymphadenectomy concomitantly with penile surgery compared to those who underwent delayed lymphadenectomy (p < 0.001). Patients in whom systematic lymphadenectomy was negative had a better prognosis than those with positive systematic lymphadenectomy results (p < 0.001). The latter patients had a better prognosis compared with those in whom delayed lymphadenectomy was positive (p = 0.0103). Patients with well and moderately differentiated carcinoma had a higher survival rate at 5 years than did those with poorly differentiated carcinoma (p < 0.001 and p = 0.003, respectively). All deaths from metastatic disease occurred within 24 months among the patients who underwent systematic lymphadenectomy and within 5 years after simple penile surgery. In the short term, surgical debulking combined with reconstruction techniques allowed for improved quality of life in patients with advanced local-regional disease.

Analyses of 200 lymphadenectomies in patients with penile carcinoma.

From 1972 to 1987, 200 consecutive lymphadenectomies were performed in 112 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis. A Gibson incision provided exposure of the iliac and inguinal lymph nodes with a low morbidity rate (5% flap necrosis, 15% wound infection, 16% lymphedema and 9% lymphocele). The controversy surrounding the necessity of iliac lymphadenectomy is discussed, since 305 iliac lymph nodes examined did not have metastatic invasion.

Do lymphocytes play a pro-inflammatory role in any pharmacological type of rat paw edema?

1. The hypothesis of a pro-inflammatory activity in lymphocytes related to the development of nonimmune acute inflammation was tested in leucopenic rats injected subcutaneously with various stimuli representing different pharmacological classes of paw edema-inducing agents into the subplantar area of one of the hind paws. 2. Amethopterin-induced leucopenia rendered animals hyporeactive to carrageenin and trypsin, but not to kaolin or dextran. 3. Administration of splenic lymphocytes to leucopenic rats to correct lymphopenia partially restored the inhibited responses to carrageenin and the early phase of responses to trypsin. 4. These results suggest that lymphocytes may play a pro-inflammatory role in nonimmune acute inflammation, which is more demonstrable in some pharmacological classes of paw edema than in others.